Report 2014

INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM
DECLARATION
I, Prasansa Sakha hereby declare that this project report entitled “International Cricket
Stadium Thesis Report”, submitted by me for the “Department of Architecture” is my own
original work and has not been submitted to any other University or Institute or published
earlier and has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, associateship, fellowship or
any other similar titles. I hereby give my consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for
photocopying and understand that any reference to or quotation for my thesis will receive an
acknowledgement.
Signature of the Student:

Prasansa Sakha
March, 2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Here, I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor

Ar. Puspa Shanker Shrestha for all his valuable guidance and proper supervision
during various stages of the thesis preparation.
I am very much thankful to all the thesis supervisors, Dr. Mohan Moorti Pant, Ar.
Rajani Shrestha, Ar. Sunaina Karmacharya, Ar. Sampurna Maharjan, Ar. Sakar
Shrestha, Ar. Sailesh Gorkhali, Ar. Padmendra Shrestha, Ar. Dil Bhakta Jayana, Ar.
Kamala Dongol, Ar. Sujeet Rai and Ar. Rijina Bajracharya for their valuable
suggestions throughout the thesis period which have definitely helped to improve my
thesis work.
I also express my gratitude towards Khwopa Engineering College and Department of

Architecture for providing us the proper circumstanced to work on and for being
available to solve all our problems during the project period.
Lastly I thank my parents and friends for their intense support throughout my
working days.
Prasansa Sakha
2065 Batch
Department of Architecture
Khwopa Engineering College
ABSTRACT
The Thesis, prescribed syllabus in Architecture is done at 5th year 2nd part in Khwopa
Engineering College. It is the last major step toward graduation with a first
professional degree from the Architecture Program. It is done under the supervision
of a licensed architect and department of architecture. “The Thesis project is of major
importance to the education of an architect. Students have to define their interests and
their questions about architecture through the definition of a theme, a site and
eventually a program. These projects are not always or necessarily meant to be
problem solving proposals, but rather the place where critical issues can be made
explicit and tested. What unifies the Thesis projects is that they are all based on
philosophical and conceptual values and beliefs, and in that respect it is the hope of a
teacher that this will be an experience that will inspire the students for a search that
will last a lifetime.” - Diana Agrest, The Cooper Union
Cricket is the second most popular sport in Nepal, catching up with football as Nepal's
most popular sport thanks largely to the spread of television to the rural communities.
This sport inspires young people and heralds a new era for community development
linked to sport, and maximizes the social, economic and environmental benefits for
future generation. As cricket is a combination of physical fitness and way of
balancing mind that is the vital component of life from the ancient human civilization.
Cricket is very essential sport to develop the country prosperity, to bring together the
country to a place and maintain discipline in people. It generates feeling of
nationalism towards a place, a zone, a region and to a country. Thus, the need of
stadium has been felt to promote cricket and also train the players which can uplift the
standard of the players. This sport can cater national and international meet which can
develop tourism of Nepal. The stadium itself can be landmark of the nation,
furthermore developing tourism of Nepal. These aims and objectives inspired me to
choose this project “International Cricket Stadium”. The project started from literature
review, case studies, site analysis, program formulation to design concept.
The project need to be successful from the beginning, so, many things related to
cricket and stadium were studied from literature review. Then, case studies were done
relating literature review. National case studies were done visiting the site and
international case studies were done with the help of websites. After case studies, site
need to be chosen, so, I preferred the proposed site, Kathmandu, Mulpani, of Cricket
Association of Nepal where in reality cricket stadium is under construction. The site
need to feasible for the stadium, so I analyzed the site and the site was feasible
according to the requirements from literature review and the climate of Mulpani made
it suitable for performing the games. And also, the site, Mulpani is dynamic and
growing tourism industry. Through cricket and other sports, Mulpani can attract a
larger share of the global tourism market. Very big numbers of people participate on
this kind of game, so mass transit transportation facilities are must. Along with the
stadium the necessity facilities and proper arrangement of all activities has to come all
together. Thus, Kathmandu can be the place to organize the games in current context.
Therefore, in conclusion, all the necessary guidelines for the design of “International
Cricket Stadium” are followed by me throughout the design process. With the
reference from literature review and case studies, the mentioned requirements are
fulfilled in this project, thus achieving a successful project. We must realize the
potential of our nation and harness the energy to make Mulpani’s dream of a cricket
stadium, a reality.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1…………………………………………………………………………………………....1
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ................................................................................ 1

1.1 Cricket History .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Stadium History ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Forms of stadium from 20th century to 21st century .................................................................. 4
1.4 Cricket in Nepal ........................................................................................................................ 4
2. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 5
3. PROJECT JUSTIFICATION .......................................................................................................... 6
4. STUDY METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 7
1. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 7
2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 7
i. Cricket field ............................................................................................................................ 7
ii. Cricket ground measurements................................................................................................. 7
iii. Types of cricket matches..................................................................................................... 8
iv. Scoreboard .......................................................................................................................... 8
v. Sightscreen .............................................................................................................................. 8
vi. Floodlights .......................................................................................................................... 9
vii. Umpires ............................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 PRE-CONSTRUCTION DECISION ....................................................................................... 9
i. Stadium location ..................................................................................................................... 9
ii. Playing field and pitch orientation .......................................................................................... 9
iii. Environmental compatibility of stadium site ........................................................................ 10
iv. Community relation .......................................................................................................... 10
2.3 CIRCULATION ..................................................................................................................... 10
i. Comfort ................................................................................................................................. 10
ii. Safety .................................................................................................................................... 10
iii. Security zones ....................................................................................................................... 10
iv. Entry and exit ........................................................................................................................ 11
v. Entry and emergency exit timing .......................................................................................... 12
vi. Crowd control ....................................................................................................................... 12
vii. Horizontal circulation elements ........................................................................................ 12
viii. Vertical circulation elements ............................................................................................ 13
2.4 SPECTATORS ....................................................................................................................... 13

i. Seating accommodation ........................................................................................................ 13
ii. Limit of spectator viewing .................................................................................................... 14
iii. Cover for spectators .............................................................................................................. 15
iv. VVIPs and VIP facilities ....................................................................................................... 15
v. Food and beverage facilities ................................................................................................. 16
vi. Toilets and sanitary facilities ................................................................................................ 16
2.5 PLAYERS AND MATCH OFFICIALS ................................................................................. 17
i. Teams’ areas ......................................................................................................................... 17
ii. Access to dressing rooms ...................................................................................................... 18
iii. Umpires’ area .................................................................................................................... 18
iv. Players’ medical room ...................................................................................................... 19
v. Doping control ...................................................................................................................... 19
vi. Fitness tests for cricket ...................................................................................................... 20
2.6 MEDIA ................................................................................................................................... 20
i. Accreditation office .............................................................................................................. 20
ii. Media box and commentary positions .................................................................................. 20
iii. Mixed zone........................................................................................................................ 21
iv. Flash interview position .................................................................................................... 21
v. Press conference room .......................................................................................................... 21
2.6 PARKING ............................................................................................................................... 21
i. Parking for spectators............................................................................................................ 21
ii. Hospitality Parking ............................................................................................................... 22
iii. Parking for teams, match officials and stadium staff ........................................................ 22
iv. Access and parking for the media ..................................................................................... 22
v. The emergency services and disabled spectators .................................................................. 22
vi. Helipad .............................................................................................................................. 22
CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 23
3. CASE STUDY .......................................................................................................................... 23
3. a NATIONAL CASE STUDIES................................................................................................... 23
3.1 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY CRICKET GROUND, Kirtipur ....................................... 23
i. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 23
ii. Playground ............................................................................................................................ 23
iii. Practice nets ...................................................................................................................... 24
iv. Players box ........................................................................................................................ 24

v. Fitness block ......................................................................................................................... 24
vi. Merits ................................................................................................................................ 24
vii. Demerits ............................................................................................................................ 25
viii. Output ............................................................................................................................... 25
3.2 PULCHOWK ENGINEERING CAMPUS CRICKET GROUND, Patan ........................ 26
i. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 26
ii. Playground ............................................................................................................................ 26
iii. Parapet............................................................................................................................... 26
iv. Facilities ............................................................................................................................ 26
3.3 DASHRATH RANGASHALA, Tripureswor ................................................................... 27
i. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 27
ii. Objectives of the study.......................................................................................................... 27
iii. VVIP/VIP pavilion............................................................................................................ 27
iv. General stand .................................................................................................................... 29
v. Players’ facilities ................................................................................................................... 30
vi. Parking .............................................................................................................................. 30
vii. Merits ................................................................................................................................ 30
viii. Demerits ............................................................................................................................ 31
ix. Output ............................................................................................................................... 31
3.4 BIRENDRA INTERNATIONAL SPORTS COMPLEX, Satdobato ............................... 32
i. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 32
ii. Objectives of the study.......................................................................................................... 32
iii. Main stand ......................................................................................................................... 33
iv. Northern block .................................................................................................................. 33
v. Circulation............................................................................................................................. 33
vi. Security ............................................................................................................................. 34
vii. Merits ................................................................................................................................ 34
viii. Demerits ............................................................................................................................ 34
ix. Output ............................................................................................................................... 34
3.b INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES .................................................................................... 35
3.1 FEROZ SHAH KOTLA STADIUM, Delhi...................................................................... 35
i. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 35
ii. Playground ............................................................................................................................ 35
iii. Players’ pavilion ............................................................................................................... 36

iv. Corporate pavilion............................................................................................................. 36
v. Media pavilion ...................................................................................................................... 36
vi. VIPs pavilion .................................................................................................................... 36
vii. Facilities ............................................................................................................................ 36
viii. Circulation......................................................................................................................... 36
ix. Parking .............................................................................................................................. 37
x. Merits .................................................................................................................................... 37
xi. Demerits ............................................................................................................................ 37
xii. Output ............................................................................................................................... 37
3.2 SARDAR PATEL STADIUM, Ahmedabad..................................................................... 38
i. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 38
ii. Stands .................................................................................................................................... 38
iii. Circulation......................................................................................................................... 39
iv. Facilities ............................................................................................................................ 39
v. Roof structure........................................................................................................................ 40
vi. Merits ................................................................................................................................ 40
vii. Demerits ............................................................................................................................ 40
viii. Output ............................................................................................................................... 40
3.c ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. 41
Comparison Table ......................................................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 43
4. SITE ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................... 43
4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 43
4.2 DISTANCE ANALYSIS .................................................................................................. 45
4.3 SURROUNDING.............................................................................................................. 45
4.4 PHYSICAL FEATURES .................................................................................................. 46
4.5 ROAD ACCESS ............................................................................................................... 46
4.6 TRANSPORTATION ....................................................................................................... 47
4.7 SERVICES ........................................................................................................................ 47
4.8 BYE LAWS ...................................................................................................................... 47
4.9 CLIMATE STUDY........................................................................................................... 47
4.10 STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS OF THE SITE ............................................................. 48
CHAPTER 5 ......................................................................................................................................... 49
5. PROGRAM FORMULATION ................................................................................................. 49

