Final Report Indoor Sports Comple (Atul Kusma)

INDOOR SPORTS COMPLEX
AT BHAKTAPUR
(Complex anchored with training facility)
BY:
ATUL KUSMA
CRN (740107)
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Architecture
Purbanchal University
KHWOPA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
Libali, Bhaktapur, Nepal
August 2023
ABSTRACT
The proposal of this project is to establish a state-of-the-art training facility that introduces
innovative sports complex designs, aiming to promote a sports-oriented culture in the city and
lay the foundation for the development of sports infrastructure to enhance the overall
progress of sports in the country. This large-scale project serves as inclusive approach to
improving the quality of sports infrastructure and education within the city. The proposed
indoor sports complex is anticipated to be a significant undertaking in the development of
sports architecture. The site for the project is chosen at Sukunaphat (Bhaktapur), outskirts of
the core area. The goal was to develop the infrastructure for sports. As there is no standard
infrastructure for games like Badminton, Basketball, Volleyball (i.e., National game),
Taekwondo, Karate in the country, the theme of this Indoor sports Complex is to
accommodate regional players as well as hosting venue for the above-mentioned games.
The Indoor sports complex is designed to provide a comprehensive training facility and a
versatile venue that includes a 5000-capacity indoor stadium with a versatile approach. The
complex offers a range of multi-sport facilities and training options, along with a stadium,
accommodation units, fitness center, and seminar hall.
The indoor sports complex project is anticipated to serve as a significant endeavor in the
advancement of sports architecture within the city, establishing Sukunaphat (Bhaktapur) as a
thriving hub for both stadiums and training complexes. Therefore, this indoor sports complex
incorporates various potential solutions that encompass not only the physical improvement of
sporting infrastructure but also the inclusive provision of sports facilities and the optimal
utilization of available space.
Atul Kusma (740107)

Department of Architecture
Khwopa Engineering College
DECLARATION
I affirm that this thesis has not been previously acknowledged as a substantial component of
any prior academic qualification, and it is not being simultaneously presented for any other
degree. I affirm that this thesis is the outcome of my personal and autonomous research,
except where explicitly mentioned. I hereby grant permission for my thesis to be photocopied
and recognize that any mention or citation from my thesis will be appropriately credited.
Atul Kusma
RN: 740107
PU. Reg. No 035-3-2-02387-2017
August, 2023
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This thesis project has been a deeply personal endeavor for me, and I have found the process
of working on it to be highly productive. This is largely thanks to the many discussions,
critiques, research, and site visits that I have undertaken.
I feel fortunate to have had the guidance and encouragement of my supervisor, Ar. Sakar
Shrestha, who has been both a strong advisor and a source of inspiration. He has given me
the freedom to pursue my own ideas and has provided me with the guidance I needed to
overcome challenges and is still helping in my thesis.
Through the report I would also like to express my gratitude to all those who have supported
me directly or indirectly throughout this process. Their help, guidance, and encouragement
have been invaluable to me, and I will always remember their contributions with
appreciation.
Atul Kusma (740107)

