Green’s Function Technique

for
Type III and Type IV Second Ordered DE

Dr. Gopi Chandra Kaphle

Associate Professor
Central Department of Physics
Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal

August 18, 2020

1
 Today’s Discussion
F Green’s Function
• Example Type II GF Equations

• Type III GF

• Solving Technique with Example

• Type IV GF Equations

• Solving Techniques with Examples

• Some HW

2
 Type II Example
• QN: Calculate GF for y”(x) = −f (x) with the BC’s
y(0) = 0 and y(1) = 0 using dirac delta function. Solve it if
(i) f (x) = x2 (ii) f (x) = cosπx
(iii) f (x) = x (ii) f (x) = sinπx
Test it for the BC’s y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0

3
 Type II Example
• QN: Calculate GF for y”(x) = −f (x) with the BC’s
y(0) = 0 and y(1) = 0 using dirac delta function. Solve it if
(i) f (x) = x2 (ii) f (x) = cosπx
(iii) f (x) = x (ii) f (x) = sinπx
Test it for the BC’s y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0
• Solution:
The given second ordered differential equations will be
y”(x) = −f (x),
Now replace y(x) as G(x, ξ) and f (x) as δ(x − ξ) we get
−G”(x) = δ(x − ξ) ...(1)
This is second ordered differential equation in G(x, ξ).

3
 Type II Example
• QN: Calculate GF for y”(x) = −f (x) with the BC’s
y(0) = 0 and y(1) = 0 using dirac delta function. Solve it if
(i) f (x) = x2 (ii) f (x) = cosπx
(iii) f (x) = x (ii) f (x) = sinπx
Test it for the BC’s y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0
• Solution:
The given second ordered differential equations will be
y”(x) = −f (x),
Now replace y(x) as G(x, ξ) and f (x) as δ(x − ξ) we get
−G”(x) = δ(x − ξ) ...(1)
This is second ordered differential equation in G(x, ξ).
• Now solve it for homogeneous two two linearly independent
solutions will be obtained for x 6= ξ where δ(x − ξ) = 0.
At this condition equation (1) will be
−G”(x) = 0 ...(2)
3
 Type II Example

• compairing it with linear homogeneous differential operators

d d
such that Ly = 0 where L = dx [P (x) dx ] + q(x) we get
P (x) = −1 and q(x) = 0
∴ LG(x, ξ) = 0 which has a solution as,

4
 Type II Example

• compairing it with linear homogeneous differential operators

d d
such that Ly = 0 where L = dx [P (x) dx ] + q(x) we get
P (x) = −1 and q(x) = 0
∴ LG(x, ξ) = 0 which has a solution as,

Ax + B f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
• G(x, ξ) = ...(3)
Cx + D f or ξ < x ≤ 1 (ii)

4
 Type II Example

• compairing it with linear homogeneous differential operators

d d
such that Ly = 0 where L = dx [P (x) dx ] + q(x) we get
P (x) = −1 and q(x) = 0
∴ LG(x, ξ) = 0 which has a solution as,

Ax + B f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
• G(x, ξ) = ...(3)
Cx + D f or ξ < x ≤ 1 (ii)

4
 Type II Example
• Now use given boundary conditions (BC’s) we have,
G(0, ξ) = A.0 + B = 0 ⇒ B = 0
∴ G1(x, ξ) = Ax
And G(1, ξ) = C.1 + D = 0 ⇒ C = −D
∴ G2(x, ξ) =−Dx + D ⇒ G2(x, ξ) = D(1 − x)
Ax f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
∴ G(x, ξ) = ...(4)
D(1 − x) f or ξ < x ≤ 1 (ii)