CHAPTER 6 ......................................................................................................................................... 51
6. DESIGN CONCEPT ................................................................................................................. 51
7. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 55
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 56
9. APPENDIX……….………………………………………………………………………....……57
List of Tables
Table 1: Types of cricket team in Nepal ................................................................................................. 5
Table 2: Minimum sanitary provision ................................................................................................... 17
Table 3: Comparison table .................................................................................................................... 41
Table 4: Comparison table .................................................................................................................... 42
Table 5: The number of motor vehicles per 1000 people ..................................................................... 50
List of Figures
Figure 1: Plan and section of ancient stadia ............................................................................................ 2
Figure 2: Greek hippodromes ................................................................................................................. 2
Figure 3: Greek theatre- Delphi .............................................................................................................. 2
Figure 4: View of Roman Amphitheatre- Colosseum............................................................................. 3
Figure 5: Amphitheatre- Colosseum ....................................................................................................... 4
Figure 6: Yearly matches in Nepal ......................................................................................................... 5
Figure 7: Study methodology.................................................................................................................. 6
Figure 8: Cricket pitch dimensions ......................................................................................................... 7
Figure 9: Ground dimensions.................................................................................................................. 7
Figure 10: Scoreboard ............................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 11: Sightscreen ............................................................................................................................ 8
Figure 12: Floodlight .............................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 13: Orientation of playing fields .................................................................................................. 9
Figure 14: Zoning diagram ................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 15: Circulation route for competitors and performers ............................................................... 11
Figure 16: Principal relationships at the public entrance/control area .................................................. 11
Figure 17: Public entry and exit ............................................................................................................ 11
Figure 18: Public flow .......................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 19: Entry and emergency exit timing ........................................................................................ 12
Figure 20: Cat’s cradle .......................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 21: Vertical elements ................................................................................................................. 13
Figure 22: Seating layout dimensions ................................................................................................... 14
Figure 23: Viewing angle ...................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 24: Types of VIP box ................................................................................................................ 15
Figure 25: VVIP/VIP seating area ........................................................................................................ 16
Figure 26: Comfort for spectators ......................................................................................................... 16
Figure 27: Teams’ area ......................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 28: Umpires’ area ...................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 29: Players’ medical room ......................................................................................................... 19
Figure 30: Dope test room .................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 31: Media desk positions/Broadcast commentary benches ....................................................... 20
Figure 32: Media area ........................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 33: Press conference room......................................................................................................... 21
Figure 34: Parking layout dimensions .................................................................................................. 22
Figure 35: Location plan ....................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 36: Schematic plan of the cricket ground .................................................................................. 23
Figure 37: Soil profile of the ground .................................................................................................... 23

Figure 38: Practice nets ......................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 39: Players box .......................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 40: Fitness block ........................................................................................................................ 24
Figure 41: South view of the cricket ground......................................................................................... 25
Figure 42: Temporary structures ........................................................................................................... 25
Figure 43: No proper seating for spectators .......................................................................................... 25
Figure 44: North-East view of the cricket ground ................................................................................ 26
Figure 46: Schematic plan of the cricket ground .................................................................................. 26
Figure 47: Parapet for spectators .......................................................................................................... 26
Figure 49: Ariel view of the ground...................................................................................................... 27
Figure 50: Plan of the stadium .............................................................................................................. 27
Figure 51: VVIP/VIP pavilion .............................................................................................................. 27
Figure 52: Section of VVIP/VIP pavilion ............................................................................................. 28
Figure 53: VIP lounge ........................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 54: Lift facility for VIPs ............................................................................................................ 28
Figure 55: Media conference room ....................................................................................................... 28
Figure 56: General stand ....................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 57: General spectator entry ........................................................................................................ 29
Figure 58: Main spectator entry gate with ticket counter ..................................................................... 30
Figure 59: Players' room ....................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 60: Spectators parking ............................................................................................................... 30
Figure 61: Digital scoreboard ............................................................................................................... 30
Figure 62: Flood lights .......................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 64: Ariel view of the complex ................................................................................................... 32
Figure 65: West view of the swimming complex ................................................................................. 32
Figure 66: Plan of swimming complex ................................................................................................. 32
Figure 67: Main stand ........................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 68: Section of the main stand .................................................................................................... 33
Figure 69: Northern block ..................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 70: Spectators entry and toilet facility ....................................................................................... 33
Figure 71: Main entry for swimming complex ..................................................................................... 34
Figure 72: Seating and flood lights ....................................................................................................... 34
Figure 73: Fire hydrant for fire safety at complex compound .............................................................. 34
Figure 74: Parking facility .................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 75: North-East view of the cricket ground ................................................................................ 35
Figure 76: Location map ....................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 77: Schematic plan of the stadium ............................................................................................. 35
Figure 78: 3D view of the stadium........................................................................................................ 35
Figure 79: Players' and corporate pavilion ............................................................................................ 36
Figure 80: Media pavilion ..................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 81: VIPs pavilion ....................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 82: Site plan locating gates ........................................................................................................ 36
Figure 84: Location map ....................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 85: Ariel view of the cricket ground .......................................................................................... 38
Figure 86: North-East view of the stadium ........................................................................................... 38
Figure 87: Schematic plan of the stadium ............................................................................................. 39
Figure 88: Main entry of the stadium.................................................................................................... 39
Figure 89: Stadium plan locating gates ................................................................................................. 39
Figure 90: VIP and Guests seating ........................................................................................................ 39
Figure 91: Canteen area ........................................................................................................................ 39
Figure 92: Reception area ..................................................................................................................... 39

Figure 93: Player’s lounge .................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 94: Lightweight roof system ...................................................................................................... 40
Figure 96: Location plan of Mulpani .................................................................................................... 43
Figure 97: Site plan with Site views ..................................................................................................... 44
Figure 98: Facilities nearby site ............................................................................................................ 45
Figure 99: Site surrounding .................................................................................................................. 45
Figure 100: Land topography of the site ............................................................................................... 46
Figure 101: Proposed site with access road .......................................................................................... 46
Figure 102: Site sections ....................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 103: Maximum and minimum temperature (2012 A.D.) ........................................................... 47
Figure 104: Rainfall in mm (2012 A.D.) .............................................................................................. 48
Figure 105: Site Concept: Axes, Hierarchy and Zoning ....................................................................... 52
CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

CRICKET is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on a field
at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. Each team takes it in turn
to bat, attempting to score runs, while the other team fields. Each turn is known as
an innings. Early cricket at some time or another was described as “a club striking a
ball (like) the ancient games of club-ball, stool-ball, trap-ball, stob-ball”.
(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_field)
A modern STADIUM (plural stadiums/stadia) is a place or venue for (mostly)
outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists of a field or stage either partly or
completely surrounded by a structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and
view the event. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium)
1.1 Cricket History

(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_field)
Early cricket at some time or another described as "a club striking a ball (like) the
ancient games of club-ball, stool-ball, trap-ball, stob-ball". Cricket can definitely be
traced back to Tudor times in early 16th-century England. Written evidence exists of a
game known as creag being played by Prince Edward, the son of Edward I
(Longshanks), at Newenden, Kent in 1301.
In the earliest definite reference to the sport in 1598, it is called creckett, the name
may have been derived from the Middle Dutch krick(-e), meaning a stick (crook); or
the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff.
The first English touring team on board ship was at Liverpool in 1859. Believed that
it was originally a children's game but references around 1610 indicate that adults had
started playing it and the earliest reference to inter-parish or village cricket occurs
soon afterwards. During the 17th century, numerous references indicate the growth of
cricket in the south-east of England. A newspaper report survives of "a great cricket
match" with eleven players a side that was played for high stakes in Sussex in 1697
and this is the earliest known reference to a cricket match of such importance.The
game underwent major development in the 18th century and became the national sport
of England.
In 1844, the first international cricket match took place between the United
States and Canada (although neither has ever been ranked as a Test-playing nation). In
1859, a team of England players went on the first overseas tour (to North America).
Test cricket began to expand in 1888–89 when South Africa played England. Cricket
entered a new era in 1963 when English counties introduced the limited overs variant.
The first Limited Overs International was played in 1971. The governing International
Cricket Council (ICC) saw its potential and staged the first limited overs Cricket
World Cup in 1975. In the 21st century, a new limited overs form, Twenty20, has
made an immediate impact.
THESIS 2014 Prasansa Sakha- 2065 Batch Page 1

1.2 Stadium History
a. Greek
 The first permanent architectural structure and space to support the mass
viewing different sporting events.
 The architectural typology of the modern stadium derived from the ancient
classical prototype of stadia and hippodromes of ancient Greece.
 Olympic and other sporting contests staged in the eighth century BC.
i. Stadia
Greek stadia (foot racecourses) were laid out in a U-shape, with the
straight end forming the start-line. Footraces and other athletics contest
took place here. Usually no particular location for the stadia, built on the
flat lands as well as on hillside. Stadia built on the flat existed at Ephesus,
Delphi and Athens. Length of Delphi was found 183 m long by 28 m wide
and Olympia 192m long.
Figure 1: Plan and section of ancient stadia

(Source: Stadia: A Design and Development Guide, 2007)
i. Hippodromes
The courses for horse and chariot races
were done. It measured roughly 198 m
to 228 m long and 37 m wide. Once
again was laid in a U-shape. Like Figure 2: Greek hippodromes
Greek theatres, hippodromes were(Source: http://www.sultanahmet1.com/ahmet/at-meydani/)
usually made on the slope of a hill to give rising tiers of seating.
ii. Theatres
It was first constructed in open air where dances and ritual choirs were
held. First theatre was built in fourth century B.C. The stands consisted of
stone seating placed in a semi circular way. A circular platform was at the
lowest part of the theatre.
Figure 3: Greek theatre- Delphi

(Source: http://www.greeceathensaegeaninfo.com/h-ancient-
greek-theaters.htm)

b. Roman
 One step ahead in construction techniques but Greek forms was continued.
 The political and cultural superiority of the Romans demonstrated distinctly
different sports.
i. Amphitheatre
Romans more interested in public displays of
mortal combat than in races and athletic
events. An elliptical arena surrounded on all
sides by high-rising tiers of seats enabling the
maximum number of spectators to have a clear
view of the terrible events. The term ‘arena’ is
derived from the Latin word for ‘sand’ or
‘sandy land’, referring to the layer of sand
that was spread on the activity area to absorb
spilled blood. Romans began to construct
artificial slopes around the central arena. The
arena used for gladiatorial contests and other
entertainments. Figure 4: View of Roman
Amphitheatre- Colosseum
(Source: http://www.touropia.com/roman-amphitheaters/)
ii. Circuses
As the Greek theatre led to the Roman amphitheatre, so the Greek hippodrome
led to the Roman circus. Seats rose in tiers along the straight sides of the U
and round the curved end, the lower seats being in stone and reserved for
members of the upper classes, the upper seats made of wood.
c. The Nineteenth Century

 The stadium as a building type saw a revival after the industrial revolution.
 A growing demand for mass spectator events from the public.
 New structural technologies to facilitate the construction of stadia or enclosed
halls.
 Revival of the Olympic tradition at the end of the nineteenth century.
 At the instigation of Baron Pierre de Coubertin a congress met in 1894,
leading to the first modern Olympic Games being staged at Athens in 1896.
d. The Twentieth Century
 Started the new science and technology that contributed in sports and sports
infrastructure.
 Different types of stadium design done which can now accommodate up to
100,000 spectators at a time in a stadium.
 Olympic stadia being created, increasingly ambitious facilities also evolved
for specific sports such as cricket, football (also called soccer in the UK and
USA), rugby, American football, baseball and tennis.

