DATA ANALYSIS

Classifying, linking, and describing the phenomena were the components of data analysis in the research

(Graue, 2015). According to Noble and Smith (2014), coding the data, transcribing the data to locate

overarching themes, and identifying recurrent themes were all parts of data analysis. Finding common

terms and phrases was one of my objectives as I transcribing each interview. I used data coding to

categorize, group, and pinpoint themes for data analysis (DeMassis & Kotlar, 2014). Researchers utilize

the software application NVivo to can help with coding and can review, manage, and analyse data

(Franzosi, Doyle, McClelland, Putnam-Rankin, & Vicari, 2013).

Another method to enhance data saturation and analysis was technique-based triangulation (Fusch &

Ness, 2015). the use of methodological triangulation  The most popular way of gathering data involved

employing two or more approaches.  what kind of triangulation (Graue, 2015). Triangulation of methods

improved the data analysis phase's reliability and accuracy of the interpretation (Van Dijk, Vervoort, Van

Wijk, Kalkman, & Schuurmans, 2016). Kalkman, Schuurmans, Dijk, Vervoort, Van Wijk, & Kalkman, 2016).

Moreover, the data analysis  includes a review of prior material to investigate any parallels or

discrepancies.

Reliability & Validity

Alignment of the conceptual framework, design, and research methods instruments and interview

questions improved the study's validity and reliability (Newman, Lim, & Pineda, 2013). Statistical data

were employed by quantitative researchers to establish validity and reliability (Noble & Smith, 2015).

the absence of agreement by it could be challenging to attain rigor when using qualitative research as a
standard (Noble & Smith, 2015). According to Baskarada (2014), reliability in qualitative case studies

occurs when the same outcomes are attained by using the same data gathering strategy. Since there are

no consistent ways for obtaining reliability and validity in qualitative research, qualitative researchers

must apply other methods to ensure the study's conclusions are reliable (Noble & Smith, 2015). Data

triangulation (Long & Johnson, 2000), obtaining different perspectives by examining similarities and

differences (Morse et al., 2002), obtaining different perspectives by examining similarities and

differences (Morse et al., 2002), and maintaining clear and transparent data interpretations were all

techniques used by qualitative researchers to establish credibility (Sandelowski, 1993).

Reliability

Reliability was defined by Yin (2018) as the metrics that the researcher utilized over and over again while

performing a case study. The reliability of the study is improved by consistent and error-free data

collection and analysis (Hess, McNab, & Basoglu, 2014), hence it was crucial to carry out each interview

in the same way by adhering to a predesigned interview protocol (Appendix B). By doing member checks

on the participant replies I acquired during the interview and triangulating the data I got from my notes

and document evaluations, I increased reliability.

According to Noble and Smith (2015), a study's validity was established by its application,

appropriateness, and conclusions' accuracy. Commonalities must exist between the varied findings of

numerous research projects in order to obtain qualitative dependability (Onwugbuzie & Byers, 2014).

Consistency was established with the aid of notes, interview responses, 49 and an extensive assessment

of prior academic works.

Validity

The study's findings must be reliable for qualitative research to establish validity. transferrable and

confirmable (Prion & Adamson, 2014). In qualitative research, credibility, confirmability, dependability,

and transferability are attained (Prion & Adamson, 2014). A thorough study that produces high-quality

data is what is meant by credibility (Elo et al., 2014). Member checking is a method for establishing

confirmability and improving the results' quality (Elo et al., 2014). Transferability denotes the ability of

other researchers to summarize a study's results (Elo et al., 2014). I adhered to tight data collecting and

analysis procedures, followed an interview methodology, and thoroughly explained my study's findings

in order to ensure transferability.

By describing the procedures used to arrive at the findings of my study, transferability was achieved.

Replication, peer review, and data triangulation increase the reliability of a study's conclusions (Funder

et al., 2013). Other elements that might improve validity included the study's design, methodology, and

sample size, all of which were crucial in determining the validity of my qualitative case study (Palic,

2015). Robinson (2014) reaffirmed that the size of the sample mattered when determining validity. To

attain data saturation, which happened when participants' responses started to repeat, I didn't need to

add more people (Robinson, 2014).