5
 Type II Example
• Now use given boundary conditions (BC’s) we have,
G(0, ξ) = A.0 + B = 0 ⇒ B = 0
∴ G1(x, ξ) = Ax
And G(1, ξ) = C.1 + D = 0 ⇒ C = −D
∴ G2(x, ξ) =−Dx + D ⇒ G2(x, ξ) = D(1 − x)
Ax f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
∴ G(x, ξ) = ...(4)
D(1 − x) f or ξ < x ≤ 1 (ii)
• Now for the calculations of two variable A and D we use
properties of continuity equations we have,
lim G2(x, ξ) = lim G1 (x, ξ) ⇒ [G2 (x) = G1 (x)]x=ξ
x→ξ+ x→ξ−
ξ
⇒ D(1 − ξ) = Aξ, i.e. D = A 1−ξ ⇒ A = D 1−ξ
ξ

D( 1−ξ )x f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
ξ
∴ G(x, ξ) =  ...(5)
D(1 − x) f or ξ < x ≤ 1 (ii)
5
 Type II Example
• Now we have to calcualte D to find out the GF so,
Apply Jump properties of GF (step function at x = ξ we get,
[G02 (x, ξ) − G01 (x, ξ) = P (x)
1
]x=ξ ...(6)

6
 Type II Example
• Now we have to calcualte D to find out the GF so,
Apply Jump properties of GF (step function at x = ξ we get,
[G02 (x, ξ) − G01 (x, ξ) = P (x)
1
]x=ξ ...(6)
• Compairing given equation with Linear dieefential Hermitian
operator ( As Sturm-liouville equations) to find out (P (x). As
above we found P (x) = −1 ( Generally Its value will be ±1. So,
Equation (6) at this condition gives
−D − ( 1−ξ
ξ
)D = −1 ⇒ D[ ξ+1−ξ ξ
= 1] ⇒ D = ξ ...(7)
• Hence the GF will be,
ξ( 1−ξ )x f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
G(x, ξ) =  ξ
ξ(1 − x) f or ξ < x ≤ 1 (ii)

( 1−ξ x f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
= ) ...(8)
ξ(1 − x) f or ξ < x ≤ 1 (ii)
This is the required GF of the given Equation.
6
 Type II Example
• Now if f (x) = x2 then, the solution of given equation
[y”(x) = −f (x)] will be
R1
y(x) = G(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ
ξ=0
Rx R1
= G1(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ + G2(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ [Interchange
ξ=0 ξ=x
x and ξ at G1 and G2 ]

7
 Type II Example
• Now if f (x) = x2 then, the solution of given equation
[y”(x) = −f (x)] will be
R1
y(x) = G(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ
ξ=0
Rx R1
= G1(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ + G2(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ [Interchange
ξ=0 ξ=x
x and ξ at G1 and G2 ]
Rx R1
• = ξ(1 − x)f (ξ)dξ + (1 − ξ)xf (ξ)dξ
ξ=0 ξ=x
Rx R1
= ξ(1 − x)ξ 2 dξ + (1 − ξ)xξ 2 dξ
ξ=0 ξ=x
ξ4 x ξ3 4
= (1 − x)[ 4 ]0 + x[ 3 − ξ4 ]1x
4 3 −3ξ 4 4 4 5
−3x
= (1 − x)[ x4 ] + x[ 4ξ 12 ]1x i.e. = (1 − x) x4 + x
12
− ( 4x 12 )
4
3x  5
−3x +x−4x 
:
 4 +3x
 :
5
= 12
x−x 4
= 12
ANS.
7
 Type II examples
• QN2: Similarly For f (x) = sinπx the solution will be as,
R1
y(x) = G(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ
ξ=0
Rx R1
= G1(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ + G2(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ
ξ=0 ξ=x
[Interchange x and ξ at G1 and G2 ]

8
 Type II examples
• QN2: Similarly For f (x) = sinπx the solution will be as,
R1
y(x) = G(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ
ξ=0
Rx R1
= G1(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ + G2(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ
ξ=0 ξ=x
[Interchange x and ξ at G1 and G2 ]
Rx R1
• = ξ(1 − x)sinπξdξ + (1 − ξ)xsinπξdξ
ξ=0 ξ=x
= cosπξ sinπξ x
(1 − x)[+ξ π + π2 ]0 + x[(1 − ξ) cosπξ
π
− sinπξ
π2 0
]1
= (1 − x)[+x π + π2 ] + 0 + 0 − x(1 − x) π − sinπx
cosπx sinπx cosπx
π2
]
sinπξ sinπx sinπx
= (1 − x) π2 + x π2 ⇒= π2
Hence solution of the given equation will be
y(x) = sinπx
π2
//