1.3 Forms of stadium from 20th century to 21st century
 The shapes of stadiums varied widely according to the variety of uses for
which they were built.
 Some rectangular with curved corners, whereas others elliptical or U-shaped.
 The building of large stadiums in the 20thcentury has been greatly facilitated
by the use of reinforced concrete; this material has made possible the
construction of daring new designs that would previously have been
impossible to sustain structurally.
 A basic difficulty of building roofed stadiums is the interference with visibility
created by the columns supporting the roof. The first tiered stadium to provide
column-free views from all seats was Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles.
 An important development in stadium design was the application of flexible
steel cables to span large roof dimensions.
Figure 5: Amphitheatre- Colosseum (Source: Exploring flexibility in stadium design, 2007)
1.4 Cricket in Nepal

(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_in_Nepal)
Cricket was introduced to Nepal by the ruling Rana dynasty when they returned from
studies in England and India in the 1920s, though the game was kept very much for
themselves and other members of the elite. The Cricket Association of Nepal was
formed in 1946 to promote cricket amongst the aristocracy.
When King Tribhuvan overthrew the Rana family in 1951, cricket began to spread to
the rest of the population. In 1961, in an effort to promote cricket in the whole of
Nepal, the Cricket Association of Nepal became part of the National Sports Council.
Nevertheless, the game tended to be limited to Kathmandu until the 1980s.
Improvements to the communication and transport infrastructure in Nepal allowed the
game to expand outside Kathmandu in the 1980s, and Nepal became an affiliate
member of the International Cricket Council in 1988. A major development
programme was begun in the early 1990s, with regional and district tournaments
established and cricket being promoted in schools. Nepal became an associate
member of the Asian Cricket Council in 1990 and became a full member in 1994.
Interest in cricket increased quickly in the 1990s, and demand to play was such that
the number of teams in tournaments had to be restricted until more facilities were
built. Nepal became an associate member of the International Cricket Council in

1996, which was the year the national side played for the first time, in the ACC
Trophy in Kuala Lumpur.
Nepal is riding high on the extraordinary efforts of the players and coaches over the
past 10 years, but these players won’t be playing forever and what will secure a
constant stream of fresh talent is this reaching out to new regions with new facilities.
Nepal has plenty of potential, the best way of developing it is to put into place
structures that will stand the test of time and allow for the best possible cricket to be
played.
There are 65 grounds in Nepal with 17 turf wickets. International matches can be
played only at the Tribhuvan University ground. A new international standard ground
is under construction at Mulpani, Kathmandu and another is going to be built
at Pokhara with some help from the Asian Cricket Council.
Following table shows the types of cricket team in Nepal and figure shows the
average matches held in Nepal which indicates that fewer matches are performed in
rainy season (May to August).
S.N. Types of Team

1. Interschool
2. Under 16
3. Under 19
4. Above 23
5. Club (10 nos. in Kathmandu)
6. Regional teams (9 nos. in
Nepal)
Table 1: Types of cricket team in Nepal Figure 6: Yearly matches in Nepal
(Source: Cricket Association of Nepal, 2013)
2. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES)

 To promote and enhance prospects of sports.
 To provide for all citizens a variety of enjoyable leisure opportunities those are
accessible safe, physically attractive and uncrowned.
 To add up such ancillary facilities so as to earn more and more revenue therefore
making stadium more financially feasible.
 To develop the cricket as the profession among the cricket players of Nepal.
 To train the cricket players providing all the necessary facilities.
 To raise the standard of Nepali team to one day level and ultimately test level.
 To provide some level of employment and growth opportunities to local cricketers
and cricket related professions.
 To enhance a sense of national cohesion and common interest, this would act as a
major building, force in society as a whole.
 To cater national and international meet.

3. PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
A Stadium is the important thing as its benefits are numerable. It would give the team
a place to call their own where they can practice on quality ground. The biggest
benefit of a stadium is the International Exposure Nepal can get. If CAN (Cricket
Association of Nepal) invites India A for a 20 day tour of 1 Four Day Match, 5 One
Day & 2 T20 Matches, the total Cost which CAN would have to bear would be
around 1.1 Crores. This includes cost of India A team travel, Stay, Food, Facilities
and also the cost of Nepal team and officials. Now under normal circumstances CAN
would bear all the costs. But if Nepal has a stadium and even if 10,000 people (Much
less than what people turn out) come for each match buying 150 Rs tickets, this would
cover all the costs and give CAN a profit. The private sponsorships & broadcasting
rights would be additional to CAN. This means CAN earns and Nepal team also gets
excellent exposure. The people would also see some quality cricket and would surely
want to watch it. Then the stadium can be used to host International matches.
Secondly the National Cricket Academy is also in need. The stadium definitely would
mean National Cricket Academy up and running and would be producing players for
future.
Nepalese cricket is getting better and better. We can see the performances in last two
years of the Nepalese cricket team. The necessities of a good playing field and
facilities for Nepalese players to perform at their best have made me to choose this
topic.
The other aspect of this project is sport tourism. The number of cricket lovers is very high
in our neighboring countries; India and Pakistan; a great flow of tourist can be achieved if
we can organize competition between these countries. For organizing the competition we
need good stadium with modern facilities and this complex also provides playing field for
this. Thus, by developing our country as neutral venue for organizing cricket like Sharjah,
we can promote sports tourism.
4. STUDY METHODOLOGY
Figure 7: Study methodology

CHAPTER 2
1. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
i. Cricket field
 Consists of a large circular or oval-shaped grassy ground.
 Distinguished from the pitch or central area between the two wickets.
 No fixed dimensions for the field but its diameter usually vary between 450 feet
(137 m) and 500 feet (150 m).
 Therefore one of only two major sports (with baseball) that do not define a fixed-
shape ground for professional games.
 Ground can vary from being almost a perfect circle, to being an extremely
elongated oval.
 On most grounds, a rope demarcates the perimeter of the field and is known as
the boundary.
 For proper drainage, the field must be relatively level with a gradual slope of
pyramidal form and crown height is about 18 inches.
ii. Cricket ground measurements

Generally the ground or field can be divided into three parts. They are:
 22 yards (20.12 m) pitch.
 Infield or Inner Circle.
 Outfield or outer circle or boundary circle.
Pitch
 The length of the pitch from wicket to wicket has to be 22 yards.
 And no less or more than 22 yards should be there.
Infield
 From the center of the pitch the radius of Inner Circle or Infield has to be 30
yards.
Out field
 From the center of the pitch the radius of outer circle or the length of the boundary
should be minimum 60 yards and maximum 90 yards.
 Now according to new ICC (International Cricket Council) rules, new grounds
should have minimum 70 yards (64 m) of radius from the center of pitch, then
only they will be recognized for International Cricket Matches.
Figure 8: Cricket pitch dimensions

Figure 9: Ground dimensions (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_field)
THESIS 2014 )
Prasansa Sakha- 2065 Batch Page 7
iii. Types of cricket matches

a. One-day Internationals (ODI)
 Begins and ends on the same day which must last for eight hours otherwise captain
might face penalty.
 It has one innings per team, usually of 50 overs, bowler allowed to bowl a
maximum of 10 overs.
 The teams dress in colored strip.
 The ball is white and the wicket colored.
 Both day and day/night games.
b. Twenty20 Internationals (T20)
 T20 is 20 overs each side cricket match, bowler allowed to bowl a maximum of 4
overs.
 Lasts for four hours.
 The teams dress in colored strip.
 The ball is white and the wicket colored.
 Both day and day/night games.
c. Test matches
 Match takes a maximum of 5 days.
 It has two innings per team with no fixed number of overs.
 Both teams dress in whites.
 The ball is red and the wicket white.
 Only day games.
iv. Scoreboard
A device used for displaying a concurrent record of the score of the game which
will be visible to both players and spectators. In the early days of cricket, before
the introduction of scoreboards, it was traditional for the scorers to stand up when
the scores of the two sides drew level, as an
indication to players and spectators that the
batting side needed only one run to win.
Scoreboards: originally known as ‘telegraph
boards’, began to appear at the major grounds in
the mid-nineteenth century.
v. Sightscreen Figure 10: Scoreboard
A movable structure with a large flat surface

typically made of slatted wood but occasionally
of other materials such as canvas, which is
placed just outside the boundary directly behind
either of the wickets in order to assist the
batsman by enhancing the visibility of the
bowled ball. Sightscreens are traditionally white, Figure 11: Sightscreen

but black sightscreens are used for day-night (Source: Stadia: A Design and Development Guide, 2007)

games played with white balls. Some modern sightscreens have surfaces that can
be changed between overs, showing advertisements when the bowler is opening
from the other end.
vi. Floodlights
Broad-beamed, high-intensity artificial
lights often used to illuminate outdoor playing
fields. Traditional Cricket floodlights have a
long pole on which lights are fixed. This is
done because many times the ball travels too
high when a batsman hits it and high lights are
needed to keep the ball in sight.
Figure 12: Floodlight
vii. Umpires (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium)
Either of the two (or four in case of international
) matches) whose function is to
ensure that a cricket match is conducted in accordance of the laws and spirit of the
game and to adjudicate on any point submitted to them by the players. There are
usually two on-field umpires, a third umpire (TV umpire) and a fourth or reserve
umpire in case of emergency.
2.2 PRE-CONSTRUCTION DECISION
i. Stadium location
 Should be situated in a location which is sufficiently large for safe external public
circulation/activity, sufficient parking and also for future extension or
redevelopment.
 Good access to public transport, major roads, hotels and active commercial
environments and at least one international airport.
ii. Playing field and pitch orientation

 Pitch orientation in relation to the sun and the prevailing
weather conditions.
 A north-south pitch orientation is often considered ideal to
minimize the risk of batsmen or bowlers facing a low sun.
 The pitch deviation between can be 45° west of north and
35° east of north.
 Match participants, spectators and media
representatives must be protected as much as possible
from the glare of the sun.
 For natural grass pitch, there must be enough light and air
movement to sustain the healthy growth of grass.
 All sides of the playing field must receive a reasonable amount of
direct sunlight.
Figure 13: Orientation of playing fields
(Source: Technical recommendations and requirements, FIFA, 2011)
)

iii. Environmental compatibility of stadium site

 With good analysis, design and operational controls, most of the problems can be
mitigated to satisfy neighbors.
 Satisfying neighbors include game-time traffic and crowd-management plans,
restricted-access zones, noise and lighting control baffles, building the stadium
into the ground to lower its height and introducing uses into the project that
generate activity at non-event times.
 Extensive landscaping, with the planting of bushes, trees and flower beds in and
around the project, can produce a huge visual benefit to those who use the stadium
and to the local community.
 The greening of a stadium site enhances the perception and the reality that the
facility respects the environment and its neighbors.
iv. Community relation

 Early contact and Consultation established with local community representatives
is vital for the design of a stadium.
 Jobs in the construction of the facility and its operation.
 Often the stadium includes facilities such as a gymnasium, fitness rooms, a
swimming pool, a crèche, and function suites, meeting rooms, shops and other
cultural and social centers that are used primarily by locals.
 If the field has artificial turf, it can be made available for local recreational
programs.
 The promotion of stadium events generates significant increased exposure and
profile for the community.
2.3 CIRCULATION
i. Comfort
 People should be able to find their way to their seats (or to toilets or catering
facilities, or back to the exits) easily, without getting lost or confused.
 In addition, they should be able to move about with pleasure.
ii. Safety
 Safety requires when hundreds or thousands of spectators are fleeing in fear of a
fire, an outbreak of violence in the crowd, or some other real or imagined danger.
 Achieved by skilful design, so that people can go where they have to be in the
stadium and are not made to go to the danger area.
iii. Security zones

 Zone one: The playing field.
 Zone two: The spectator seating and standing areas.
 Zone three: The internal concourses, restaurants, bars and other social areas.
 Zone four: The circulation area between the stadium structure and the perimeter
fence.
 Zone five: The open space outside the perimeter fence

Figure 14: Zoning diagram

iv. Entry and exit
 Public entrances leading to the main) seating terraces.
 Private entrances giving players, concession holders and VIP ticket holders
separate access to their particular areas.
 Emergency service access for ambulances, etc.
 Flood exits for emergency emptying of the grounds.
Figure 17: Public entry and exit Figure 18: Public flow
)
Figure 16: Principal relationships at the

public entrance/control area
Figure 15: Circulation route for competitors and performers
)

v. Entry and emergency exit timing

 The entry and exit timing has to be strictly controlled so that the spectators and all
other people can be evacuated from the stadium within a limited given time.
 The standard timing for emergency exit to safety zones, i.e. the ground level
opening is a maximum of 8 minutes.
 This measurement is made from the basic walking velocities of the people through
various modes of circulations such as horizontal and vertical circulation.
 The velocity, together with the unit width of the exit routes are calculated to form
the efficient circulation system where the evacuation time of maximum 8 minutes
is designed.
Figure 19: Entry and emergency exit timing

