TDM Bus Switching Methods

1 Module 4 | Switching Methods
Lesson 2: TDM BUS
SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES:
In this module, you should be able to:
1. identify the connection of TDM bus;

2. describe the packet switching;
3. create a datagram approach; and
4. identify the virtual circuit approach.
I. Pre – Assessment:
Direction. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.
_______1. Synchronous optical networking (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy

(SDH) are standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over
optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
_______2. H.100 and H.110 are legacy telephony equipment standard published by the ECTF
that allow the transport of up to 4096 simplex channels of voice or data on one connector or
ribbon cable.
_______3. A telephone network is a telecommunications network that connects Telephones,

which allows telephone calls between two or more parties, as well as newer features such as
fax and internet.
_______4. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards for
simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the
digitalized circuits of the public switched telephone network.
_______5. Fiber-Optic cables transmit signals in the form of visible light.
_______6. Digital subscriber line (DSL; originally digital subscriber loop) is a family of
technologies that are used to transmit digital data over telephone lines.
_______7. A PBX is a telephone exchange or switching system that serves a private

organization and permits sharing of central office trunks between internally installed telephones,
and provides intercommunication between those internal telephones within the organization
without the use of external lines.
_______8. Packet switching is the transfer of small pieces of data across various networks.
These data chunks or “packets” allow for faster, more efficient data transfer.
_______9. Packet switching and circuit switching are the primary models for facilitating
enterprise network connections.
_______10. Cell switching, or cell relay, uses a circuit switching network and has features of
circuit switching.
II. Lesson Map:
This map shows the overview of Time Division Multiplex Bus which includes the identifying
connection, describing packet switching, creating datagram approach and identifying virtual
circuit approach.
III. Core Content:
Engage: Draw any sample scenario of Time Division Multiplexing.
Explore: Reading Activity
TDM Bus
A TDM bus is one application of the principle of Time-Division Multiplexing. In a TDM Bus, data
or information arriving from an input line is put onto specific timeslots on a high-speed bus,
where a recipient would listen to the bus and pick out only the signals for a certain timeslot.
It resembles the TDM carried out in synchronous optical networking, but the "TDM Bus" term is
more commonly used when the bus is inside a single unit like a telecommunications switch or a
PC.
A specification for putting a TDM bus on PCI hardware has been published as H.100/H.110 by
the Enterprise Computer Telephony Forum (ECTF). These are not related to the ITU-T
recommendations with the same identifiers.
Synchronous optical networking (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) are
standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over optical fiber
using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). At low transmission rates
data can also be transferred via an electrical interface. The method was developed to replace
the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting large amounts of telephone
calls and data traffic over the same fiber without the problems of synchronization.
SONET and SDH, which are essentially the same, were originally designed to transport circuit
mode communications from a variety of different sources, but they were primarily designed to
support real-time, uncompressed, circuit-switched voice encoded in PCM format. The primary
difficulty in doing this prior to SONET/SDH was that the synchronization sources of these
various circuits were different. This meant that each circuit was actually operating at a slightly
different rate and with different phase. SONET/SDH allowed for the simultaneous transport of
many different circuits of differing origin within a single framing protocol. SONET/SDH is not a
complete communications protocol in itself, but a transport protocol (not a ‘transport’ in the OSI
Model sense).
H.100 and H.110 are legacy telephony equipment standard published by the ECTF that allow
the transport of up to 4096 simplex channels of voice or data on one connector or ribbon cable.
H.100 is implemented using Multi-Channeled Buffered Serial Ports (McBSP), typically included
as a DSP peripheral. McBSP, also known as TDM Serial ports are special serial ports that
support multiple channels by using Time-division multiplexing (TDM).
ECTF (the Enterprise Computer Telephony Forum) was formed in 1995 by telephony equipment
and software suppliers to improve the interoperability of various vendors’ CT solutions. Until
ECTF was formed, the computer telephony industry was an alphabet soup of competing
software and hardware platforms. ECTF has sought to improve this situation, and to enhance
the “scalability” of CT standards so that telephony systems serving the needs of small
businesses as well as large, multinational corporations can be built using the same technology.
The plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) is a technology used in telecommunications

networks to transport large quantities of data over digital transport equipment such as fiber optic
and microwave radio systems.
 In this case the I/P and O/P are connected to a high speed bus through input output
gates
 Each input gate is closed during the time slots and only one output gate is closed.
 The controlling unit decided which switches are to be closed
 Space division switches have no delay and time division switches requires cross points
 Combining both technologies will result in switches that are optimised both in physically
(no of components) and temporally (delay)
 It can be designed as TST, TSST, STTS, etc.