Department of Architecture
Khwopa Engineering College
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Project Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. International Background............................................................................................................. 2
1.3. History of sports in Nepal ............................................................................................................. 2
1.4. National Background ................................................................................................................... 3
1.5. Problem Statement ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.6. Project Objective .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.7. Scope ............................................................................................................................................ 6
1.8. Benefits ........................................................................................................................................ 7
1.9. Project justification ...................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 9
2.1. General planning requirement ...................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1. Location ................................................................................................................................ 9
2.1.2. Orientation ............................................................................................................................ 9
2.1.3. Zoning ................................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.4. Crowd control ..................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.5. Circulation........................................................................................................................... 11
2.2. Spectator requirements............................................................................................................... 15
2.2.1. Spectator capacity ............................................................................................................... 15
2.2.2. Cover for spectators ............................................................................................................ 15
2.2.3. Seating accommodation ...................................................................................................... 15
2.2.4. Spectators' seating ............................................................................................................... 16
2.2.4.1. Seating types .................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.4.2. Seat materials, finishes and colors ................................................................................... 17
2.2.4.3. Seat fixings....................................................................................................................... 18
2.2.4.4. Safety ............................................................................................................................... 18
2.2.5. Private viewing and facilities .............................................................................................. 19
...................................................................................................................................................... 19
2.2.6. Viewing angles and sightlines............................................................................................. 20
2.2.7. Provision of Toilets ............................................................................................................. 21
2.3. Players and officials requirement ............................................................................................... 22
2.3.1. Access to the pitch .............................................................................................................. 22
2.3.2. Player and official requirements ......................................................................................... 22
2.3.2.1. Access to dressing room .................................................................................................. 22
2.3.2.2. Coaches offices ................................................................................................................ 23
2.3.2.3. Referees' area ................................................................................................................... 23
2.3.2.4. Medical Examination Room for Players and Referees .................................................... 24
2.3.2.5. Doping testing room......................................................................................................... 24
2.4. Press and media facilities ........................................................................................................... 24
2.5. Planning for handicapped .......................................................................................................... 25
2.6. Sports covered hall complex ...................................................................................................... 27
2.6.1 Five Court Hall ..................................................................................................................... 27
2.6.2.2. Planning ........................................................................................................................... 28
2.6.2.3. The sports hall .................................................................................................................. 30
2.6.2.4. Indoor pitches................................................................................................................... 32
2.7. Health and fitness ....................................................................................................................... 36
2.7.1. Gym hall.............................................................................................................................. 36
2.7.2. Sauna ................................................................................................................................... 36
2.8 Roofing Structure ........................................................................................................................ 37
2.9. Services ...................................................................................................................................... 41
2.9.1. Lighting ............................................................................................................................... 41
2.9.2. Ventilation........................................................................................................................... 42
2.9.3. Acoustic .............................................................................................................................. 43
2.9.4. Water supply and drainage services .................................................................................... 43
2.10. Parking ..................................................................................................................................... 43
2.10.1. General layout of parking ................................................................................................. 43
2.10.2. Parking lots and circulation............................................................................................... 44
2.12. Others ....................................................................................................................................... 47
2.12.1. Restaurant ......................................................................................................................... 47
2.12.3. Food court ......................................................................................................................... 47
2.12.4. Landscaping ...................................................................................................................... 48
CHAPTER 3: NATIONAL CASE STUDIES ...................................................................................... 49
3.1. Dasarath Stadium Covered Hall ................................................................................................. 49
3.1.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 49
3.1.2. Zoning of Covered Hall ...................................................................................................... 49
3.1.3. Architectural and functional features: .................................................................................. 50
3.1.4. Structural details: ................................................................................................................ 52
3.1.5. Case Study Analysis............................................................................................................ 53
3.2. Pokhara Stadium ........................................................................................................................ 54
3.2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 54
3.2.2. Pokhara Multipurpose Covered Hall ................................................................................... 54
3.2.3. Access ................................................................................................................................. 55