)
vi. Crowd control

 The good reasons for having a robust fence between spectators and pitch are
protection of players and officials from hostile spectators and protection of a
natural grass pitch surface from compaction of the subsoil by spectators’ feet.
 The disadvantages are that most fences are an obstruction to proper viewing of the
game, and usually are unsightly and also has to do with safety. In cases of mass
panic on the stands or escape from fire, the playing field is an obvious zone of
safety and an intervening fence which prevents people from reaching it can create
a death trap.
 The fence must not be climbable as possible like cat’s cradle which is a wire cage
the height of a low fence which does not obstruct vision and also difficult to climb
across.
Figure 20: Cat’s cradle

vii. Horizontal circulation
) elements
 Spectators movement should allow the stadium to be filled in a reasonable period
(say, two hours), and in the reverse direction they must be allowed to escape in a
very much shorter period in case of emergency.
 A pedestrian ‘pipeline’ all the way between the perimeter gate and the individual
seat.
 Additional space at all entrances to (or exits from) toilets, eating/drinking

facilities, and ticket windows- must be spaced at least 10 m away from entrances
and exits.
viii. Vertical circulation elements

a. Stairs
 Maximum gradients around 33 degrees, a steep angle is actually an advantage as it
allows a fast descent and rapid emptying of the stadium.
 To determine the stair width to evacuate
spectator from the sports event safely
within given time can be calculated by
formula, W = N/ (Tx1.25), where W=
width of staircase, N= number of spectator
and T= Departure time in second.
b. Ramps
 Spectators are less likely to lose their footing on a
ramp than on a stair.
 Ramps are an ideal method of allowing service
vehicles to move from level to level.
 Easy passage for wheelchairs, and for transporting
sick or injured spectators to the exits during
events.
 Maximum gradient is 1:12. Figure 21: Vertical elements
c. Escalators (Source: Stadia: A Design and Development Guide, 2007)
 Give fast access to the higher viewing levels and
) can of course be reversed.
 May not used for emergency exit and also for normal exit during crowd pressure.
d. Elevators
 Transport relatively small numbers of people to the upper levels of the stadium
with speed and comfort.
 Such users may include VIPs, media, staffs, disabled and wheelchair users.
2.4 SPECTATORS
Stadiums should be designed so that all spectators are safe and comfortable, have a
perfect view of the pitch and have easy access to sanitary and refreshment facilities.
Improvements should be for people in all areas, from those purchasing the least
expensive tickets to VIPs.
i. Seating accommodation
 All spectators should be seated.
 The longer the spectator must sit in one position the more comfortable the seats
must be.
 Seats backrests of a minimum height of 30cm.
 The provision of backrests also helps to prevent the highly dangerous forward
surge of spectators.

 For leg-room, a minimum distance of 80cm from backrest to backrest is

recommended.
 Width of the seat= 45cm minimum and VIP/VVIP seats width= 60cm and a
superior comfort level. .
 Advertising boards of 90-100cm in height may be erected around the field at a
distance of five meters from the touch lines and five meters behind the centre of
the goal lines.
 The viewing platform for spectators who use wheelchairs should not be in a
position where the occupants’ view of the playing field and vice versa.
 0.5 percent and 1.0 percent of all spectator seats should be allocated for disabled
seating.
Figure 22: Seating layout dimensions

ii. Limit of spectator viewing )
 The limit of viewing distance is determined by the ability of the spectator farthest
from the activity be able to distinguish the smallest moving object.
 The maximum viewing distance for football and when calculated gives a distance
of 189.7m. But for good viewing a better limit is about 150m.
 Cricket and Hockey are played with the small-diameter ball on a field so large that
the size of the field makes it almost impossible to locate spectators within the
theoretical viewing distance. In these cases one must face the fact that the viewer
will have to watch the player rather than the ball.
 Spectators’ accommodation, which is in rows parallel to the sidelines or touch
lines and is close to the pitch, will have difficulty in seeing the other corner on the
same side, since the adjacent intervening spectator will obscure the view.
 Viewing standards will also be affected by the riser height of each seating row.
The riser height is calculated using the formula:
 Riser Height ‘N’ = (R+C) x (D+T) – R
D
 Quality of vision is improved by increasing the heights of seats above pitch level;
and by bringing the seats closer to the pitch (point of focus).

Use of ‘super riser’ to ensure that spectators in

Figure 23: Viewing angle
(Source: The Architects’ Handbook, Reprint 2003) wheelchairs can see over the heads of spectators in
) front of them, even when the latter rise to their feet.
iii. Cover for spectators )
 A roof over all spectators is desirable.

 A retractable roof can be provided which may be left open whenever weather
conditions make it desirable to do so.
iv. VVIPs and VIP facilities

 The VVIPs must be seated in the centre of the grandstand, in an elevated position
above the playing area, partitioned off from the public seating areas.
 The VVIP area should have its own private entrance, separate from the VIP and
public entrance points, leading directly to the hospitality lounge and from there
directly to the viewing area.
 In a multi-tiered stadium, if required, there should be a dedicated escalator(s) or
elevator(s) between floors which should be connected to both normal and
emergency power.
Type A
Advantages: Complete
privacy and comfort.
Disadvantages:
Separation from the
atmosphere of the
Ground
Type B
Advantages: Privacy
maintained but users see
event as spectators
Disadvantages:
Separation between
viewing and dining
Type C
Advantages: Flexibility
of use
Disadvantages: Users
remote from event when
using facility
Figure 24: Types of VIP box (Source: Stadia: A Design and Development Guide, 2007)
)
Figure 25: VVIP/VIP seating area (Source: Technical recommendations and requirements, FIFA, 2011)
)
v. Food and beverage facilities
Different types of food and beverage facilities can be provided which are
mentioned as follows:
 Permanent catering facilities
 Temporary catering facilities
 Automatic vending machines
 Confectionery kiosks
 Snack bar kiosks
 Fast-food kiosks
 Bars (not used during
matches but for other
Figure 26: Comfort for
purposes)
spectators
 Self-service cafeterias
 Food courts
 Restaurants (Source: Technical recommendations
 Luxury restaurants and requirements, FIFA, 2011)

)
vi. Toilets and sanitary facilities
 Sufficient toilet facilities for both sexes and for disabled people must be provided
inside the security perimeter of the stadium.
 To avoid overcrowding between spectators entering and leaving sanitary facilities
there should be a one-way access system, or at least doors should be sufficiently
wide.
 Private toilet facilities consisting of a single toilet and sink should be considered
throughout the facility in a ratio of 1 per 5,000 spectators for disabled people.

Minimum sanitary provision in stadia for different male: female ratio
Table 2: Minimum
sanitary provision
(Source: The Architects’ Handbook,

Reprint 2003)
)
2.5 PLAYERS AND MATCH OFFICIALS

Modern stadiums should provide spacious and high-quality dressing rooms and other
facilities to ensure that players and match officials can carry out their activities in
comfort and safety.
i. Teams’ areas
 Position: the main stand.
 Provide direct, protected access to the playing area and be inaccessible to the
public and the media.
 Number: at least two separate team areas, but preferably four of equal size, style
and comfort.
 Minimum size: 200m².
 Team areas should include the following spaces, with private internal access:
a. Dressing rooms
 Should have bench seating, clothes-hanging facilities or lockers for at least 20-
25 people, a refrigerator, a tactical demonstration board, a telephone
(external/internal), a mounted TV.
b. Massage room
 Should be separated from, and immediately adjacent to, the dressing space.
 Should include space for three massage tables, a desk, a utility table and an ice
machine.


c. Toilets and sanitary facilities
 Should be with direct private access from the dressing room.
 Should have a minimum of: 11 showers, 5 washbasins with mirrors, 1 foot
basin, 1 drying-off area with towel hooks, 1 sink for cleaning boots, 3 urinals,
3 toilets, 2 electric shaving points and 2 hair dryers.
d. Coaches’ offices
 Should be adjacent to the teams’ dressing rooms.
 Should have: 1 shower, 4 lockers plus toilet and sink, 1 desk, 5 chairs, a
whiteboard and a telephone.
Figure 27: Teams’ area (Source: Technical recommendations and requirements, FIFA, 2011)
ii. Access to dressing rooms )
 Should be a private, protected area which can be accessed by team buses, cars and
ambulances.
 The route should be accessible without the obstruction of stairs, changes in level,
or sudden bends or turns that would make the route difficult to navigate with a
stretcher carrying an injured player.
iii. Umpires’ area

 Position: the main stand.
 Should provide direct,
protected access to the
playing area and be
inaccessible to the public
and the media.
 Should be separate from,
but close to, the teams’ dressing rooms. Figure 28: Umpires’ area
 Minimum size: 24m². (Source: Technical recommendations and requirements, FIFA, 2011)
 Should have clothes-hanging facilities
) or lockers, 4 chairs or bench seating for 4
people, a table with 2 chairs, a massage table, a refrigerator, a tactical
demonstration board, a telephone (external / internal) and a television set.
 Toilet and sanitary facilities

 Should be immediately adjacent to, and with direct private access from, the
dressing room.
 Should have a minimum of: 2 showers, 1 washbasin with mirror, 1 urinal, 1
toilet, 1 electric shaving point, 1 hair dryer and 1 sink for cleaning boots.
iv. Players’ medical room

 Should be used by players.
 Position: as close to the teams’ dressing rooms and the playing field as possible
with easy access to the outside entrance directly to emergency vehicles.
 The doors and corridors leading to this room should be wide enough to allow
access for stretchers and wheelchairs.
 In addition, the room needs to be equipped with:
 Examination couch
 2 portable stretchers
(alongside the pitch during the
game)
 Washbasin (hot water)
 Low foot-basin (hot water)
 Glass cabinet for medicines
Figure 29: Players’ medical room
 Treatment table
 Oxygen bottle with mask
)
 Blood-pressure gauge
 Heating apparatus (hot plate) for instruments
 Telephone (external/internal)
v. Doping control
 Every stadium must provide a
room for doping control
purposes, comprising a waiting
room, a working room and a
washing facility, all adjoining.
 Position: near the teams’ and
umpires’ dressing rooms and
inaccessible to the public and the media.
 Minimum size: 36m² (including toilet, working Figure 30: Dope test room
room and waiting room). (Source: Technical recommendations and requirements, FIFA, 2011)
 Should be well ventilated with fresh ) air and be air conditioned and centrally
heated, have easily cleanable floors and walls of hygienic material, have non-slip
floors and be brightly lit.
 The working room should have a desk, 4 chairs, a washbasin and mirror, a
telephone (external/internal) and a cabinet with a lock for sample bottles.

a. Toilet area
 Position: immediately next to, with direct private access to, the working room,
capable of accommodating two people.
 Toilet and sanitary facilities should include 1 toilet, 1 washbasin and mirror
and 1 shower.
b. Waiting room
 Position: immediately adjacent to the working room.
 Should have sufficient seating for eight people, a refrigerator and a television
set.
vi. Fitness tests for cricket

 Cycle test performed in strength training room.
 Run test in Indoor hall.
 The sit and reach test done in sit and reach box and performed in stretching room.
 Maximal, abdominal, handgrip strength tests done using free weights (barbells,
dumbbells) or other gym equipment; handgrip dynamometer etc. and performed in
strength training room.
 Skin fold measure performed to determine body fat levels with skin fold calipers
and performed in stretching/examination room.
2.6 MEDIA
Stadiums should be designed to allow state-of-the-art facilities to bring the highest-
quality media coverage of sports into the homes of millions of people around the
world.
i. Accreditation office
 Provision should be made for official recognition procedures.
 Can be a relatively small area or even a desk at the media entrance to the stadium,
provided that it does not constitute an obstruction if queues were to form.
ii. Media box and commentary positions

 Position: central of the main grandstand and on the same side of the stand as the
team dressing rooms to attend interviews easily.
 Should have an unobstructed view of the field of play.
 Easy access to and from the media centre, the mixed zone and the press
conference room.
 Media seats equipped with desks large
enough to accommodate a laptop
computer and a notebook.
 A minimum of two seats with desks for
commentators with disabilities.
 Should be separated from spectators by
Plexiglas or other suitable means for the
purpose of acoustic separation. Figure 31: Media desk positions/Broadcast
commentary benches
)
Figure 32: Media area
iii. Mixed zone (Source: Technical recommendations and requirements, FIFA, 2011)
 A large, clear space between

) the players’ dressing rooms and the private exit door
through which the players must pass when leaving the stadium to their team buses.
 The purpose is to talk to and interview the players as they pass through.
 The area must be inaccessible to the public.
iv. Flash interview position

 Used to transmit live interviews immediately after the match or interviews with
coaches at the beginning or the end of the half-time interval.
 Such positions must be located between the dressing room area and the playing
field.
v. Press conference room

 Minimum area: 200m² with approximately 100 seats.
 Should be easily accessible from the dressing rooms area.
 Small theatre type seating for media persons.
Figure 33: Press

conference room
2.6 PARKING )
Stadiums must be designed to allow for the smooth and efficient arrival, circulation
and departure of thousands of people and vehicles in a short space of time.
i. Parking for spectators

 Should be on-site, affording spectators’ direct entrance to the stadium.