8
 Type II examples
• QN2: Similarly For f (x) = sinπx the solution will be as,
R1
y(x) = G(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ
ξ=0
Rx R1
= G1(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ + G2(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ
ξ=0 ξ=x
[Interchange x and ξ at G1 and G2 ]
Rx R1
• = ξ(1 − x)sinπξdξ + (1 − ξ)xsinπξdξ
ξ=0 ξ=x
= cosπξ sinπξ x
(1 − x)[+ξ π + π2 ]0 + x[(1 − ξ) cosπξ
π
− sinπξ
π2 0
]1
= (1 − x)[+x π + π2 ] + 0 + 0 − x(1 − x) π − sinπx
cosπx sinπx cosπx
π2
]
sinπξ sinπx sinπx
= (1 − x) π2 + x π2 ⇒= π2
Hence solution of the given equation will be
y(x) = sinπx
π2
//
• QN3:For f (x) = cosπx the solution will be
y(x) = π12 [2x − 1 + cosπx] 8
 Type III Example
• QN: Calculate GF for the followings using dirac delta
functions
(a) y”(x) + ω 2 y = f (x) with the BC’s y(0) = 0 and y(1) = 0
for ω 6= 0 .
(b)y”(x) + y = f (x) with the BC’s y(0) = 0 and y 0 (1) = 0
and (c)y”(x) + y = cosecx with the BC’s y(0) = 0 and
y( π2 ) = 0. Solve it if
(i) f (x) = x2 (ii) f (x) = sinx
(iii) f (x) = x (iv) f (x) = sin2x

9
 Type III Example
• QN: Calculate GF for the followings using dirac delta
functions
(a) y”(x) + ω 2 y = f (x) with the BC’s y(0) = 0 and y(1) = 0
for ω 6= 0 .
(b)y”(x) + y = f (x) with the BC’s y(0) = 0 and y 0 (1) = 0
and (c)y”(x) + y = cosecx with the BC’s y(0) = 0 and
y( π2 ) = 0. Solve it if
(i) f (x) = x2 (ii) f (x) = sinx
(iii) f (x) = x (iv) f (x) = sin2x
• Solution Of (c):
The given second ordered differential equations will be
y”(x) + y = cosecx
Now replace y(x) as G(x, ξ) and f (x) as δ(x − ξ) we get
G”(x.ξ) + G(x, ξ) = δ(x − ξ) ...(1)
This is second ordered differential equation in G(x, ξ).
9
 Type III Example
• QN: Calculate GF for the followings using dirac delta
functions
(a) y”(x) + ω 2 y = f (x) with the BC’s y(0) = 0 and y(1) = 0
for ω 6= 0 .
(b)y”(x) + y = f (x) with the BC’s y(0) = 0 and y 0 (1) = 0
and (c)y”(x) + y = cosecx with the BC’s y(0) = 0 and
y( π2 ) = 0. Solve it if
(i) f (x) = x2 (ii) f (x) = sinx
(iii) f (x) = x (iv) f (x) = sin2x
• Solution Of (c):
The given second ordered differential equations will be
y”(x) + y = cosecx
Now replace y(x) as G(x, ξ) and f (x) as δ(x − ξ) we get
G”(x.ξ) + G(x, ξ) = δ(x − ξ) ...(1)
This is second ordered differential equation in G(x, ξ).
9
 Type III Example

• compairing equation (2) with linear homogeneous differential

operators equations (SLP)
d d
such that Ly = 0 where L = dx [P (x) dx ] + q(x) we get
P (x) = 1 and q(x) = 1
∴ LG(x, ξ) = 0 homogeneous equations has a solution as,

