Lea – 4

LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATION AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING

Midterm reviewer

POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING

PLAN - is an organize schedule or sequence by methodical activities intended to attain a goal and objectives for the accomplishments
of mission or assignment. It is a method or way of doing something in order to attain objectives. Plan provides answer to 5W’s and 1
H.

PLANNING - is a management function concerned with visualizing future situations, making estimates concerning them, identifying
issues, needs and potential danger points, analysing and evaluating the alternative ways and means for reaching desired goals
according to a certain schedule, estimating the necessary funds and resources to do the work, and initiating action in time to prepare
what may be needed to cope with the changing conditions and contingent events.

POLICE PLANNING - is an attempt by police administrators in trying to allocate anticipated resources to meet anticipated service
demands. It is the systematic and orderly determination of facts and events as basis for policy formulation and decision affecting law
enforcement management.

OPERATIONAL PLANNING - is the use of a rational design or pattern for all departmental undertakings rather than relying on chance
in an operational environment. It is the preparation and development of procedures and techniques in accomplishing of each of the
primary tasks and functions of an organization.

POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING - is the act of determining policies and guidelines for police activities and operations and providing
controls and safeguards for such activities and operations in the department. It may also be the process of formulating coordinated
sequence of methodical activities and allocation of resources to the line units of the police organization for the attainment of the
mandated objectives or goals.

OBJECTIVES - are specific commitment to achieve a measurable result within a specific period of time.

GOALS - are general statement of intention and typically with time horizon, or it is an achievable end state that can be measured
and observed.

STRATEGY - is a broad design or method; or a plan to attain a stated goal or objectives.

TACTICS - are specific design, method or course of action to attain a particular objective in consonance with strategy.

PROCEDURES - are sequences of activities to reach a point or to attain what is desired.

POLICY - is a product of prudence or wisdom in the management of human affairs, or policy is a course of action which could be a
program of actions adopted by an individual, group, organization, or government, or the set of principles on which they are based.

GUIDELINES - are rules of action for the rank and file to show them how they are expected to obtain the desired effect.

STRATEGIC PLANNING - is a series of preliminary decisions on a framework, which in turn guides subsequent decisions that generate
the nature and direction of an organization. This is usually long ranged in nature. The reasons for Strategic Planning are:

1. VISION - A vision of what a police department should be.

2. LONG-STRATEGIC PLANNING ANGE THINKING - Keeping in mind that strategy is deciding where we want to be
3. STRATEGIC FOCUS
4. CONGRUENCE
5. STRATEGIC RESPONSE TO CHANGE
6. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK

In the process, the police administrator can use the potent tool of alternatives. Alternatives (options) are means by which goals and
objectives can be attained. They maybe policies, strategies or specific actions aimed at eliminating a problem. Alternatives do not
have to be substitutes for one another or should perform the same function. The alternatives could be:

• Alternative 1 - modify police vehicles

• Alternative 2 - issuing bulletproof vests
• Alternative 3 - utilizing computer assisted dispatch system
• Alternative 4 - increasing first-line supervision, etc

@jillax
OBJECTIVES OF POLICE PLANNING
1. To increase the chances of success by focusing on results and not so much on the objectives.
2. To force analytical thinking and evaluation of alternatives for better decisions.
3. To establish a framework for decision making consistent with the goal of the organization.
4. To orient people to action instead of reaction.
5. To modify the day-to-day style of operation to future management.
6. To provide decision making with flexibility.
7. To provide basis for measuring original accomplishments or individual performance.
8. Provide the opportunity for greater public support.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD POLICE PLAN

1. With clearly defined Objectives or Goals.
2. Simplicity, Directness and Clarity
3. Flexibility
4. Possibility of Attainment
5. Must provide Standards of Operation
6. Economy in terms of Resources needed for implementation

WHAT ARE THE GUIDELINES IN PLANNING? THE FIVE (5) W’S AND ONE (1) H
1. What to do – mission/objective
2. Why to do – reason/philosophy
3. When to do – date/time
4. Where to do – place
5. Who will do – people involve
6. How to do – strategy

APPROACHES IN POLICE PLANNING

A variety of approaches are employed in the planning processes. Each is unique and can be understood as a method of
operationalizing the word planning. There are basically five major approaches to planning which are:
1. Synoptic Approach
2. Incremental Approach
3. Transactive Approach
4. Advocacy Approach
5. Radical Approach

SYNOPTIC PLANNING or the rational comprehensive approach - is the dominant tradition in planning. It is also the point of
departure for most other planning approaches.