Telephone Network
A telephone network is a telecommunications network that connects Telephones, which allows

telephone calls between two or more parties, as well as newer features such as fax and
internet. The idea was revolutionized in the 1920s, as more and more people purchased
telephones and used them to communicate news, ideas, and personal information. During the
1990s, it was further revolutionized by the advent of computers and other sophisticated
communication devices, and with the use of dial-up internet.
There are a number of different types of telephone network:
 A landline network where the telephones must be directly wired into a single telephone
exchange. This is known as the public switched telephone network or PSTN.
 A wireless network where the telephones are mobile and can move around anywhere
within the coverage area.
 A private network where a closed group of telephones are connected primarily to each
other and use a gateway to reach the outside world. This is usually used inside
companies and call centres and is called a private branch exchange (PBX).
 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
Public telephone operators (PTOs) own and build networks of the first two types and provide
services to the public under license from the national government. Virtual Network Operators
(VNOs) lease capacity wholesale from the PTOs and sell on telephony service to the public
directly.
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards for

By the time the standard was released, newer networking system with much greater speeds
were available, and ISDN saw relatively little uptake in the wider market. One estimate suggests
ISDN use peaked at a worldwide total of 25 million subscribers at a time when 1.3 billion analog
lines were in use. ISDN has largely been replaced with digital subscriber line (DSL) systems of
much higher performance.
Prior to ISDN, the telephone system consisted of digital links like T1/E1 on the long-distance
lines between telephone company offices and analog signals on copper telephone wires to the
customers, the "last mile". At the time, the network was viewed as a way to transport voice, with
some special services available for data using additional equipment like modems or by
providing a T1 on the customer's location. What became ISDN started as an effort to digitize the
last mile, originally under the name "Public Switched Digital Capacity" (PSDC).
This would allow call routing to be completed in an all-digital system, while also offering a
separate data line. The Basic Rate Interface, or BRI, is the standard last-mile connection in the
ISDN system, offering two 64 kbit/s "bearer" lines and a single 16 kbit/s "delta" channel for
commands and data.
Although ISDN found a number of niche roles and some wider uptake in specific locales, the
system was largely ignored and garnered the industry nickname "innovation subscribers didn't
need." It found a use for a time for small-office digital connection, using the voice lines for data
at 64 kbit/s, sometimes "bonded" to 128 kbit/s, but the introduction of 56 kbit/s modems
undercut its value in many roles. It also found use in videoconference systems, where the direct
end-to-end connection was desirable. The H.320 standard was designed around its 64 kbit/s
data rate. The underlying ISDN concepts found wider use as a replacement for the T1/E1 lines it
was originally intended to extend, roughly doubling the performance of those lines.
Digital subscriber line (DSL; originally digital subscriber loop) is a family of technologies that
are used to transmit digital data over telephone lines. In telecommunications marketing, the
term DSL is widely understood to mean asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), the most
commonly installed DSL technology, for Internet access.
DSL service can be delivered simultaneously with wired telephone service on the same
telephone line since DSL uses higher frequency bands for data. On the customer premises, a
DSL filter on each non-DSL outlet blocks any high-frequency interference to enable
simultaneous use of the voice and DSL services.
The bit rate of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 kbit/s to over 100 Mbit/s in the
direction to the customer (downstream), depending on DSL technology, line conditions, and
service-level implementation. Bit rates of 1 Gbit/s have been reached.
In ADSL, the data throughput in the upstream direction (the direction to the service provider) is
lower, hence the designation of asymmetric service. In symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL)
services, the downstream and upstream data rates are equal. Researchers at Bell Labs have
reached speeds over 1 Gbit/s for symmetrical broadband access services using traditional
copper telephone lines, though such speeds have not yet been deployed elsewhere.
A PBX is a telephone exchange or switching system that serves a private organization and
permits sharing of central office trunks between internally installed telephones, and provides
intercommunication between those internal telephones within the organization without the use of
external lines. The central office lines provide connections to the public switched telephone
network (PSTN) and the concentration aspect of a PBX permits the shared use of these lines
between all stations in the organization. Its intercommunication ability allows two or more
stations to directly connect while not using the public switched telephone network. This method
reduces the number of lines needed from the organization to the public switched telephone
network.
Each device connected to the PBX, such as a telephone, a fax machine, or a computer modem,
is referred to as an extension and has a designated extension telephone number that may or
may not be mapped automatically to the numbering plan of the central office and the telephone
number block allocated to the PBX.
Initially, PBX systems offered the primary advantage of cost savings for internal phone calls:
handling the circuit switching locally reduced charges for telephone service via central-office
lines. As PBX systems gained popularity, they began to feature services not available in the
public network, such as hunt groups, call forwarding, and extension dialing. From the 1960s, a
simulated PBX, known as Centrex, provided similar features from the central telephone
exchange.
A PBX differs from a key telephone system (KTS) in that users of a key system manually select
their own outgoing lines on special telephone sets that control buttons for this purpose, while
PBXs select the outgoing line automatically. The telephone sets connected to a PBX do not
normally have special keys for central-office line control, but it is not uncommon for key systems
to be connected to a PBX to extend its services.
A PBX, in contrast to a key system, employs an organizational numbering plan for its stations. In
addition, a dial plan determines whether additional digit sequences must be prefixed when
dialing to obtain access to a central office trunk. Modern number-analysis systems permit users
to dial internal and external telephone numbers without special codes to distinguish the intended
destination.
 Telephone network is made of three major components: local loops, trunks, and witching
offices
 Local loop: that connects the subscriber telephone to the nearest end office or local
central office
 Trunk: transmission media that handle the communication between offices, normally
handles hundreds or thousands of connections through multiplexing
 Switching Office: A switch connects several local loops or trunks and allows a
connection between different subscribers.
Making a Connection
Acessing the switching station at the end offices is accomplished through dialing
 In case of rotary dialing a digital signal is sent to the end office