 Must be brightly lit and clearly signposted, with numbered or lettered sectors.
 For a stadium with a capacity of 60,000, parking places should be provided for
10,000 cars and separate places for 500 buses.
 Where sufficient on-site public parking is not possible, parking should be
provided no further than 1,500 meters from the stadium.
ii. Hospitality Parking

 Near the VIP entrance, and separate from the public car parks, there should be
sufficient parking space for the buses and cars used by VIPs.
 Preferably, these vehicles should be parked near the stadium.
iii. Parking for teams, match officials and stadium staff

 Parking space for at least four buses (in the event of the use of back-up buses) and
14 cars (six each for the teams and two for the match officials) should be
available.
 Should be near the stadium, immediately outside the dressing rooms and isolated
from the public.
iv. Access and parking for the media

 Should be as close to the access point as possible and / or a drop-off point should
be designated where they can unload equipment from vehicles.
 Minimum area: 50m² to 70m², which means 10 to 20 four wheeler car parking has
to be provided.
 Special space has to be separated for outside broadcast truck parking near the
sports venue where the public cannot have
direct access.
v. The emergency services and disabled

spectators
 Parking facilities immediately adjacent to, or
inside, the stadium must be provided for
police vehicles, fire engines, ambulances and
other vehicles of the emergency services and
for the vehicles of disabled spectators.
 Should provide a direct, unrestricted route to
and from the stadium which is separate from
the public-access routes.
vi. Helipad
 Should be a sufficiently large clear area near
the stadium which could serve as a helicopter
landing pad in case of emergency or for the
arrival of VVIPs/VIPs.
Figure 34: Parking layout dimensions

(Source: http://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Patterson/html/Patterson18/Patterson1872.html)

CHAPTER 3
3. CASE STUDY
Figure 35: Location
3. a NATIONAL CASE STUDIES plan
3.1 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY CRICKET GROUND, Kirtipur
i. Introduction
The ground is situated in the premises of Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur which is
located at the South-West part from core part of Kathmandu. It is about 3 km far
from Kathmandu. Also it is the first International cricket ground of Nepal that is
developed by Zee TV network. It is not constructed completely. Its spectator
capacity is around 20,000.
Figure 36: Schematic plan of the cricket ground

ii. Playground
The diameter of the ground is 156 yard (142.6m) which consist of 7 center
wickets, each has dimension of 8’x66’. The pitch of the ground is North-South
oriented. Ground is surrounded by a peripheral iron fence of 2.4m height. Gates
are provided at certain locations. A single peripheral drain runs around the ground,
but no underground drainage. From the peripheral drain, the center wicket has an
elevation of 18”. Center wicket is tilted about 10 degree from North. The soil
profile of ground consists of turf, clay, coarse sand and chip from top to bottom.
The pitch is covered after 5p.m. and
maintenance done every day.
Figure 37: Soil profile of the ground

iii. Practice nets

These are provided adjacent to the South-
East side of the ground. It consists of 10
practice wickets having 7 turf wicket and 3
synthetic (synthetic wicket is made by laying
artificial grass called Astroturf, which needs
zero maintenance). Dimension of each
practice net is 10’x35’. Figure 38: Practice nets
iv. Players box

It is located at the North-West side of the ground which is constructed with the aid
of Zee Network. The block measures
48’-6”x46’-6” that consists of sitting
areas, changing areas and shower areas
for each team. The changing area is not
sufficient for players and sitting area
seems congested and not properly
arranged. Figure 39: Players box
v. Fitness block
It is located adjacent to the practice nets. The block area is 245 sq. m. It was
previously used for changing room and ground manager room. Now, it consists of
gym area, storage area of maintenance equipments and also used as changing area
for the players during training session and toilet. Dining area is in front of the
block. Nepal Cricket Academy is
established for training under 12
children. Store area and pantry is
located beside the block.
Figure 40: Fitness block

vi. Merits
 Adequate numbers of practice nets.
 Enough area for fielding practice.
 Abundant vegetation.
 Available of fitness area for the players.
 Sloping land used for the embankment.
 Ground properly maintained, if required then the old soil of pitch is replaced by
the new soil.
 Centre wicket tilted 10º from North.

Figure 41: South view of the cricket ground
vii. Demerits
 No proper sitting area provided.
 No separate changing room for umpires.
 Any facilities are not provided for media and
spectators.
 Fencing around the stadium is not secured, so
people can jump on to the ground.
 No underground drainage system.
Figure 42: Temporary
 Parking area not properly arranged. structures
 Temporary food stalls during matches.
 Pantry not maintained properly.
 Temporary structure for VIPs and media.
 Access not properly defined.
 No flood lights and electronic scoreboards.
Figure 43: No proper seating

for spectators
viii. Output
 Knowledge of dimension of ground and practice nets.
 The need for the fitness area and maintenance area.
 Knowledge of the ground maintenance.
 The need of separate players’ box, VIP area, umpires area and media area.

3.2 PULCHOWK ENGINEERING CAMPUS CRICKET GROUND, Patan
Figure 45: Location

Figure 44: North-East view of the cricket ground plan
i. Introduction
The ground is situated in the premises
of Pulchowk Engineering Campus,
Lalitpur which is located at the North-
West part from core part of Patan. It is
about 1.5 km far from Kathmandu. It
is not constructed completely. Its
spectator capacity is around 10,000.
Figure 46: Schematic
ii. Playground plan of the cricket
The diameter of the ground is 130 ground
yard (118.8m). It consist of 3 center wickets, each has dimension of 8’x66’. The
pitch is North-South oriented. The ground is partially surrounded by a peripheral
iron fence of 8’ height. Separate way is provided for the spectators. The soil
profile of ground consists of turf, clay, coarse sand and chip from top to bottom.
The pitch is covered after 5p.m. and maintenance done every day. Football ground
is located adjacent (South-East) to the cricket ground.
iii. Parapet
It is located at the South-West side of the ground. Its
spectator capacity is around 1500. Below the parapet,
store room and toilets are provided.
iv. Facilities Figure 47: Parapet for spectators

 Temporary VIP area, changing room, media area and
food stall provided during matches.
 Any facilities are not provided for media and spectators.
 No proper sitting area provided
 Fencing around the stadium is not secured, so people can jump on to the ground.
 Access not properly defined.
 Parking area not properly arranged.
 No flood lights and camera tower.

3.3 DASHRATH RANGASHALA, Tripureswor
i. Introduction
It is located in the city center of Kathmandu at
Tripureswor. It is the biggest sports complex in
Nepal covering an area of 110 ropani (55961m²).
This venue was for the first SAF games and also the
eight SAF games. The stadium capacity is around
20,000. Its construction was completed on 2030
B.S. This sport complex includes following sports Figure 48: Location plan
infrastructure:
A. Main stadium with track and field facilities.
B. Covered hall
C. Swimming pool
D. Tennis courts
ii. Objectives of the study

 To study the main stadium.
 To study the various aspects of parapet and
services.
Figure 49: Ariel view of the ground
Figure 50: Plan of the stadium
iii. VVIP/VIP pavilion

It is located on the western part of the stadium. The
seating capacity is around 3600 spectators who are
generally VIP, VVIP, Officials, and if seat
Figure 51: VVIP/VIP pavilion
remains, they are sold at higher prices to the spectators. Colored seats for
categorizing the people using it, red colored chairs for VIP’s, blue for the Press
and the others are sold to General Public. The space below the stand
accommodates spaces for various functions. Two staircases are provided for
General entry to the parapet and one VIP entry with lift. Each entrance has two
staircases; one leading to the parapet and other leading to the VIP’s room.
 Ground floor
 Karate, Judo, Wushu, Judge halls
 Referee room
 Electric and sound system rooms
 VIP mid section entry
 Media conference room (6.5mx6.5m)
 Toilet facility also for general public.
 First floor
 Boxing, Taekwondo, Karate halls
 VIPs lounge (17.5mx10m) Figure 52: Section of VVIP/VIP pavilion
a. Circulation
Circulation area outside the Stand is not enough
and narrow as it has been further reduced due to
widening of the adjacent main road.
b. Staircases
 No. of staircase Provided: 2
 Width of the staircase: 2.5m Figure 53: VIP lounge
The formula giving the width of the staircase

necessary to allow certain no. of spectators to leave
the stadium in a given time is given by:
Staircase Width = No. Of spectators
Emptying time (S) X 1.25
From this formula, we can calculate the Emptying
Time, which is 5min. (max. time is 8 Min). So, we can
say that width of the staircase is sufficient.
c. Roof Figure 54: Lift facility for VIPs
 The only part of the stadium in which roof covering
provided,
 A post and a beam structure.
 The structural system comprises a row of columns
parallel to the pitch, supporting a series of beams,
which in turn carry the roof.
 However, drawback the row of columns obstructs spectator viewing to an
unacceptable degree and seats behind such obstruction are left unused.
Figure 55: Media conference

room

iv. General stand

This portion occupies north, south and east of the stadium. The north portion rests
on natural slopping land and the southern and eastern part on flat land. For
convenience, southern and eastern part is divided into different blocks A to I and
the space below the stand is used as office rooms and also for providing facilities
for the players. For general public, toilets are provided on C- and G- block. The
capacity of this stand is about 16,400 spectators.
 Ground floor Figure 56: General stand