This model is based on a problem-oriented approach to planning especially appropriate for police agencies. It relies heavily on the
problem identification and analysis of the planning process. It can assist police administrators in formulating goals and priorities in
terms that are focused on specific problems and solutions that often confront law enforcement.

STEPS IN SYNOPTIC PLANNING

1. Prepare For Planning
2. Describe the Present Situation
3. Develop Projections and Consider Alternative Future States
4. Identify and Analyze Problems
5. Set Goals
6. Identify Alternative Course of Action
7. Select Preferred Alternatives – There Are Techniques To Select Alternative Like:
●Strategic Analysis
●Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
●Must-Wants Analysis
8. Plan and Carryout Implementation
9. Monitor and Evaluate Progress
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10. Summation of the Synoptic Planning
11. Repeat the Planning Process.
INCREMENTALISM - concludes that long range and comprehensive planning are not only too difficult, but inherently bad. The
problems are seen as too difficult when they are grouped together and easier to solve when they are taken one at a time and broken
down into gradual adjustments over time.

TRANSACTIVE PLANNING - is carried out in face-to-face interaction with the people who are to be affected by the plan and not to
an anonymous target community of beneficiaries. Techniques include field surveys and interpersonal dialogue marked by a process
of mutual learning.

ADVOCACY PLANNING - Beneficial aspects of this approach include a greater sensitivity to the unintended and negative side
effects of plans.

RADICAL PLANNING - The first mainstream involves collective actions to achieve concrete results in the immediate future. The
second mainstream is critical of large-scale social processes and how they permeate the character of social and economic life at all
levels, which, in turn, determine the structure and evolution of social problems.

CONSIDERATIONS IN POLICE PLANNING

A. PRIMARY DOCTRINES
FUNDAMENTAL DOCTRINES – These are the basic principles in planning, organization and management of the PNP in support of the
overall pursuits of the PNP Vision, mission and strategic action plan of the attainment of the national objectives.
OPERATIONAL DOCTRINES – These are the principles and rules governing the planning, organization and direction and employment
of the PNP forces in the accomplishment of basic security operational mission in the maintenance of peace and order, crime
prevention and suppression, internal security and public safety operation.
FUNCTIONAL DOCTRINES – These provide guidance for specialized activities of the PNP in the broad field of interest such as
personnel, intelligence, operations, logistics, planning, etc.

B. SECONDARY DOCTRINES
COMPLIMENTARY DOCTRINES – Formulated jointly by two or more bureaus in order to effect a certain operation with regard to
public safety and peace and order. These essentially involve the participation of the other bureaus of the Bureau of Jail Management
and Penology (BJMP), Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC), National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
and other law enforcement agencies.
ETHICAL DOCTRINES – These define the fundamental principles governing the rules of conduct, attitude, behavior and ethical norm
of the PNP.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLICE PLAN

ACCORDING TO COVERAGE - Police Plans could be Local Plans (within police precincts, sub-stations, and stations), Regional Plans,
and National Plans.

ACCORDING TO TIME - Police Plans are classified as:

1. STRATEGIC OR LONG RANGE PLAN – It relates to plans which are strategic or long range in application and it determine the
organization’s original goals and strategy.
2. INTERMEDIATE OR MEDIUM RANGE PLANNING – It relates to plans, which determine quantity and quality efforts and
accomplishments. It refers to the process of determining the contribution on efforts that can make or provide with
allocated resources.
Example: 6 Masters Plans:
Master Plan Sandigan-Milenyo, Master Plan Sandugo, Master Plan Banat, Master Plan Sang-ingat, Master Plan Saklolo,
Sangyaman
3. OPERATIONAL OR SHORT RANGE PLANNING - Refers to the production of plans, which determine the schedule of special
activity and are applicable from one week or less than year duration. Plan that addresses immediate need which are specific
and how it can be accomplished on time with available allocated resources.
Examples of OPLANS:
Oplan Jumbo, Oplan Salikop, The TMG through its "OPLAN DISIPLINA", OPLAN BANTAY DALAMPASIGAN

@jillax
TYPES OF PLANS IN GENERAL
1. REACTIVE PLANS are developed as a result of crisis. A particular problem may occur for which the department has no plan and
must quickly develop one, sometimes without careful preparation.