 In case of touch-tone technique two analog signals are sent to the end office, depending
on the row and column of the switch position.
 e.g. for 8, the signals 852Hz and 1336Hz are sent
Packet Switching
Packet switching is the transfer of small pieces of data across various networks. These data
chunks or “packets” allow for faster, more efficient data transfer.
Often, when a user sends a file across a network, it gets transferred in smaller data packets, not
in one piece. For example, a 3MB file will be divided into packets, each with a packet header
that includes the origin IP address, the destination IP address, the number of packets in the
entire data file, and the sequence number.
Types of Packet Switching
There are two major types of packet switching:
Connectionless Packet Switching. This classic type of packet switching includes multiple
packets, each individually routed. This means each packet contains complete routing
information—but it also means different paths of transmission and out-of-order delivery are
possible, depending on the fluctuating loads on the network’s nodes (adapters, switches and
routers) at the moment. This kind of packet switching is sometimes called datagram switching.
Each packet in connectionless packet switching includes the following information in its header
section:
 Source address
 Destination address
 Total number of packets

 Sequence number (Seq#) for reassembly
Once the packets reach their destination via various routes, the receiving devices rearrange
them to form the original message.
Connection-Oriented Packet Switching. In connection-oriented packet switching, also called

virtual circuit switching or circuit switching, data packets are first assembled and then
numbered. They then travel across a predefined route, sequentially. Address information is not
needed in circuit switching, because all packets are sent in sequence.
What is Packet Loss?
Occasionally, packets might bounce from router to router many times before reaching their
destination IP address. Enough of these kinds of “lost” data packets in the network can congest
it, leading to poor performance. Data packets that bounce around in the network too many times
may get lost.
The hop count addresses this problem, setting a maximum number of bounce times per packet.
“Bouncing” simply refers to the inability to locate the final destination IP address, and the
resulting transfer from one router to another instead. If a certain packet reaches its maximum
hop count, or maximum number of hops it is permitted before reaching its destination, the router
it is bouncing from deletes it. This causes packet loss.
Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching
Packet switching and circuit switching are the primary models for facilitating enterprise network
connections. Each mode has its place, depending on the facts and user needs.
Circuit switching is most often used for voice and video calling systems—communications
systems that require that users establish a dedicated circuit or channel before they can connect.
A circuit switching channel is always reserved, and is in use only when the users are
communicating.
Circuit switching connections might allocate one or two channels for communications. Those
with one channel are called half duplex. Those with two channels are full duplex.
Circuit switching is different from packet switching because it creates a physical path between
the destination and source. There is no physical path in packet switching, which instead sends
packets over a variety of routes.
Advantages of Packet Switching over Circuit Switching:
Efficiency. Improved efficiency means less network bandwidth wastage. No need to reserve
the circuit even when it’s not in use means the system is more efficient. A constantly reserved
circuit results in wasted network bandwidth, so network efficiency tends to increase with the use
of packet switching.
Speed. Optimal transmission speed, minimal latency.
Improved fault tolerance. During partial outages or other network problem times, packets can
be rerouted and follow different paths. Using a circuit switching network, a single outage can
down the designated pathway for the communications.
Budget. Comparatively cost-effective and simple to implement. Packet switching typically also
bills based only on duration of connectivity, whereas circuit switching bills on both duration of
connection and distance.
Digital. Packet switching works well for data communication, transmitting digital data directly to
its destination. Data transmissions are generally high quality in a packet switched network
because such a network employs error detection and checks data distribution with the goal of
error free transmissions.
Disadvantages of Packet Switching over Circuit Switching:
Reliability. The packet switching process is reliable in that the destination can identify any
missing packets. However, circuit switched networks deliver packets in order along the same