3.2.4. The Covered Hall ................................................................................................................ 55
3.2.5. Rooms Placement:............................................................................................................... 55
3.2.6. Covered Hall & Parapet: ..................................................................................................... 55
3.2.7. Exit Doors ........................................................................................................................... 57
3.2.8. Clearance............................................................................................................................. 57
3.2.9. Construction ........................................................................................................................ 57
3.2.10. Case Study Analysis.......................................................................................................... 58
CHAPTER 4: INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES .......................................................................... 59
4.1. San Wayao Community Sports Center (Archdaily) ................................................................... 59
4.1. 1. Project Introduction............................................................................................................ 59
4.1.2. Description .......................................................................................................................... 59
4.1.3. Design Concept ................................................................................................................... 60
4.1.4. Program ............................................................................................................................... 60
4.1.5. Structure / Space ................................................................................................................. 61
4.1.6. Orientation .......................................................................................................................... 61
4.1.7. Inference drawn................................................................................................................... 63
4.2. Richmond Olympic Oval ........................................................................................................... 64
4.2.1. Project Introduction............................................................................................................. 64
4.2.2. Design Concept ................................................................................................................... 64
4.2.3. Design approach.................................................................................................................. 65
4.2.4. Roof Structure ..................................................................................................................... 66
4.2.5. Fire Safety ........................................................................................................................... 66
4.2.6. Sports Hall .......................................................................................................................... 66
4.2.7. Facilities .............................................................................................................................. 67
4.2.8. Inference drawn................................................................................................................... 67
CHAPTER 5: SITE ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................... 68
5.1 General Site Information ............................................................................................................. 68
5.1.1 Access and Approach ........................................................................................................... 69
5.2 Physical Features ........................................................................................................................ 69
5.3 Infrastructure and services .......................................................................................................... 70
5.4 Climatic factors ........................................................................................................................... 70
Average day and night temperature .................................................................................................. 70
Average monthly hours of sunshine in Bhaktapur ................................................................................ 70
(Weather and Climate ) ......................................................................................................................... 71
Average humidity in Bhaktapur ............................................................................................................ 71
Average wind speed in Bhaktapur ........................................................................................................ 72
5.5 Site Surrounding ......................................................................................................................... 72
5.5.1 Educational Institutes ........................................................................................................... 73
5.5.2 Bus Parks ............................................................................................................................. 73
...................................................................................................................................................... 73
5.5.3 Health Centers ...................................................................................................................... 74
5.5.4 Security ................................................................................................................................ 74
5.5.5 Governmental Offices .......................................................................................................... 74
5.5.6 Hotels ................................................................................................................................... 74
5.6 Survey in Site ............................................................................................................................... 75
5.7 Bye Laws .................................................................................................................................... 75
5.8 SWOT Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 76
CHAPTER 6: Program Formulation ..................................................................................................... 77
6.1 Administrative Block .................................................................................................................. 77
6.2 Number of Players and Coaches ................................................................................................. 79
6.3 Player and Coach Accommodation Block .................................................................................. 79
6.3 Training Hall ............................................................................................................................... 80
6.4. Multipurpose Sports Hall ........................................................................................................... 82
6.5 Cafeteria ...................................................................................................................................... 85
6.6 Parking ........................................................................................................................................ 86
6.7 Seminar Hall ............................................................................................................................... 87
CHAPTER 7: DESIGN CONCEPT AND DEVELOPMENT ............................................................. 88
7.1 Design Concept ........................................................................................................................... 88
.............................................................................................................................................................. 89
.............................................................................................................................................................. 89
7.2 Design Development ................................................................................................................... 93
7.2.1 Design Development Phase 1 .............................................................................................. 93
...................................................................................................................................................... 93
...................................................................................................................................................... 93
.............................................................................................................................................................. 95
7.2.5 Master Plan .......................................................................................................................... 96