 Medical and first aid room (7.3mx6m)
 Store room
 Olympic museum (10.5mx14.5m)
 Karate Association
 Weight lifting (11.5mx14.5m)
 Clinic (38.5mx14.5m)
 Dope test room (3mx4.5m)
 Council office spaces
 Team changing rooms
 Residence of staff
 First floor
 Council office spaces
 C-block: Public toilet- male (6mx4.5m) - WC-10, urinal-8, washbasin-3,
waiting area-1 (3mx4.5m)
 G-block: Public toilet- male (20.5mx4.5m) - WC-10, urinal-8, washbasin-3
 C-block: Public toilet- female (6mx4.5m) - WC-10, washbasin-3, waiting
area-1 (3mx4.5m)
 G-block: Public toilet- female (10.5mx4.3m) - WC-3, washbasin-1
a. Circulation
 No. of Exits: 10
 No. of Stair ways: 7
 Width of stairways: 3m
 Distances between two exits: 30m
 Using the formula, we get an escape time of about 6min.
So, we can say that requirement of escape time is met.
 Maximum travel distance to exit: about 30m in exit is in
one direction only.
 Maximum travel distance to exit: about 42m in alternative
Figure 57: General spectator entry

ways. So, we can say that exits are not located at right locations and no. of
exits is not sufficient.
b. Outside circulation
 The stadium is surrounded by two peripheral roads- one the main street along
west side and another along Southern side of the stadium.
 No clear segregation of public and non-public traffic approaching the stadium.
 VIP’s entrance at North-West of the stadium.
 The public enters from the south and southeast gate
while players enter from east gate.
 The circulation are around the stadium is very
narrow and the whole crowd from the General
Stand converges to a single gate and leads to a very
busy traffic junction of the Tripureswor.
 However, a spectator can find public transport
facilities easily after leaving the stadium.
Figure 58: Main spectator
entry gate with ticket counter
v. Players’ facilities
Change Room
 This is located adjacent to the player’s entry at the
Eastern part of the stadium.
 Change Room for each team is provided on the
Ground Floor of the G- block.
 Each Unit measures 11.5m x 4.35m.
 Each unit consists of
 Changing Room: 7.18m x 4.35m
 Bathroom: 4.32m x 4.35m Figure 59: Players' room
 2 basins, 2 WCs, 3 showers and 3 urinals
vi. Parking
 The stadium lacks parking space, as the space
provided now is not enough during major games.
 The garden in front of the Swimming Pool has
been converted to parking space and is used for
parking of vehicles of players and staffs.
 Previously, the army ground, Tudikhel, was used
as the parking space. Now, parking is not allowed Figure 60: Spectators parking
due to security reasons.
vii. Merits
 Easily accessible as it lies in the heart of the city.
 Players’ entry from East where the entrance lead to the
players changing lobby and to the ground.
 VVIP, VIP, players, media person and special spectators Figure 61: Digital scoreboard

seating area separated from general seating and each of them are also divided by
bars and rails to control the crowds.
 Elevator provided for VVIP stands and four staircases are
provided for the VVIP, VIP, players seating, media space and
special stands and now with some temporary metal stairs.
 Special seating has 3.6m of stair width for entry and exit with
lane divider to control the crowd.
 General stand divided into 12 sections, where each has a
separate entrance and exit gates.
 Power backup generators provided and sufficient for match
standards.
 Availability of some latest technologies like electronic Figure 62: Flood lights
scoreboards and flood lights.
viii. Demerits
 Only one staircase for players, official and media person.
 The special stands have a very steeply angled staircase around 42º with only one
landing.
 The zoning of the stadium not properly done, players’ area separated from the
main stand.
 Only double security checking gates for VIP stands.
 Each entrance in general seating has 2.1m wide (which is not enough) staircase for
entry and exit with lane divider to control the crowd.
 Parking and circulation spaces not enough and well managed.
 West gate has direct entry and exit to the busy Tripureswor road.
 There are no proper and enough facilities provided for spectators and even the
match requirements facilities are only managed during events only.
 In the monsoon, the football game has to be played in muddy field due to
unmanaged drainage system.
 The first floor rooms below the general stand are used for office space where they
share the same stairs which creates overcrowding during the event time.
 The field viewing obstructed for the top level of VVIP/VIP pavilion by the huge
structural columns and the elevator at the VVIP seating as well.
 General seating not covered with roof. When rain falls, each has to open umbrella
during event which obstructs viewing angle of the person or standing in the next
row.
 Emergency and fire escape are not managed or properly designed.
 No facilities designed for disabled people.
ix. Output
 Knowledge of the structure of the VVIPs/VIPs pavilion and General Stand.
 Organization and uses of spaces below the Stand and Pavilion.
 Idea of importance of irrigation system.
 Facilities needed for spectators.

3.4 BIRENDRA INTERNATIONAL SPORTS COMPLEX, Satdobato
i. Introduction
It is located in Lalitpur at Satdobato. The complex is
only 100m apart from the center line of the ring road. It
covers an area of 138 ropani (70206m²). It was mainly
built for 8th SAF Games. The construction was
completed on 1999 A.D. This sport complex includes
following sports infrastructure:
Figure 63: Location plan
A. Swimming pool
B. Shooting arena
C. ANFA Complex
Figure 64: Ariel view of the complex
Figure 65: West view of the swimming complex
ii. Objectives of the study

 To study the grand stand of swimming pool.
 To study the various aspects of parapet and services.
Figure 66: Plan of swimming complex

iii. Main stand

It is located on western part of the complex. Its spectator capacity is around 1200.
The seating for VIP/VVIP and general spectators is separated by low height wall.
The spectators seating is separated
into two sections. The VIP/VVIP part
of the parapet is covered while seating
for the general people is open to sky.
The parapet is all seated and the size
of each seat is 35cm x 35cm. The
space below the stand accommodates
spaces for various functions.
 Ground floor
 Office for training section. Figure 67: Main stand
 Gym (6.5mx6.5m)
 Filter Plant
 Chemical room
 Store
 First floor
 Administration
(4.6mx3.3m)
 President room
(4.6mx3.3m)
 Secretary room
(4.6mx6m)
Figure 68: Section of the main stand
 Meeting room (6.5mx4.6m)
 VVIP/VIP lounge (14.5mx6.5m)
 Public toilet- male (10.6mx3.33m), female (10.6mx3.33m)
iv. Northern block

 Canteen (10.5mx6.5m)
 Flood light control room (3mx6.5m)
 Generator room (3mx6.5m)
 Chemical room
 Changing room: Male (25mx5.5m),
Female (25mx5.5m)
v. Circulation Figure 69: Northern block

 Separate entry provided for the
players.
 Two staircases provided for the entry of general
people to the stadium.
 No clear segregation of public and non-public
traffic. Figure 70: Spectators entry and
 Entry of the VIP/VVIP is very well defined. toilet facility

 Parking area provided on the East of the complex

can be used to park 38 cars at time.
vi. Security
 Player and spectator entry separated which doesn’t
disturb the flow between them, so security Figure 71: Main entry for swimming complex
ensured to the players.
 The public entry to the arena is restricted as the lowest part of the parapet is raised
about 8 feet from the level of the arena.
vii. Merits
 Well maintained warm-up and competition pools.
 Adequate seating facilities for VVIP, VIP.
 Canteen facilities provided.
 Sufficient changing and shower, separate changing for
male and female. Figure 72: Seating and flood lights

 Well designed circulation, spectators prohibited from
swimming area during different swimming events.
 Ramp from the road level to the pool level is provided
for emergency treatment for players but normally kept
closed.
 Well managed parking.
 Open for public and also for recreational and training Figure 73: Fire hydrant for fire
purposes. safety at complex compound
 Provision of four towers of floodlight and one at the top

of VVIP/VIP parapet roof.
 Enough area is provided between the entry and building
so as to view the whole elevation from the gate.
 Outlook of building visually pleasing and aesthetically
appealing. Figure 74: Parking facility
 Fire hydrant for fire safety at complex compound.
viii. Demerits
 Dope testing room used as canteen.
 General seating not covered with roof.
 No clear segregation of public and non-public traffic.
 Current condition of the adjacent facilities, not suitable for international
swimming competitions.
ix. Output
 Knowledge about the VVIP facilities.
 Flow of spectators in the stand.
 Circulation around the complex.
 Security provided to the players.

3.b INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES
3.1 FEROZ SHAH KOTLA STADIUM, Delhi
Figure 75: North-East view of the cricket ground
i. Introduction
 Location: Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, Delhi.
 Located near Delhi Gate and Asoka Pillar.
 Establishment: 1883 A.D.
 Second oldest International Cricket stadium
of India.
 Operator: Delhi District Cricket Association.
 Spectator capacity- 45,000.
 Elevation: 16.28m
 Total Area: 23,000m²
 Playing Field: 2266m²
 Nearest Airport : 18 Kms
 Nearest Railway: 5 Kms Figure 76: Location map
ii. Playground
The diameter of the ground is 125m. The
ground has well drainage system. The centre
wicket is in an angle of 21º. There are four
numbers of flood lights. The distance
between boundary and pavilion is 2.4m.
Figure 77: Schematic plan of the stadium
Figure 78: 3D view of the stadium

iii. Players’ pavilion

It is situated at the South-West part of the ground which is directly visible from
ground. Separate entrance is provided and also separate dressing and dining room
for two teams. Commentators and third umpire rooms are provided. Above the
pavilion, restaurant and corporate sittings are provided.
iv. Corporate pavilion

It is situated at the West part of the ground. There
are 37 numbers of corporate boxes. The seating
capacity is around 2200. There is separate
entrance for corporate stand and is also separated
from the general stand.
v. Media pavilion Figure 79: Players' and corporate pavilion
It is situated at the front and back part of

centre wicket. Media box capacity is
around 125. Media conference (80
capacities) is located at the VIP pavilion
making improper access. Ground activity
is visible clearly from this pavilion.
Drinking water tank is placed at the top. Figure 80: Media pavilion
vi. VIPs pavilion

It is situated at the administrative building at the
South part of the ground. It has cabin with
television and dining. Separate entrance and
parking is provided for VIP stand. It also
consists of dining and gallery hall.
vii. Facilities Figure 81: VIPs pavilion

 Changing room, dressing room, dining hall and therapy rooms provided for
players.
 Drinking tap and food lounge provided in every floor for spectators.
 Restaurant and cabin provided for corporate and VIPs.
viii. Circulation
 Stairs provided in every 10m distance.
 Width of stair: 2.1m.
 Whole spectators can leave stadium
within 6-8 minutes.
 13 number of gates around the stadium.
 Surrounding spaces are narrow.
Figure 82: Site plan locating gates

ix. Parking
 Not sufficient parking area, provided only for VIP and Officials.
 General spectators parking in other places (in municipal building).
x. Merits
 Stairs provided in 10m distance.
 Well drainage system (9 numbers of percolation
pits around the ground).
 Separate entrance and parking for players.
 Provision of food court.
 The upper deck seating has a greater slope than the
lower deck, to ensure that the people who sit the
farthest away from the field still are able to see.
 Media pavilion placed straight to the centre wicket Figure 83: Flood lights
(longitudinal).
 Luxurious cabin provided for VVIP.
 Flood lights for night at stadium as well as in practice nets.
 13 numbers of gates provided for security and easy circulation.
 Provision of space for disabled people.
xi. Demerits
 Players pavilion angled to the centre wicket.
 Parking not provided for general viewers.
 Due to low height floor, back part viewer cannot see the whole activity of ground.
 Pillars placed at the middle part of the sitting area by which viewer behind the
pillar cannot observe the game directly.
 Though stadium is international
standard, roofing system for all the
seating is not provided.
 Water tank placed above the media
stand.
xii. Output
 Knowledge of the different pavilions.
 Uses of space below the stand.
 Idea of underground drainage system.
 Importance of open spaces in stadium.
 Facilities needed for players, VIPs, media and spectators.