10
 Type III Example

• compairing equation (2) with linear homogeneous differential

operators equations (SLP)
d d
such that Ly = 0 where L = dx [P (x) dx ] + q(x) we get
P (x) = 1 and q(x) = 1
∴ LG(x, ξ) = 0 homogeneous equations has a solution as,

Asinx + Bcosx f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
• G(x, ξ) = ...(3)
Csinx + Dcosx f or ξ < x ≤ 1 (ii)

10
 Type III Example

• compairing equation (2) with linear homogeneous differential

operators equations (SLP)
d d
such that Ly = 0 where L = dx [P (x) dx ] + q(x) we get
P (x) = 1 and q(x) = 1
∴ LG(x, ξ) = 0 homogeneous equations has a solution as,

Asinx + Bcosx f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
• G(x, ξ) = ...(3)
Csinx + Dcosx f or ξ < x ≤ 1 (ii)

10
 Type III Example
• Now use given boundary conditions (BC’s) we have,
G(0, ξ) = A.sin0 + Bcos0 = 0 ⇒ B = 0
∴ G1(x, ξ) = Asinx
And G( π2 , ξ) = C.sin π2 + Dcos π2 = 0 ⇒ C + 0 = 0
∴ G2(x, ξ) =)  + Dcosx ⇒ G2(x, ξ) = Dcosx
Asinx f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
∴ G(x, ξ) =  ...(4)
Dcosx f or ξ < x ≤ π2 (ii)

11
 Type III Example
• Now use given boundary conditions (BC’s) we have,
G(0, ξ) = A.sin0 + Bcos0 = 0 ⇒ B = 0
∴ G1(x, ξ) = Asinx
And G( π2 , ξ) = C.sin π2 + Dcos π2 = 0 ⇒ C + 0 = 0
∴ G2(x, ξ) =)  + Dcosx ⇒ G2(x, ξ) = Dcosx
Asinx f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
∴ G(x, ξ) =  ...(4)
Dcosx f or ξ < x ≤ π2 (ii)
• Now for the calculations of two variable A and D we use
properties of continuity equations we have,
lim G2(x, ξ) = lim G1 (x, ξ) ⇒ [G2 (x) = G1 (x)]x=ξ
x→ξ+ x→ξ−

⇒ Dcosξ = Asinξ, i.e. D = A sinξ

cosξ

Asinx f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
∴ G(x, ξ) =  ...(5)
A sinξ
cosξ
cosx f or ξ < x ≤ π2 (ii)
11
 Type III Example
• Now we have to calcualte A to find out the GF so,
Apply Jump(discontinuty) properties of GF (step function at
x = ξ we get, [G02 (x, ξ) − G01 (x, ξ) = P (x)
1
]x=ξ ...(6)

12
 Type III Example
• Now we have to calcualte A to find out the GF so,
Apply Jump(discontinuty) properties of GF (step function at
x = ξ we get, [G02 (x, ξ) − G01 (x, ξ) = P (x)
1
]x=ξ ...(6)
• Compairing given equation with Linear dieefential Hermitian
operator ( As Sturm-liouville equations) to find out (P (x). As
above we found P (x) = 1 ( Generally Its value will be ±1. So,
Equation (6) at this condition gives
[D(−sinx) − Acosx]x=ξ = 1 ⇒ D(−sinξ − Acosξ = 1
2ξ 2 ξ+cos2 ξ
−A sin
cosξ
− Acosξ = 1 ⇒ −A[ sin cosξ ]=1
∴ A = −cosξ dsinx = cosx, and dcosx = −sinx
• Hence the GF will be,
−cosξ sinx f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
G(x, ξ) = ...(8)
−sinξ cosx f or ξ < x ≤ π (ii)
2
This is the required GF of the given Equation.
12
 Type III Example
• Now here f (x) = cosecx then, the solution of given equation
[y”(x)y (x) = f (x)] will be
π
R2
y(x) = G(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ
ξ=0
Rx R1
= G1(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ + G2(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ [Interchange
ξ=0 ξ=x
x and ξ at G1 and G2 ]