2. PROACTIVE PLANS are developed in anticipation of problems. Although not all police problems are predictable, many are, and it is
possible for a police department to prepare a response in advance.

3. STRATEGIC PLANS are designed to meet the long-range, overall goals of the organization. Such plans allow the department to
adapt to anticipated changes or develop a new philosophy or model of policing (e.g. community policing).

5 .OPERATIONAL PLANS (OPLANS) are designed to meet the specific tasks required to implement strategic plans. There are four
types of operational plan:

A.STANDING PLANS provide the basic framework for responding to organizational problems.

B.FUNCTIONAL PLANS include the framework for the operation of the major functional units in the organization, such as patrol and
investigations.

C.OPERATIONAL-efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity plans are essentially the measures or comparisons to be used to assess
police activities and behavior (outputs) and results (outcomes).

D.TIME-SPECIFIC PLANS are concerned with a specific purpose and conclude when an objective is accomplished or a problem is
solved.

KINDS OF POLICE PLANS

1. POLICY AND PROCEDURAL PLANS – to properly achieve the administrative planning responsibility within in the unit, the
Commander shall develop unit plans relating to policies or procedure, tactics, operations, extra-office activities and management.

Further, standard-operating procedures shall be planned to guide members in routine and field operations and in some special
operations in accordance with the following procedures:

A. FIELD PROCEDURE – Procedures intended to be used in all situations of all kinds shall be outlined as a guide to officers and men in
the field

B. HEADQUARTERS PROCEDURES – Included in these procedures are the duties of the dispatcher, jailer, matron, and other
personnel concerned which may be reflected in the duty manual.

C. SPECIAL OPERATION PROCEDURES – Certain special operations also necessitate the preparation of procedures as guides

2. TACTICAL PLANS – These are the procedures for coping with specific situations at known locations.

3. OPERATIONAL PLANS – These are plans for the operations of special divisions like the patrol, detective, traffic, fire and juvenile
control divisions. Operational plans shall be prepared to accomplish each of the primary police tasks.

Plans for operations of special division consist of two types, namely: (1) those designed to meet every day, year-round needs, which
are the regular operating program of the divisions; and (2) those designed to meet unusual needs, the result of intermittent and
usually unexpected variations in activities that demand their attention.

REGULAR OPERATING PROGRAMS – These operating divisions/units shall have specific plans to meet current needs.

MEETING UNUSUAL NEEDS – The unusual need may arise in any field of police activity and is nearly always met in the detective,
vice, and juvenile divisions by temporary readjustment of regular assignment.

4.EXTRA-OFFICE PLANS – The active interest and the participation of individual citizen is so vital to the success of the PNP programs
that the PNP shall continuously seek to motivate, promote, and maintain an active public concern in its affairs.

5.MANAGEMENT PLANS – Plans of management shall map out in advance all operations involved in the organization management
of personnel and material and in the procurement and disbursement of money, such as the following:
A.BUDGET PLANNING
B.ACCOUNTING PROCEDURES
C.SPECIFICATIONS AND PURCHASING PROCEDURES
D.PERSONNEL
E.ORGANIZATION
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FIELD OPERATIONS shall be directed by the police commander and the subordinate commanders and the same shall be aimed at the
accomplishment of the following primary tasks more effectively and economically:
• PATROL – The patrol force shall accomplish the primary responsibility of safeguarding the community through the
protection of persons and property, the preservation of the peace, the prevention of crime, the suppression of criminal
activities, the apprehension of criminals, the enforcement of laws and ordinances and regulations of conduct, and
performing necessary service and inspections.
• INVESTIGATION – The basic purpose of the investigation division unit shall be to investigate certain designated crimes and
clear them by the recovery of stolen property and the arrest and conviction of the perpetrators
• TRAFFIC PATROL – Police control of streets or highways, vehicles, and people shall facilitate the safe and rapid movement
of vehicles and pedestrians
• VICE CONTROL – It shall be the determined stand of the PNP in the control of vices to treat vice offenses as they shall do to
any violation, and to exert efforts to eliminate them, as there attempt to eliminate robbery, theft, and public disturbance.
• JUVENILE DELINQUENCY CONTROL – Effective crime control necessitates preventing the development of individuals as
criminals.