3.2 SARDAR PATEL STADIUM, Ahmedabad
Figure 84: Location map

i. Introduction
 Location: Motera, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
 Establishment: 1982 A.D.
 Also known as Motera Stadium.
 International Cricket stadium of India.
 Operator: Gujarat Cricket Association.
 Spectator capacity- 54,000.
 Total Area: 50-acre (200,000m²)
 Playing Field: 20602m²
 Nearest Railway: Ahmedabad Railway
Station - 15 K.M. approx.
Figure 85: Ariel view of the cricket ground
Figure 86: North-East view of the stadium

ii. Stands
 GMDC Upper and Lower Stands – Public seating – 4880 capacity.
 East Upper and Lower Pavilion – Public seating – 14227 capacity
 Presidents Gallery – 14227 capacity
 Adani Lower Pavilion – Players dressing room, corporate boxes and public
reserved seating – 2361 capacity
 Adani Upper Pavilion -Public seating – 5755 capacity
 Club Pavilion – Members seating – 3519 capacity
 West Pavilion – Public seating – 10104 capacity

 All stands are roof covered and have two

tiers.
 Air-conditioned press box which is Wi-Fi
enabled.
 Provision of a multipurpose media
conference room (100 capacities).
 Adani Pavilion houses more than 20 air-
conditioned corporate boxes.
 21 entry gates to the stadium making it
easier for spectators to enter the stands. Figure 87: Schematic plan of the stadium
iii. Circulation
 Separate entry provided for the players,
VIP, guests room, office sitting, reception,
media and general public.
 VIP entrance width is 2.5m.
 21 number of gates around the stadium.
 Match drinks trolley, roller machine entry
and fire exit provided.
Figure 89: Stadium plan locating gates
Figure 88: Main entry of the stadium
iv. Facilities
 President and ICC guests’ boxes.
 Third umpire and VIP room.
 VIP and Guests seating.
 Reception area.
 Waiting area. Figure 90: VIP and Guests seating
 Player’s dressing room.
 Player’s lounge.
 Restaurant of player’s. Figure 91: Canteen
 Canteen of pavilion. area
 Toilet of pavilion.
 Car-park for 10,000 vehicles.
 Ten light poles of height 60m.
Figure 92:
Figure 93: Player’s lounge
Reception area

v. Roof structure
 Metsec’s Lattice roof beams and trusses used for the construction of stadium.
 This lightweight roof beam spans up to 40m without the need for internal
columns.
 Internal space optimized by passing services through the web of the lattice steel
beam rather than having to suspend them underneath causing a significant loss of
headroom.
 Roof trusses used to support structural decks with a suspended ceiling.
Figure 94: Lightweight roof system
vi. Merits
 Separate entrance and parking for VIP, media, general spectators and players.
 Roofing system for all the stands provided.
 Provision of food court and restaurants.
 Provision of lounge.
 Luxurious cabin provided for VVIP.
 Flood lights for night at stadium as well as in
practice nets.
 21 numbers of gates provided for security and easy Figure 95: Flood lights
circulation.
 Available of practice ground.
vii. Demerits
 Pillars placed at the middle part of the sitting area by
which viewer behind the pillar cannot observe the
game directly.
 Cameras stand obstructing the view.
viii. Output
 Knowledge of the different pavilions.
 Uses of space below the stand.
 Facilities needed for players, VIPs, media and spectators.
 Knowledge of the roof of the stadium.

3.c ANALYSIS
Comparison Table
Table 3: Comparison table

Table 4: Comparison table

CHAPTER 4
4. SITE ANALYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The site is located: Mulpani VDC in Kathmandu and has an overall area of 333
ropani (169410m²). The site lies between latitude 27º43’11.90”N and longitude
83º23’28.78”E and elevation is1350m from sea level.
 Owner: Cricket Association of Nepal.
Figure: Location map of Mulpani
Figure 96: Location plan of Mulpani
Figure: Proposed Site

Figure: Panoramic view (A)
Figure: Panoramic view (B)
Figure: North view 1 Figure: East view 2
Figure: North view 3 Figure: North view 4
Figure: South view 5
Figure 97: Site plan with Site views
Figure: North view 7

Figure: West view 6
Figure: North view 8 Figure: East view 8 Figure: South view 10

4.2 DISTANCE ANALYSIS

The proximities of the proposed site to the other sites within Kathmandu:
 Approximately 5.2km or 13 minutes drive to the central business area
(Boudhanath).
 Approximately 6.3km or 16 minutes drive to the central business area (Chabahil).
 Approximately 7.3km or 18 minutes drive to the international airport via ring
road.
 Approximately 4.5km or 11 minutes drive to Nepal orthopedic hospital.
 Approximately 6.3km or 16 minutes drive to Nepal medical college and teaching
hospital.
 Approximately 3.4km or 8 minutes drive to the old settlement Bode.
 Approximately ½ km to an adjoining existing international golf club and course.
 Directly across the road from the existing Grand Norling Hotel
 Adjacent to the west of the site is the Royal Game Reserve and a proposed 5 star
international hotel.
Figure 98: Facilities nearby site
Figure: Airport (South)
Figure: Boudhanath (West)

4.3 SURROUNDING
 Increase of new settlement around the site.
 Norling resort and Gokarna golf course adjacent to the North part of the site.
 The old settlement Bode and Thimi to the South part of the site.
Figure: Golf club (North)

Figure: Panoramic view of
Figure: Norling Hotel (North) Figure 99: Site surrounding
Kathmandu city (South)
4.4 PHYSICAL FEATURES

 Slope land ascending from west to east, raised
portion on the Southern boundary.
 Previously South-East part used as landfill site.
 Possesses wonderful view of valley and Figure: Raised Southern portion
mountains, a panorama view of villages and
Kathmandu on the southern part and the western
part respectively.
4.5 ROAD ACCESS

 Accessed through the main road (road from Figure: Slope land ascending
Jorpati to Saankhu) on the northern part of the site. from west to east
 Accessed through the road on the eastern part of Figure 100: Land topography of the site
the site, which is road to Gothataar.
 A road through the middle of the site to connect these two roads, the alternate
way is proposed by CAN in place of this road.
Figure: Jorpati-Saankhu road
Figure: Gokarna-Gothataar road
Figure 101: Proposed site with access road

+30m lvl.
+25m lvl.
+20m lvl.
+12m lvl. +15m lvl.
+4m lvl.+8m lvl. +11m lvl.
8m wide
road
Figure: Site section at A-A

+15m lvl.
+12m lvl. +12m lvl.+11m lvl.
+8m lvl. +4m lvl.
±0m lvl.
12m wide
Figure: Site section at B-B
road
+30m lvl.
+11m lvl. +12m lvl. +15m lvl.
±0m lvl.
12m wide
Figure: Site section at C-C 8m wide
road Figure 102: Site sections road
4.6 TRANSPORTATION
 Easily accessible by any public and non-public vehicle.
 Lies within bus route from Kathmandu to Saankhu.
 Well connected to all source of public transport like buses, micro buses, taxis etc.
4.7 SERVICES
 Possesses electrical connection
 No water supply lines and sewer lines at present.
4.8 BYE LAWS

 40% ground coverage for theatre, cinema hall, convention centre etc.
 FAR: 2 of whole site.
 ROW: 11m
 Minimum 20% parking for cinema hall.
4.9 CLIMATE STUDY

 The climate of Kathmandu is temperate and humid type.
a. Temperature
 Temperature range from Min.
2.7ºc to Max. 31.4ºc.
 The temperature is moderate
neither too hot nor too cold.
So, climate is of temperate
type.
Figure 103: Maximum and minimum temperature (2012 A.D.)

b. Rainfall
 The yearly average rainfall is 290 mm.
 Maximum rainfall up to 460 mm occurs
during monsoon seasons - June, July
August, and September.
c. Precipitation
 The yearly average precipitation is
1600mm.
 Maximum precipitation up to 600mm
occurs during monsoon seasons - June, July
and August. Figure 104: Rainfall in mm (2012 A.D.)
a. Relative Humidity
 Humidity is higher in the period between June and January with the maximum
up of 96% reached in Dec. observed at NST 08:45 and 84% in Jul. observed
at NST 17:45.
 Air circulation within building is vital.
e. Wind analysis
 The prevailing wind direction is generally from east and southwest to
Northeast.
 The wind speed is maximum in March; up to 76.8 km/hr.
 Plantation of trees at a prevailing wind direction and building houses in the
valley or eastward sloping land can reduce the high-speed wind and can act as
a wind barrier.
 Circular built form can be effective in high windy areas to divert the wind
pressure and get less affected by the dusty storm.
4.10 STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS OF THE SITE

 The site is located near to the city center and accessible through various parts
of the city.
 As the site is near to the Airport, the visiting team can easily access to the site
without having to go through the busy inner core of the Kathmandu valley,
which is at present the most traffic congested area.
 Involvement of community in the project with Cricket Association of Nepal.
 Peaceful and pollution free environment for the players to practice.
 The weakness of the site is that site is hilly. Massive cutting and filling has
to be done.

CHAPTER 5
5. PROGRAM FORMULATION
S.N. REQUIREMENTS NOS. AREA (SQ.M.)
1. Playing field 1 12862
2. Practice wickets 2400
3. Spectator capacity 20,000
4. VIPs Lounge 100 750
5. Corporate box 1
Teams’ area
2 @ 200 400
 Dressing room
2 @ 80 160
6.  Massage room
2 @ 40 80
 Toilets 2 @ 30 90
 Coaches’ Offices
7. Umpires’ Area 4 24
8. Players’ medical room 1 50
9. Dope test room 1 36
Media
 Media box
1 500
 Stadium media centre
1 200
 Mixed zone
10. 1 200
 Flash interview 1 24
position 1 200
 Press conference
room
11. Transmission area 1 500
12. Recording 2 @ 100 200
13. Equipment area 1 350
14. Storage area 1 100
15. Security 10 @ 10 100
16. Kitchenette 15 @ 25 375
17. Museum 1 750
18. Shop 20
Administration room
 Entrance / Reception 1 100
/ Lobby 1 30
19.  Library 1 150
 Staff room 1 35
 Storage 1 100
 Conference room
20. Management office 1 200
21. Manager room 1 50
22. CAN office 1 750
23. Dormitory 2 @ 200 400
24. Commercial area 1 500
25. Snacks area 50
Treatment Center: 1 25
26.  Medical first aid 25 1 36
m2 1 25

 Psychology 35 m2 1 25
 Physiotherapy 25 m2 1 135
 Massage 25 m2 1 20
 Service Room 20 m2
27. Outdoor nets 10 @ 10 1000
Toilet (0.1 per spectator) 20,000 2000
Toilet for women @ 40% 8000 800
28.
Toilet for men @ 20% 4000 400
Urinal for men @ 40% 8000 800
29. Parking for 3% @15m 600 9000
Provision of Parking
The UN statistics publication, Nepal is in 137th positions in world vehicles per capita
ranking by 2009 A.D., where it is half of India, and many times less of America’s
vehicle per capita capacity.
Table 5: The number of motor vehicles per 1000 people
(Source: UN world statistics pocketbook and statistical yearbook
The provision of parking as per in US standard, 60,000 spectator must be

accommodated with 10,000 vehicle parking, which is not suitable standard for current
status of Nepal being the vehicle ownership are only 9 vehicles per 1000 people but
US has ownership around 800 per 1000 people. With respecting the ownership of the
vehicle per person in Nepal is very less compare to US, so the Nepalese vehicle
ownership is approximately 90 times less compare to US vehicle ownership. So the
standard does not guide for Nepalese standard that is why the convenient conversion
has to be made. So 3% to 5% of four wheeler parking, 10% of two wheeler parking
and 10 bus parking are provided having 0.1% parking for disabled spectators as
mentioned in literature review.

CHAPTER 6
6. DESIGN CONCEPT
The cricket stadium is designed to create a memorable and fantastic experience to the
visitors’ as well as to the players and will be shaped by the character of the undulating
topography which provides a unique and attractive setting for the sporting and socio-
cultural activities. The physical context is taken as an opportunity and challenge in
this concept development. For the stadium to be completed, following key principles
are considered:
 Inclusive: Everyone inside the stadium area can use facilities safely, securely, easily
and with self-respect making easy access routes for both normal and physically
challenged people.
 Responsive: Taking into account the peoples’ needs and wants by providing the
required facilities.
 Realistic: Offering more than one solution to help balance everyone’s needs and
recognizing that one solution may not work for all.
 Flexible: Creating such facilities that different people can use the venue in different
ways.
 Convenient: Everyone can use the facilities without too much effort.
 Welcoming: Making people move with no stopping barriers.
All these key principles are considered in the design process. With these
considerations the site is divided with four axes. The planning is done according to
the axes and hierarchy, then zoning is done. All the axes show the hierarchy of level
of the site and functions, and hierarchy of circles in plan. First axis is made from the
centre of the field pitch making it a central axis from where spectators enter which
also gives them a grand view of the stadium. It shows the hierarchy of level having
entrance for general spectators at the lower level and the arena and entrance for VIPs,
players, match officials, staffs and general spectators at the higher level. Second axis
shows the hierarchy of both level and circle. The circles at the lower level are the
half-cut sphere used for skylight and considered as a point of focus for the plaza
above parking; and upper level circles is the main playing ground. Same are the cases
in third and fourth axes. Difference is that second axes parking is used for general
people, third axes parking is used to for general people and fourth axes is used for
VVIPs, VIPs, media, players, staffs and officials.
The plan is developed taking into account the needs of visitors to the stadium. All the
public transport facilities serving the stadium will be easily accessible by improving
the existing road network. For the easy arrival and departure of general spectators,
three entrance points and exit points (Gate A, D and E) are proposed and separate
entrance/exit (Gate B and C) for officials. Parking is done under green roof to provide
pleasing view to the visitors. Within the stadium, there will be a number of spectator
service areas like restaurants, food courts, cultural space, museum, kiosks,
information booths, emergency facilities and other event spaces.