13
 Type III Example
• Now here f (x) = cosecx then, the solution of given equation
[y”(x)y (x) = f (x)] will be
π
R2
y(x) = G(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ
ξ=0
Rx R1
= G1(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ + G2(ξ, x)f (ξ)dξ [Interchange
ξ=0 ξ=x
x and ξ at G1 and G2 ]
Rx π/2
•
R
= (−sinξ cosx)cosecξdξ + (−cosξ sinx)cosecξdξ
ξ=0 ξ=x
Rx π/2
cosξ
= −cosx dξ − sinx
R
( sinξ )dξ
ξ=0 ξ=x
= −cosξ[ξ]x0 − sinx[−ln(sinξ)]π/2
x
= −xcosx − sinx[ln(sin(π/2)) + lnsinx]
∴ y(x) = xcosx − sinx(lnsinx) ANS.
13
 Type III Example

• Similarly GF of QN (a) and (b) will be

(a) 
−sinω(1 − ξ)sinωx f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
G(x, ξ) = sinωξ
− sinω(1 − x) f or ξ < x ≤ 1 (ii)
ωsinω

14
 Type III Example

• Similarly GF of QN (a) and (b) will be

(a) 
−sinω(1 − ξ)sinωx f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
G(x, ξ) = sinωξ
− sinω(1 − x) f or ξ < x ≤ 1 (ii)
ωsinω

0 f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
• (b) G(x, ξ) =
sin(x − ξ) f or ξ < x ≤ 1 (ii)

14
 Type III Example

• Similarly GF of QN (a) and (b) will be

(a) 
−sinω(1 − ξ)sinωx f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
G(x, ξ) = sinωξ
− sinω(1 − x) f or ξ < x ≤ 1 (ii)
ωsinω

0 f or 0 ≤ x < ξ (i)
• (b) G(x, ξ) =
sin(x − ξ) f or ξ < x ≤ 1 (ii)
• For the solution please follow the above process for particular GF

14
 Type IV Example: Eigenvalue Problems
• QN: Find the appropriate GF for the eigenvalue problem
(a) y”(x) + 14 y = f (x) with the BC’s y(0) = 0 and y(π) = 0
and hence solve it for
(i) f (x) = x (ii) f (x) = sinx (iii) f (x) = sin2x

15
 Type IV Example: Eigenvalue Problems
• QN: Find the appropriate GF for the eigenvalue problem
(a) y”(x) + 14 y = f (x) with the BC’s y(0) = 0 and y(π) = 0
and hence solve it for
(i) f (x) = x (ii) f (x) = sinx (iii) f (x) = sin2x
• Procedure and Solution:
This types of equation sometimes callled as eigenvalue problems
For it we have to use following trick
(a) Replace f (x) = λy(x) andR
solve GF as type I GF
(b) Then solve it as y(x) = G(x, ξ)f (ξ)dξ
We can use same trick for the y”(x) = −f (x) types of
equations as well.
After repalcing f (x) = λy(x) we have to follow the procedure as
type I equations.

15
 Type IV Example: Eigenvalue Problems
• QN: Find the appropriate GF for the eigenvalue problem
(a) y”(x) + 14 y = f (x) with the BC’s y(0) = 0 and y(π) = 0
and hence solve it for
(i) f (x) = x (ii) f (x) = sinx (iii) f (x) = sin2x
• Procedure and Solution:
This types of equation sometimes callled as eigenvalue problems
For it we have to use following trick
(a) Replace f (x) = λy(x) andR
solve GF as type I GF
(b) Then solve it as y(x) = G(x, ξ)f (ξ)dξ
We can use same trick for the y”(x) = −f (x) types of
equations as well.
After repalcing f (x) = λy(x) we have to follow the procedure as
type I equations.
• Let λ be the eigen value of the given problem then the equations
will be of the form,
15
 Type IV Example
• y”(x) + 14 y = λy ⇒ y”(x) + ( 14 − λ)y = 0 ...(1)