Standard Operating Procedures or SOPs - are products of police operational planning adopted by the police organization to
guide the police officers in the conduct of their duties and functions, especially during field operations.
The following are Police Security Service Package of the PNP with the following standard operating procedures and guidelines:
1. SOP #1 – POLICE BEAT PATROL PROCEDURES
2. SOP #2 – BANTAY KALYE
3. SOP #3 – SIYASAT
4. SOP #4 – REACT 166
5. SOP #5 – LIGTAS (ANTI-KIDNAPPING)
6. SOP #6 – ANTI-CARNAPPING
7. SOP #7 – ANTI-TERRORISM
8. SOP #8 – JOINT ANTI-BANK ROBBERY ACTION COMMITTEE (ANTI-BANK ROBBERY)
9. SOP #9 – ANTI-HIJACKING/HIGHWAY ROBBERY
10. SOP #10 – PAGLALANSAG/PAGAAYOS-HOPE
11. SOP # 11 – MANHUNT BRAVO (NEUTRALIZATION OF WANTED PERSONS)
12. SOP #12 – ANTI-ILLEGAL GAMBLING
13. SOP #13 – ANTI-SQUATTING
14. SOP #14 – JERICHO
15. SOP #15 – NENA (ANTI-PROSTITUTION/VAGRANCY)
16. SOP #16 – ANTI-PORNOGRAPHY
17. SOP #17 – GUIDELINES IN THE CONDUCT OF ARREST, SEARCH, AND SEIZURE.
18. SOP #18 – SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SANDIGAN MASTER PLAN
19. SOP #19 – ANTI-ILLEGAL LOGGING
20. SOP #20 – ANTI-ILLEGAL FISHING
21. SOP #21 – ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUGS

EMERGENCY AND DISASTER PLANNING - is one of the most important interrelated function in a security system. It is important in
any organization as physical security, fire protection, guard forces, security of documents and personnel security.
Emergency and disaster planning refers to the preparation in advance of protective and safety measures for unforeseen events
resulting from natural and human actions.
DISASTER - is a sudden, unforeseen, extraordinary occurrence. It can be considered as an EMERGENCY but an emergency may not
always be a disaster. An EMERGENCY falls into 2 broad categories:
• Disaster (Natural Crisis)
• Induced Catastrophe (Man-made Crisis)
ASSESSING THE RISK
PRO-CRISIS ACTIONS - “The planning process begins with an understanding of the situation and recognition that a number of policy
decisions must be made before the actual planning can begin.

@jillax
PHASES IN EMERGENCY/DISASTER PLANNING
Phase I - Assessment of the Situation
Phase II – Writing the Plan
Phase III – Testing the Plan
Phase IV – Critique the Plan

ORGANIZING DISASTER MANAGEMENT TEAM

DISASTER TEAM LEADERSHIP - is vested in one person, who should designate an alternate capable of acting independently in his or
her absence. One of the team leader’s primary tasks is to ensure that control is maintained over the team’s activities, information
flow, and the implementation of decisions and organizational policies.

DISASTER ACTION TEAM MEMBERS

Depending on the size of the organization and the number of people available, the following team members maybe considered:
✔ Team leader/ Alternate
✔ Executive Assistance
✔ Public Affairs
✔ Liaison Officers
✔ (for family/victim/government/International)
✔ Administrative Support
✔ Communications Specialist
✔ Legal Specialist
✔ Medical and Relief Operations Officer
✔ Financial Specialist

ON POST EVENT (AFTER THE INCIDENT)

Evaluate effectiveness of plans
Evaluate adequacy of procedures
Debrief personnel
Evaluate equipment and training used
Revise plans and procedures in the light of new experience
Reward personnel as appropriate
Assist victims as appropriate
Document events
Prepare after-action reports
Arrange an orderly transition to normal conditions
Retain archives
THE CHAIN OF EVENTS DURING A DISASTER IS SIMPLIFIED AS FOLLOWS:
✔ Security receives initial report of emergency
✔ Security notifies Disaster Team Leader
✔ Team leader decides if immediate action is required
✔ If action is required, he notifies the other team members to convene at the crisis management center
✔ Initial liason established and actions taken: create log, contact of family, employees involved, government or law
enforcement liaison contacts, prepare contingency press guidance, others.
✔ Respond to event

CROWD CONTROL AND RIOT PREVENTION

RIOT, in general is an offense against the public peace. It is interpreted as a tumultuous disturbance by several persons who
have unlawfully assembled to assist one another, by the use of force if necessary, against anyone opposing them in the
execution of some enterprise of a private nature; and who execute such enterprise in a violent manner, to the terror of the
people.