7.2.6 Floor Plans ........................................................................................................................... 98
7.2.6.1 Main Hall .......................................................................................................................... 98
7.2.6.2 Training Hall ................................................................................................................... 100
7.2.6.3 Backup Building ............................................................................................................. 100
7.2.6.4 Seminar Hall, Administration, Cafeteria, Gym and Accommodation Building ............. 101
7.2.7 Sustainability Features in the Project: ................................................................................ 102
7.2.7.1 Water efficiency: Rain Water Harvesting ....................................................................... 102
7.2.7.2 Solar Panel on roof.......................................................................................................... 102
7.2.8 Services .............................................................................................................................. 103
7.2.8.1 Water Supply: ................................................................................................................. 103
7.2.8.2Sewarage management:.................................................................................................... 104
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION............................................................................................................ 105
9. BIBLOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................ 106
10. ANNEX......................................................................................................................................... 107
List of Figures
Figure 1: Chart showing achievements in last 5 South Asian games ..................................................... 8
Figure 2: Field play of orientation .......................................................................................................... 9
Figure 3: Safety zone Source: (John, 1994) ........................................................................................... 9
Figure 4: Perimeter ............................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 5: Moats ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 6: Spectator flow from gate to field ........................................................................................... 11
Figure 7: Time exit analysis .................................................................................................................. 13
Figure 8: Colorful color seats................................................................................................................ 17
Figure 9: Types of Seating .................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 10: Seating Safety ...................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 11: Private Viewing Arrangement ............................................................................................. 19
Figure 12: Viewing Standards .............................................................................................................. 20
Figure 13: Viewing quality ................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 14: Schematic relationship between players’ and officials’ facilities, the pitch, and media
facilities. ................................................................................................................................................ 23
Figure 15: Referee area ......................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 16: Doping Test Room .............................................................................................................. 24
Figure 17: Media area ........................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 18: Standard design for ramps ................................................................................................... 25
Figure 19: Standard design for elevators .............................................................................................. 25
Figure 20: Standard design for corridors ............................................................................................. 25
Figure 21: Standard design for rest rooms ............................................................................................ 26
Figure 22: Standard parking requirements ............................................................................................ 26
Figure 23: Court layouts for a nominal 40.6 x 21.35 x 7.5 m five-court hall ....................................... 27
Figure 24: Badminton Standards .......................................................................................................... 32
Figure 25: Basketball Standard ............................................................................................................. 33
Figure 26: Volleyball Standard ............................................................................................................. 34
Figure 27: Karate Standards.................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 28: Function diagram and area requirement of Sauna ............................................................... 36
Figure 29: Environment Friendly Design ............................................................................................. 42
Figure 30: Straight, 45'Oblique, 60 Oblique Parking Spaces ............................................................... 44
Figure 31: Turning Radius Spaces ........................................................................................................ 45
Figure 32: Turning Radius Spaces ........................................................................................................ 45
Figure 33: Master Plan of Dasarath Stadium ........................................................................................ 49
Figure 34: Zoning of Covered Hall ....................................................................................................... 49
Figure 35: Covered Hall........................................................................................................................ 50
Figure 36: Ground Floor Plan of Covered Hall .................................................................................... 50
Figure 37: First Floor Plan of Covered Hall ......................................................................................... 51
Figure 38: Section of Covered Hall ...................................................................................................... 52
Figure 39: Master plan of Pokhara Stadium ......................................................................................... 54
Figure 40: Ground Floor plan of Multipurpose Hall ............................................................................. 55
Figure 41: First Floor plan of Multipurpose Hall ................................................................................. 55
Figure 42: North east and south east Elevation of Multipurpose Hall .................................................. 56
Figure 43: North west and south west Elevation of Multipurpose Hall ................................................ 56
Figure 44: Master Plan of Multipurpose Hall ....................................................................................... 57
Figure 45: Section of Multipurpose Hall .............................................................................................. 57
Figure 46: San Wayao Community Sports Center ................................................................................ 59
Figure 47: Site plan with surrounding................................................................................................... 59
Figure 48: Design concept .................................................................................................................... 60
Figure 49: Program formulation ........................................................................................................... 60
Figure 50: Floor Plans ........................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 51: Section ................................................................................................................................. 61
Figure 52: Elevations ............................................................................................................................ 62
Figure 53: Area Division ...................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 54: Emergency Staircase ........................................................................................................... 63
Figure 55: Courtyard Area .................................................................................................................... 63
Figure 56: Table tennis Hall.................................................................................................................. 63
Figure 57: Badminton Hall ................................................................................................................... 63