16
 Type IV Example
• y”(x) + 14 y = λy ⇒ y”(x) + ( 14 − λ)y = 0 ...(1)
• This is secondqordered DE having q solutions of type
y(x) = Asin( 4 − λx + Bcos( 14 − λx
1
—(2)

16
 Type IV Example
• y”(x) + 14 y = λy ⇒ y”(x) + ( 14 − λ)y = 0 ...(1)
• This is secondqordered DE having q solutions of type
y(x) = Asin( 4 − λx + Bcos( 14 − λx
1
—(2)
• Now using BC’s we have
y(0) = A.0 + q B.1 = 0 ⇒ B = 0
y(π) = Asin( 14 − λ)π = 0,
q
Since A 6= 0 so,sin( 14 − λ)π = 0 = sinnπ should be.
∴ 41 − λ = n2 ⇒ λn = 41 − n2 ...(3)
Hence solutions will be of the form
yn (x) = Asinnx, Now normalising we get,

16
 Type IV Example
• y”(x) + 14 y = λy ⇒ y”(x) + ( 14 − λ)y = 0 ...(1)
• This is secondqordered DE having q solutions of type
y(x) = Asin( 4 − λx + Bcos( 14 − λx
1
—(2)
• Now using BC’s we have
y(0) = A.0 + q B.1 = 0 ⇒ B = 0
y(π) = Asin( 14 − λ)π = 0,
q
Since A 6= 0 so,sin( 14 − λ)π = 0 = sinnπ should be.
∴ 41 − λ = n2 ⇒ λn = 41 − n2 ...(3)
Hence solutions will be of the form
yn (x) = Asinnx, Now normalising we get,
Rπ A2 Rπ
• A2 sin2 nxdx = 1 ⇒ 2
2sin2 nxdx = 1
0 0
A2 Rπ A2
2
(1 − cos2nx)dx ⇒ 2
[x − sin2nx]π0
0 q
A2 2
2
×π =1⇒A= π 16
 Type IV Example
q
• So the solution will be, yn (x) = π2 sinnx ...(4)
Hence the required Green’s function of the given equation will
be,
∞
sinnξ. sinnx
G(x, ξ) = π2
P
( 1 −n2 )
...(5)
n=0 4

17
 Type IV Example
q
• So the solution will be, yn (x) = π2 sinnx ...(4)
Hence the required Green’s function of the given equation will
be,
∞
sinnξ. sinnx
G(x, ξ) = π2
P
( 1 −n2 )
...(5)
n=0 4
• Now the solution of y(x) for f (x) = sin2x will be
2 Rπ P sinnξ. sinnx
y(x) = π
( ( 14 −n2 )
sin2ξdξ
n=0 n
P sinnx Rπ
= π2 ( 1 )
−n2
sinnξ sin2ξdξ
n 4 0

17
 Type IV Example
q
• So the solution will be, yn (x) = π2 sinnx ...(4)
Hence the required Green’s function of the given equation will
be,
∞
sinnξ. sinnx
G(x, ξ) = π2
P
( 1 −n2 )
...(5)
n=0 4
• Now the solution of y(x) for f (x) = sin2x will be
2 Rπ P sinnξ. sinnx
y(x) = π
( ( 14 −n2 )
sin2ξdξ
n=0 n
P sinnx Rπ
= π2 ( 1 )
−n2
sinnξ sin2ξdξ
n 4 0
• In this condition integral vanishes except n = 2 (properties of
complex intergal ) so for n = 2 we get,
Rπ
y(x) = 2
π
× ( sin2x
1
−4
) sin2 (2ξ)dξ
4 0
2 sin2x π 4
= π
× −15 × 2
⇒= − 15 sin2x
4
4
Therefore, solution is y(x) = − 15 sin2x ...(6)
For HW try same equation to17find GF using dirac delta
 Acknowledgements

1 Head, CDP TU

2 All the students who listen it very carefully.

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 End1

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THANK YOU !!!

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