route and are therefore less likely to experience missing packets in the first place.
Complexity. Packet switching protocols are complex, so switching nodes demand more
processing power and a large amount of RAM.
File size. Packet switching is more useful for small messages, while circuit switching is best for
larger transmissions. This is due to multiple rerouting delays, the risk of multiple lost packets,
and other issues.
Cell Switching vs Packet Switching
Cell switching, or cell relay, uses a circuit switching network and has features of circuit
switching. The primary difference is that in packet switching technology, the packets are of
variable lengths, but in cell switching, packets are a fixed length of 53 bytes with a 5 byte
header.
Advantages of cell switching include dynamic bandwidth, high performance, scalability, and the
ability to use common LAN/WAN architecture multimedia support. Cell switching achieves high
performance using hardware switches. There is no need to reserve resources in computer
networks for a connection since the technology uses virtual rather than physical circuits. And
after establishing a virtual circuit, you can achieve higher network throughputs thanks to
minimized switching time.
What is a Packet Switched Network?

A packet switched network follows networking protocols that divide messages into packets
before sending them. Packet-switching technologies are part of the basis for most modern Wide
Area Network (WAN) protocols, including Frame Relay, X.25, and TCP/IP.
Compare this to standard telephone network landline service, which is based on circuit
switching technology. Circuit switching networks are ideal for most real-time data, transmission,
while packet switching networks are both effective and more efficient for data that can tolerate
some transmission delays, such as site data and e-mail messages.
 Circuit switching are best suited for voice communication, as data communication are
bursty in nature i.e. data transmitted in blocks with gaps between them
 A circuit switched link assumes a single data rate for both devices
 In Circuit switching all transmissions are equal, priority base communication is not
allowed
 In Packet switching data transmitted in discrete units called packets
 There are two approaches for packet switching
 Datagram approach, and Virtual Circuit approach
Datagram Approach
 In this approach each packet treated independently called datagrams
 Each datagram contains appropriate information about the destinations and the network
carries the datagrams towards destination
 Datagrams may reach at destination out of order
 The links joining each pair of nodes may contain multiple channels. Each of these
channels is capable of carrying datagrams from several sources or from a single source
Virtual Circuit Approach

A virtual circuit (VC) is a means of transporting data over a packet-switched network in such a
way that it appears as though there is a dedicated physical link between the source and
destination end systems of this data. The term virtual circuit is synonymous with virtual
connection.
Before a connection or virtual circuit may be used, it must be established between two or more
nodes or software applications by means of call setup. After that, a bit stream or byte stream
may be delivered between the nodes; hence, a virtual circuit protocol allows higher-level
protocols to avoid dealing with the division of data into Protocol data units.
Many virtual circuit protocols, but not all, provide reliable communication service through the use
of data retransmissions invoked by error detection and automatic repeat request (ARQ).
An alternate network configuration to virtual circuit is datagram.
 In this approach the relationship between all packets belonging to a message is

preserved
 A single route is chosen between sender and receiver at the beginning of session
 All packets now travel one after another along the same route
 It is implemented in two formats
 Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC), and Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
 Switched Virtual Circuit
 A Virtual Circuit is created whenever it is needed (e.g. TCP‟s three way handshake) and
exists for the duration of the specific exchange
 Each time a device makes a connection to another device, the route may be same or
may differ in response to varying network conditions
 Permanent Virtual Circuit
 The same virtual circuit is provided between two users on a contineous basis. The circuit
is dedicated to specific users without making a connection establishment or release
A Comparison for data traffic
 A circuit switch connection creates a physical path between two points where as a virtual
circuit creates a route between two points
 The Network resources (link and switches) that make a path are dedicated but that make
a route can be shared by other connections
 The line efficiency is greater in Packet switching as a single link can be shared by many
packets over time
 A packet switching network can perform data-rate conversion.