Figure 58: Richmond Olympic Oval ..................................................................................................... 64
Figure 59: Axonometric view ............................................................................................................... 64
Figure 60: Ground Floor plan ............................................................................................................... 65
Figure 61: First Floor Plan .................................................................................................................... 65
Figure 62: Longitudinal Section ........................................................................................................... 65
Figure 63: Roof Structure ..................................................................................................................... 66
Figure 64: Basketball courts ................................................................................................................. 66
Figure 65: Shops ................................................................................................................................... 67
Figure 66: Recreational activity (Climbing Wall) ................................................................................ 67
Figure 67: Use of Signage inside the complex ..................................................................................... 67
Figure 68: Proposed Site ....................................................................................................................... 68
Figure 69: Road Access to Site ............................................................................................................. 69
Figure 70: Site ....................................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 71: Vegetation outside the premises of site. .............................................................................. 69
Figure 72: Average min and max temperature...................................................................................... 70
Figure 73: Average monthly sun hours ................................................................................................. 71
Figure 74: Average monthly rainfall in Bhaktapur ............................................................................... 71
Figure 75: Average Humidity ............................................................................................................... 72
Figure 76: Average wind speed ............................................................................................................ 72
Figure 77: Site Surroundings around 2.5 km ........................................................................................ 73
Figure 78: Bar Graph showing the result regarding "Why to building indoor Sports Complex" ......... 75
Figure 79: Pie chart showing the results regarding "Is it good to build Indoor Sports Complex in the
proposed area?" ..................................................................................................................................... 75
Figure 80: Movement of Badminton Player ......................................................................................... 88
Figure 81: Movement of Basketball Player .......................................................................................... 88
Figure 82: Movement of Volleyball Player .......................................................................................... 88
Figure 83: Common Movement of Players ........................................................................................... 89
Figure 84: Transforming in the Plan ..................................................................................................... 89
Figure 85: Option 1 ............................................................................................................................... 89
Figure 86: Zoning ................................................................................................................................. 89
Figure 87: Form Development .............................................................................................................. 89
Figure 88: Tentative master plan (Option 1) ......................................................................................... 90
Figure 89: Tentative master plan (option2)........................................................................................... 91
Figure 90: Option 2 ............................................................................................................................... 91
Figure 91: Tentative Conceptual Master Plan....................................................................................... 92
Figure 92: Development Phase 1 Master plan ...................................................................................... 93
Figure 96: Master Plan .......................................................................................................................... 97
Figure 97: Profile Sections.................................................................................................................... 98
Figure 98: Profile Elevations ................................................................................................................ 98
Figure 99: Multipurpose Hall Plan........................................................................................................ 99
Figure 100: Multipurpose Hall Plan...................................................................................................... 99
Figure 101: Training Hall Plan ........................................................................................................... 100
Figure 102: Backup Building Plan ...................................................................................................... 100
Figure 103: Seminar Hall, Administration, Cafeteria, Gym and Accommodation Building Plan ...... 101
Figure 104: Septic tank ....................................................................................................................... 104
Indoor Sports Complex B. Arch Thesis, 2023
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Project Introduction
Sports Complex is a venue for watching and learning sports. It is the requirement of the
nations for the healthy welfare of the natives as well as for the development of the field of
sports. Sports complex in the present context is more than huge scale architectural piece. The
complex and the great events it encompasses provide the single most important focus of
community or national pride.
An indoor sports complex is a large facility that is designed for indoor sports, fitness, and
recreation activities. Indoor sports complexes may include a variety of different areas and
facilities, such as gymnasiums, weight rooms, cardio areas, indoor tracks, and courts for
sports like basketball, volleyball, and racquetball. Indoor sports complexes also have pools,
and other specialized areas for specific sports or activities.
Indoor sports complexes are typically found in urban or suburban areas, and are often used by
schools, universities, community centers, and other organizations for physical education,
sports practices, and recreational activities. They are also used by professional sports teams
for training and practice. Indoor sports complexes can provide a safe and controlled
environment for sports and fitness activities, and may offer a wide range of programs and
classes to help people of all ages and abilities improve their physical skills and fitness levels.
A sports institute is an organization that is dedicated to the advancement of sports and
athletics. This can include research, training, and education in a particular sport or a range of
sports. Sports institutes can be found at standalone organizations, as part of a larger sports
organization or governing body.
Sports institutes may focus on a particular sport or group of sports, such as track and field,
soccer, or basketball. They may also focus on the overall development of athletes and
coaches, providing resources and support for training and education. Sports institutes may
also conduct research on topics related to sports performance, injury prevention, and other
areas of interest to athletes and coaches.
Sports institutes can provide a range of services to athletes, coaches, and other sports
professionals, including training and development programs, coaching education, athlete
support services, and research and development. They also host events and competitions, and
provide facilities and resources for athletes to train and compete.
Sports training are designed to help athletes perform at their best in a specific sport. The goal
is to increase their performance capabilities and help them reach their maximum potential. To
achieve this, it is important for athletes to have mental strength and be able to handle the
stress and anxiety that can come with competition. The training environment should be
tailored to support the development of these mental skills. The focus of sports training is to
prepare athletes for the various challenges and demands they may face during competition,
and being mentally fit is a crucial component of this preparation.
Atul Kusma Page 1