@jillax
@jillax
ROLE OF PLANNING IN CROWD CONTROL OR RIOT PREVENTION
A sound organizational planning, training, logistical support and a high departmental morale are the essential success elements in
modern counter-riot operations.

Survey the Scene

determine as soon as possible the best position of the command post
locate the best vintage point for observations
consider geographical factors such as natural barriers, buildings, and weather condition
note the best method of approach
Maintain a Watchful Waiting
make your presence known to the people in the vicinity
if the crowd is too much to handle, stay near the command post and wait for additional support units
use radio or other means of communications to call for assistance
make preparations for decisive police action.
Concentrate on Rescue and Self-Defense
take care of the immediate needs of the situation until help arrives
apply first aid to injured people and self-protection must be considered
remember the primary objective of protecting lives, property and the restoration of order
Maintain an Open Line of Communication
keep the dispatcher advised on the progress of the scene
continue directing the support units to the scene and the general perimeter control
Give the dispersal order
disperse the crowd upon order
anti-riot formations and procedures must be used
use of force necessary for dispersal maybe considered
Establish a Command Post
follow what is in your contingency plan for civil disturbance
make every officer aware of the command post for proper coordination
Take immediate action for serious violations
arrest perpetrators
isolate the leaders or agitators from the crowd
show full police force strength

POLICE PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES IN ANTI-RIOT OPERATIONS

• CONTAINMENT – Unlawful assembly and riot are as contagious as a plague unless they are quarantined from the
unaffected areas of the community.

• DISPERSAL – The crowd of unlawful assembly or riot should be dispersed at once. It may appear at first to be a legal
assembly but the nature of the assembly at the time of the arrival of the police may clearly distinguish it as being unlawful.

• PREVENTION OF ENTRY OR REENTRY- The police have to protect the area once the people have been moved out or
dissipated into smaller groups to prevent them from returning.

• ARREST VIOLATORS – One of the first acts of the police upon arrival at the scene of the disturbance is to locate and isolate
individuals who are inciting the crowd to violate or fragrantly violating the law.

• ESTABLISH PRIORITIES – Depending upon the circumstances, it is always necessary to establish priorities.

@jillax
BASIC PROCEDURES IN ANTI-RIOT OPERATIONS
ASSESS THE SITUATION
✔ determine whether the original purpose of the gathering was lawful or not
✔ determine also the lawfulness at the time of arrival at the scene
✔ assess their attitude, emotional state, and their general condition
✔ determine any state of intoxication and other conditions that may lead to violence
✔ identify the cause of the problem
✔ locate and identify leaders or agitators

GENERAL GUIDELINES IN HANDLING RIOT

1. Preplanning must be high on the agenda whenever the department anticipates any disorder or major disturbance.
2. Meet with responsible leaders at the scene and express your concern for assuring them their constitutional guarantees. Request
them to disperse the crowd before attempting to take police action.
3. Maintain order and attempt to quell the disturbance without attempting to punish any of the violators.
4. Use only the force that is necessary but take positive and decisive action.
5. Post the quarantine area with signs and barricades, if necessary.
6. Keep the traffic lane open for emergency and support vehicle.
7. Consider the fact that most impressive police action at the scene of any type of major disturbance is the expeditious removal of
the leaders by a well-disciplined squad of officers.
8. For riot control, consider the following:
▪SURPRISE OFFENSIVE
▪SECURITY OF INFORMATION
▪MAXIMUM UTILIZATION OF FORCE
▪FLEXIBILITY OF ASSIGNMENTS
▪SIMPLICITY

SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN CROWD CONTROL AND ANTI-RIOT OPERATIONS

SNIPERS – Certain psychopathic people may attempt to take advantage of the mass confusion and excitement at a riot scene by
taking a concealed position and shooting at people with some type of weapons, usually rifle.
ARSONIST – Persons holding torch in their hands are potential arsonists. They must be taken into custody immediately.
LOOTERS – Acts of simple misdemeanor thefts or may consists of robbery of breaking and entering. Take the suspects into custody
by whatever means are necessary. 

@jillax