i.e. two stations having different data rates can exchange packets but it is not possible in
circuit switching
 In a typical user/host data connection, much of the time line is idle thus making circuit
switching inefficient
 When traffic becomes heavy on a circuit switching network, some calls are blocked, but
in packet switching network
Effect of Packet Size
 Virtual circuit from x to y
 a and b are intermediate switches
 Message of size 40 octets
 Packet header 3 octets (control information)
 Case I: entire message sent as one packet
 Case II: entire message sent as two packets
 Case III: entire message sent as five packets
 Case IV: entire message sent as ten packets

 Case I
 packet is first transmitted from X to a. when the entire packet is received by a, it can then
be transmitted to b.
 Ignoring switching time, total transmission time is 433=129 octet time
 Case II
 Node a can begin transmitting the first packet as soon it has arrived from X, without
waiting for the second packet. Overlapping in transmission time!
 Total transmission time is 234=92 octet time
 Case III
 packets are transmitted still faster due to more number of overlapping

 Case IV

 Time is increased as fixed header becomes an overhead. i.e. 3 10=30 octets of header
information for 40 octets of data!
One more comparison
 Performance
 Propagation delay
 Time it takes a signal to propagate from one node to another
 Transmission Time
 Time it takes for a transmitter to push a block of data to the medium
 Propagation delay
 Time it takes for a node to perform the necessary processing as it switches data
Circuit Switching Datagram Virtual-Circuit

Dedicated No dedicated path No dedicated path
transmission path
Continuous Transmission of Transmission of
transmission of data packet packet
Fast enough for Fast enough for Fast enough for
interactive interactive interactive
Messages are not Packets may be stored Packets may be stored
stored until until
transmitted delivered
The path is Route established for Route established for
established for each packet entire conversation
entire conversation
Call set-up delay, Packet transmission Call setup delay,
transmission delay delay packet transmission
delay
Busy signal if called Sender may be Sender notified of
party busy notified if packet not connection denial
delivered
Overload may block Overload increases Overload may block
call setup; no delay packet delay call set-up; increases
for established calls packet delay
Usually no speed or Speed and code Speed and code
code conversion conversion
conversion
Fixed Bandwidth Dynamic use of Dynamic use of
bandwidth bandwidth
No overhead bits Overhead Overhead
after call setup bits in each bits in each
packet packet
Network Performance
Network performance refers to measures of service quality of a network as seen by the

customer. There are many different ways to measure the performance of a network, as each
network is different in nature and design.
 Throughput
 Is a measure of the actual transmission of data in a network per unit time.
 Latency
 Propagation time + Transmission Time + Queuing Time + Processing Delay

 Propagation Time = Distance/Propagation speed
 Transmission Time= Message size/Bandwidth
 Bandwidth Delay Product
 BDP defines the number of bits that can fill the link
Explain: Concisely answer the given questions.
1. How can you identify a connection in a network?

2. How can you describe packet switching?
Extend: Create a datagram approach by drawing a sample figure of TDM.

Evaluate: Identify Virtual Circuit Approach. In the illustration below, how many channels do you
see? Are packets multiplexed or demultiplexed? Where do packets used or shown travel?
IV. Post - Assessment:
Direction. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong. Write your
answers in a separate sheet of paper.
_______1. Synchronous optical networking (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy

(SDH) are standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over
optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
_______2. H.100 and H.110 are legacy telephony equipment standard published by the ECTF
that allow the transport of up to 4096 simplex channels of voice or data on one connector or
ribbon cable.
_______3. A telephone network is a telecommunications network that connects Telephones,

which allows telephone calls between two or more parties, as well as newer features such as
fax and internet.
_______4. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards for
_______5. Fiber-Optic cables transmit signals in the form of visible light.
_______6. Digital subscriber line (DSL; originally digital subscriber loop) is a family of
technologies that are used to transmit digital data over telephone lines.
_______7. A PBX is a telephone exchange or switching system that serves a private

organization and permits sharing of central office trunks between internally installed telephones,
and provides intercommunication between those internal telephones within the organization
without the use of external lines.
_______8. Packet switching is the transfer of small pieces of data across various networks.
These data chunks or “packets” allow for faster, more efficient data transfer.
_______9. Packet switching and circuit switching are the primary models for facilitating
enterprise network connections.
_______10. Cell switching, or cell relay, uses a circuit switching network and has features of
circuit switching.
V. Topic Summary:
 Making a Connection
Acessing the switching station at the end offices is accomplished through dialing
 In case of rotary dialing a digital signal is sent to the end office
 In case of touch-tone technique two analog signals are sent to the end office,
depending on the row and column of the switch position.
 e.g. for 8, the signals 852Hz and 1336Hz are sent
 Packet Switching
Packet switching is the transfer of small pieces of data across various networks. These data
chunks or “packets” allow for faster, more efficient data transfer.
 Datagram Approach
 In this approach each packet treated independently called datagrams
 Each datagram contains appropriate information about the destinations and the
network carries the datagrams towards destination
 Datagrams may reach at destination out of order

 The links joining each pair of nodes may contain multiple channels. Each of
these channels is capable of carrying datagrams from several sources or from a
single source
 Virtual Circuit Approach
A virtual circuit (VC) is a means of transporting data over a packet-switched network in such
a way that it appears as though there is a dedicated physical link between the source and
destination end systems of this data. The term virtual circuit is synonymous with virtual
connection.
VI. Reference
Nayak, A. (2016). Computer Network Simulation Using NS2. Retrieved at

https://books.google.com/books/about/Computer_Network_Simulation_Using_NS2.html?
id=CXENDgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button Retrieved on February 10,
2021.

TDM Bus Switching Methods

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

TDM Bus Switching Methods

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 Module 4 | Switching Methods

Lesson 2: TDM BUS

SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES:

In this module, you should be able to:

1. identify the connection of TDM bus;

_______1. Synchronous optical networking (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy

_______3. A telephone network is a telecommunications network that connects Telephones,

_______5. Fiber-Optic cables transmit signals in the form of visible light.

_______7. A PBX is a telephone exchange or switching system that serves a private

II. Lesson Map:

III. Core Content:

Engage: Draw any sample scenario of Time Division Multiplexing.

Explore: Reading Activity

The plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) is a technology used in telecommunications

 The controlling unit decided which switches are to be closed

 It can be designed as TST, TSST, STTS, etc.

A telephone network is a telecommunications network that connects Telephones, which allows

There are a number of different types of telephone network:

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards for

 In case of rotary dialing a digital signal is sent to the end office

 e.g. for 8, the signals 852Hz and 1336Hz are sent

Types of Packet Switching

There are two major types of packet switching:

 Total number of packets

Connection-Oriented Packet Switching. In connection-oriented packet switching, also called

What is Packet Loss?

Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching

Advantages of Packet Switching over Circuit Switching:

Speed. Optimal transmission speed, minimal latency.

Disadvantages of Packet Switching over Circuit Switching:

Cell Switching vs Packet Switching

What is a Packet Switched Network?

 In Packet switching data transmitted in discrete units called packets

 There are two approaches for packet switching

 Datagram approach, and Virtual Circuit approach

 In this approach each packet treated independently called datagrams

 Datagrams may reach at destination out of order

Virtual Circuit Approach

An alternate network configuration to virtual circuit is datagram.

 In this approach the relationship between all packets belonging to a message is

 It is implemented in two formats

 Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC), and Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)

 Switched Virtual Circuit

 Permanent Virtual Circuit

A Comparison for data traffic

 A packet switching network can perform data-rate conversion.

Effect of Packet Size

 Virtual circuit from x to y

 a and b are intermediate switches

 Message of size 40 octets

 Packet header 3 octets (control information)

 Case I: entire message sent as one packet

 Case II: entire message sent as two packets

 Case III: entire message sent as five packets

 Case IV: entire message sent as ten packets

 packets are transmitted still faster due to more number of overlapping

 Total transmission time is 712=84 octet time

One more comparison

Circuit Switching Datagram Virtual-Circuit

Network performance refers to measures of service quality of a network as seen by the

 Is a measure of the actual transmission of data in a network per unit time.

 Propagation time + Transmission Time + Queuing Time + Processing Delay

 Bandwidth Delay Product