1.2. International Background

In the present-day scenario, sports have emerged as an established profession providing
lucrative opportunities, as well as serving as a unifying force. International sports events are
now a colossal business that greatly influences the political, economic, and cultural
landscapes of countries across the globe. The nexus between politics and sports can impact
the identity of countries, thereby affecting the world at large. Globalization has fuelled fierce
competition in sports, with events like the FIFA World Cup garnering a massive viewership
of over 700 million people. A.T. Kearney's study estimates that the sports industry's global
value ranges from €350 billion to €450 billion (US$480-$620 billion), encompassing
infrastructure construction, sporting goods, licensed merchandise, and live sporting events.
Source: (NEUPANE, 2018) The Olympics have played a pivotal role in the globalization of
sports, with its symbol being the most recognized and its broadcast being watched globally.
The number of athletes participating in each Olympiad has consistently increased, with the
latest one in 2021 hosting 11,656 athletes from 206 countries, competing in 339 events.
Source: (Nepal Olympic Committee )
1.3. History of sports in Nepal

In Nepal, sports activity had been started only in the mid of 20th century. Athletics and
football was the major games at the time. These types of sports had gained popularity as no
hard and fast rule is required in initial stage and also easily understandable. Football gained
popularity even though the nation did not have a national team. After Rana period 1950 A.D.
football clubs started to emerge.
Nepal Sports Council was established in the 1960's and its main office was at the Singh
Durbar. Due to greater interest and demand one proper sports complex was required which
resulted in the construction of Dasarath Sports Complex in Kathmandu in 2026 B.S. With the
establishment of Nepal Sports Council, and Dasarath Sports Complex various game emerged
in the country which had already gain popularity in outer world. Though some of the martial
arts like taekwondo, karate, etc. was officially register in year 2037-2040 B.S. they were
played illegally in some of the club from 8-10 years back then. Judo was officially introduced
in Nepal in 2040 B.S. But it was played from 2026 B.S. in a Police force.
In the present condition Nepal has only two international Sports Complex which an organize
competition of significance. They are:
 Dasarath Sports Complex
 International Sports Complex
Now-a - days also most of the games like volleyball, martial art events, football, etc. are
played in open, dusty ground and in some multipurpose halls constructed for some other
reasons.
Atul Kusma Page 2

1.4. National Background

In recent times, sports have significantly enhanced Nepal's global standing and reputation.
The sports industry has gained increasing professional significance in the country, with
growing public awareness of its contributions to health, social development, and the national
economy. What was once regarded as mere entertainment has now evolved into an emerging
profession in Nepal, garnering popularity among the masses. The Nepalese actively
participate in numerous sports at both national and international levels. Cricket is the most
popular sport in Nepal, followed by football. Nepal has also taken part in various renowned
international sporting events, including:
Asian Games
Nepal competed at first Asian Games in 1951 at New Delhi and won its first medal at the
event in the 1986 Seoul Games, winning 8 bronze medals. As of 2018, Nepal has won 2 silver
medals and 22 bronze medals at the event. Source: (Nepal Olympic Committee )
South Asian Games
Nepal has competed in every edition of the South Asian Games and has hosted the
event in 1984, 1999 and 2019. As of 2019, Nepal is the fourth-most successful country,
winning 679 medals winning 130 gold medals, 182 silver medals and 367 bronze medals.
Olympics
Nepal made its debut in the Summer Olympics in the 1964 Tokyo Games, and since then, the
country has participated in eleven consecutive Summer Olympics, starting from the 1972
Munich Games. Nepal has also taken part in four Winter Olympic events, debuting at the
2002 Salt Lake City Olympics and last participating in the 2014 Sochi Olympics. Despite its
consistent participation, Nepal is yet to win a medal in any Olympic event as of 2018. Source:
(Nepal Olympic Committee )
Atul Kusma Page 3