Figure 105: Site Concept: Axes, Hierarchy and Zoning
The stadium is planed having ten gates with ten sections for the people to move
easily. It comprises of two stands, one is main stand for VVIPs, VIPs, players, media
and officials having all the facilities required like teams’ area, VVIPs/VIPs lounges,
media area, offices, kitchens etc. Main stand is the hierarchy of the stadium. Second
is the general stand for general public, VIPs and officials having all the facilities
required.
Form is also the important aspect for the design development, the bridge is the main
concept for the form as the bridge connects the access, and the form in the design
shows the connection. The arc of bridge is taken as the main element. Under the arc
form roof of stadium another block is connected which have facilities for players
when they use the arena for practice propose. This block consists of all the facilities
required by the players like dormitory, recreation area, administration, library and
other important spaces.
There are two main development areas; one is the current site area with approximately
250 ropanies of land and another is the future expansion zone in the South-East with
additional land expansion possibilities.

GREEN ROOF IN DESIGN
In my design, green roof is provided flat, that is planted partially with a growing
medium over a waterproof membrane. They are ‘extensive’ and have a thin growing
medium (up to 200mm deep) with ‘ground cover’ vegetation. Extensive green roof is
provided because of its benefits.
BENEFITS OF GREEN ROOF
 Green roofs are visually attractive and create openness with beautiful scenario.
The multicolored coloring of flowers, grasses, and wild herbs is more appealing
than stark black or white monolithic surfaces. Green roofs can transform urban
wastelands into urban gardens.
 Green roofs are energy-efficient. They are cool in the summer and can be as
effective as white roofs in reducing the urban heat island effect. The thermal mass
of the soil reduces heat gain and loss by isolating the building from temperature
extremes.
 Green roofs significantly reduce storm water runoff, typically retaining half to
three-quarters of the annual rainfall and retarding the runoff of most of the
remainder.
 Green roofs are permanent and have longer lifespan. By shielding the
waterproofing from the sun and reducing temperature swings, synthetic
membranes can last fifty years and more.
 Green roofs can provide shade for vehicles as Cricket is played for long time
period from 5 hours to 8 hours a day, perhaps for several days in a row so
spectators usually prefer their vehicles to be under roof.
 Green roofs can trap gaseous and filter pollutants that mainly come from vehicles.
 Green roofs can increase gathering space which is very important where crowds
are concerned.
PARKING UNDER GREEN ROOF
In my design, parking is done under green roof where there is facility like parks or
plaza. The structure is one storey height which can reduce the overall height of a
parking facility or take advantage of site topography. In all scenarios, the primary
parking goals is to maximize parking, create a welcoming environment, and provide
an economical facility, balancing initial construction costs, long-term maintenance
and operating costs, and user comfort.
Durability & long-term costs
The parking structure design should provide a balance between first cost and life-
cycle cost. In that case, the design features high strength concrete, low water cement
ratio concrete, corrosion inhibitors, coated reinforcing steel, and protected pre-
stressing systems are utilized for a high quality, durable concrete structure. Other
design features, such as positive drainage, quality joint sealants, penetrating sealers,
adequate coverage to the reinforcing steel, and a good maintenance program, are also
vital to the long-term performance of the structure. Precast columns and beams are

also used as it is durable and long lasting, and retains its value throughout time. It also
lessens the construction process which saves money on financing costs. Following are
the advantages of precast columns and beams:
(Source: http://www.nationalprecast.com.au/members_products/buildings/columns_and_beams/)
 High load capacity
)
 One-stop-shop for a total precast building solution.
 Less expensive than other options
- Less reo, less concrete and many other savings
 Faster construction time
- Quick installation by highly skilled crews
- Immediate access below for following trades
- Less weather dependent
 Reduction in formwork and propping
 Simplified and safer construction process
- Less trades on site
- Less exposure to OHS and industrial relations risks
- Less waste
- Less materials handling
 Superior structural outcome
- Longer spans
 Quality product
- Off-site manufacture means high quality
 A sustainable solution
- Significant sustainability advantages through de-materialization
- Thermal mass benefit not available with other lightweight options
 Durable
- High strength, factory produced, long life precast concrete offers the ultimate
outcome with minimal maintenance
 Fire, thermal and acoustic advantages.
Architectural consideration & perception of safety/security
Dome structure, slab breakage making void and openings provided emphasizing
natural light that increases visibility to guide pedestrians to their destinations can
often make users comfortable. Dome is also considered as the focal point and
aesthetical feature to the plaza. To promote safety and security, design features
include open stairways, day lighting provisions that project natural light to the lowest
level, high ceiling heights, emergency call stations, and security cameras.
Slab
breakage
Openings
Dome
Figure: Plan of parking

7. CONCLUSION
This sport inspires young people and heralds a new era for community development
linked to sport, and maximizes the social, economic and environmental benefits for
future generation. As cricket is a combination of physical fitness and way of
balancing mind that is the vital component of life from the ancient human civilization.
Cricket is very essential sport to develop the country prosperity, to bring together the
country to a place and maintain discipline in people. It generates feeling of
nationalism towards a place, a zone, a region and to a country. Thus, the need of
stadium has been felt to promote cricket and also train the players which can uplift the
standard of the players. This sport can cater national and international meet which can
develop tourism of Nepal. The stadium itself can be landmark of the nation,
furthermore developing tourism of Nepal.
Kathmandu, Mulpani is dynamic and growing tourism industry. Through cricket and
other sports, Mulpani can attract a larger share of the global tourism market. Very big
numbers of people participate on this kind of game, so mass transit transportation
facilities are must. Along with the stadium the necessity facilities and proper
arrangement of all activities has to come all together. Thus, Kathmandu can be the
place to organize the games in current context.
Therefore, in conclusion, all the necessary guidelines for the design of international
cricket stadium are followed by me throughout the design process. With the reference
from literature and case studies, the mentioned requirements are fulfilled in this
project. We must realize the potential of our nation and harness the energy to make
Mulpani’s dream of a cricket stadium, a reality.

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 John, Geraint & Sheard, Rod (2007), Stadia- A Design and Development Guide
 Chiara, Joseph De and Callender, John Time Saver Standards for Building Types
 Cerver, Francisco Asensio Sport facilities 3
 Cerver, Francisco Asensio Landscape of Recreation I
 Neufert, Earnest Architects’ Data
 Exploring flexibility in stadium design, 2007
 Technical recommendations and requirements, FIFA, 2011
 The Architects’ Handbook, Reprint 2003
 Nepal Sports Council, 2013
 Cricket Association of Nepal, 2013
 Websites:
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_field
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_in_Nepal
 http://www.asiancricket.org/index.php/news/february-2013/2605
 http://www.sultanahmet1.com/ahmet/at-meydani/
 http://www.greeceathensaegeaninfo.com/h-ancient-greek-theaters.htm)
 http://www.touropia.com/roman-amphitheaters/
 http://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Patterson/html/Patterson18/Patter
son1872.html
 http://www.worldcupnepal.blogspot.com/2013/06/its-time-for-new-
stadium.html#!
 http://www.gopetition.com/petitions/we-need-cricket-stadium-in-
mulpani.html
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadia
 http://www.jstedesign.co.uk
 http://www.altiusdirectory.com
 http://www.e-architect.co.uk/stadium_buildings.htm
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_roof
 http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs513.html
 http://www.conservationtechnology.com/greenroof.html
 http://www.greenrooftechnology.com/greenroof-system
 http://www.nationalprecast.com.au/members_products/buildings/colu
mns_and_beams/

APPENDIX

3D VIEWS
BIRD’S EYE VIEW (NORTH-WEST) BIRD’S EYE VIEW (SOUTH-EAST)
NORTH-WEST VIEW
NORTH-EAST VIEW

3D VIEWS
SOUTH-EAST VIEW
SOUTH-WEST VIEW
GRAND STAND VIEW
STADIUM ROOF
DETAIL

3D VIEWS
PLAZAS VIEW (NORTH)
MAIN ENTRANCE
PLAZA
ENTRANCE OF STADIUM
PLAZAS
PLAZA

3D VIEWS
PARKING UNDER-ROOF
VIEW FROM RESTAURANT VIEW RESTAURANT
BUS AND DISABLED PARKING
DORMITORY AREA SECURITY AREA

MODEL PHOTOGRAPHS

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INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM

Signature of the Student:

Here, I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor

I also express my gratitude towards Khwopa Engineering College and Department of

1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ................................................................................ 1

2.4 SPECTATORS ....................................................................................................................... 13

iv. Players box ........................................................................................................................ 24

iii. Players’ pavilion ............................................................................................................... 36

5. PROGRAM FORMULATION ................................................................................................. 49

Figure 37: Soil profile of the ground .................................................................................................... 23

Figure 92: Reception area ..................................................................................................................... 39

1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.1 Cricket History

THESIS 2014 Prasansa Sakha- 2065 Batch Page 1

1.2 Stadium History

Figure 1: Plan and section of ancient stadia

Figure 3: Greek theatre- Delphi

THESIS 2014 Prasansa Sakha- 2065 Batch Page 2

c. The Nineteenth Century

d. The Twentieth Century

THESIS 2014 Prasansa Sakha- 2065 Batch Page 3

1.3 Forms of stadium from 20th century to 21st century

Figure 5: Amphitheatre- Colosseum (Source: Exploring flexibility in stadium design, 2007)

1.4 Cricket in Nepal

THESIS 2014 Prasansa Sakha- 2065 Batch Page 4

S.N. Types of Team

2. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES)

THESIS 2014 Prasansa Sakha- 2065 Batch Page 5

Figure 7: Study methodology

THESIS 2014 Prasansa Sakha- 2065 Batch Page 6

ii. Cricket ground measurements

Figure 8: Cricket pitch dimensions

iii. Types of cricket matches

v. Sightscreen Figure 10: Scoreboard

A movable structure with a large flat surface

bowled ball. Sightscreens are traditionally white, Figure 11: Sightscreen

THESIS 2014 Prasansa Sakha- 2065 Batch Page 8

2.2 PRE-CONSTRUCTION DECISION

ii. Playing field and pitch orientation

THESIS 2014 Prasansa Sakha- 2065 Batch Page 9

iii. Environmental compatibility of stadium site

iv. Community relation

iii. Security zones

THESIS 2014 Prasansa Sakha- 2065 Batch Page 10

Figure 14: Zoning diagram

Figure 16: Principal relationships at the

THESIS 2014 Prasansa Sakha- 2065 Batch Page 11

v. Entry and emergency exit timing

Figure 19: Entry and emergency exit timing

vi. Crowd control

Figure 20: Cat’s cradle

 Additional space at all entrances to (or exits from) toilets, eating/drinking

viii. Vertical circulation elements

THESIS 2014 Prasansa Sakha- 2065 Batch Page 13

 For leg-room, a minimum distance of 80cm from backrest to backrest is

Figure 22: Seating layout dimensions

THESIS 2014 Prasansa Sakha- 2065 Batch Page 14

Use of ‘super riser’ to ensure that spectators in

iii. Cover for spectators )

 A roof over all spectators is desirable.

iv. VVIPs and VIP facilities

 Luxury restaurants and requirements, FIFA, 2011)

THESIS 2014 Prasansa Sakha- 2065 Batch Page 16