1.5. Problem Statement

Nepal has started participating in various international sports competition such as Olympic,
SAARC, SAF, South Asian games and Asian games. Within the country itself frequently
matches are organized. Thus sports have been able to increase its fans and have also become
a source of economy.
However, in Nepal, sport complex are very few. In the valley also there are very few which
are countable in fingers. The sports complex that can be used to organize international
competition are only three namely Dasarath Sports Complex, Birendra International Sports
Complex and National Table tennis hall. But they have only 1-4 sports field or court that can
be used to organize international competition.
Poor infrastructure is a major obstacle for the sports industry in Nepal. The Dasarath
Stadium, built in 1956 and opened to the public in 1958, is the only venue in the country
suitable for hosting international sporting events.
The issues facing the sports sector in Nepal are:
 The lack of quality coaches, proper facilities, and government support has hindered
Nepal's ability to medal in international competitions.
 Poor training and inadequate facilities have resulted in subpar performances by Nepali
athletes in international tournaments.
 Without adequate resources and support, the aspirations of Nepali athletes to succeed
at the Olympics are often dashed.
 Nepal's Olympic team consistently performs poorly and fails to bring home medals.
 The availability of indoor sports complexes outside of the Kathmandu valley is
limited.
In school academy we generally find backwardness in extra curriculum. This is mainly
because of the lack of the field for competition. The national games are also not very
satisfactory because of lack of well-equipped field for practice. Now a day’s people are
becoming more conscious about their health and fitness and space for exercise is very
essential. The space required for these purpose shall be provided by the sports complex.
There is a clear lack of sports complex to host any large scale sporting events in Nepal. There
are no enough venues to host multiple events simultaneously. It was apparent during 8th SAF
Games organized in Kathmandu. The organizing committee had to use covered hall of
Shehenshah hotel in Basundhara for martial art events where there was no space for
spectators. Also city hall was used for weight lifting. There is a designated venue for table
tennis at Lainchour. Covered hall at Lainchour is not up to international standards. Covered
hall at Dashrath Stadium is adequate for host international events but with capacity of a
thousand spectators only, which is not sufficient for large events.
Despite the challenges, the commercialization of sports in Nepal appears to be on the horizon,
thanks in part to the growth and development of various sports over the past two decades,
even with minimal government support. The sport has gained significant popularity in Nepal
since the mid-1990s and has made notable progress in the past 20 years.
One potential approach to improving Nepali sports and the level of sports in the country
could be the creation of “Indoor Sports Complex (Complex anchored with institutional and
training facility)”with well-planned architecture that supports the development of Nepali
athletes and the sport sector as a whole.
Atul Kusma Page 4

1.6. Project Objective

The indoor sports complex seeks to provide a well-designed venue for indoor sports with
ample seating for spectators and necessary facilities, as well as to support and improve the
standard of sports and sportsmanship.
With an aim to fulfill the following listed objectives, Indoor Sports Arena is conceived.
 Creating a space for sports that helps to improve the level of sports in the country and
provides opportunities for athletes to develop their careers, trains young people in the
field of athletics to achieve high levels of physical fitness, and showcases their talent.
 Developing competent, competitive, and talented young people, and providing an
entertainment platform for the youth.
 Fostering interactive behavior among various groups of people.
 Expanding the platform of sports and linking it to the physical and geographical
features of the country.
 Making sports more professional and employment-oriented by increasing investment
in the sector.
 Enhancing the productivity of young people by linking their leisure time with exercise
and entertainment activities.
 Analyze current sports facilities in Nepal and providing a proper plan proper space for
hosting international sporting events
 To encourage public participation in sports and also to promote sports in Nepal to a
wider audience.
Atul Kusma Page 5

1.7. Scope
Sport is an essential part of a development of a country for its sustainability and prosperity.
To achieve such goals, many events related to sports should be conducted. Indoor Sports
Complex in Nepal is not built in a sufficient number and to a sufficient volume as per
spectator’s requirement. None of the project yet developed are decent enough for
international events. The baseline of sporting culture is not yet developed in Nepal. Right
from the ground level, development is needed.
The scope of this thesis project is intended to uplift the sports facilities. Some of the scopes
are as follows:
 Supporting sustainable development
Encouraging economic development and driving investment through the use of modern,
innovative architectural methods.
 Utilizing modern design techniques
An indoor sports complex could incorporate modern architectural techniques and design
elements to create a state-of-the-art facility. This could help to attract visitors and athletes and
improve the overall quality of sports in Nepal.
 Enhancing community physical and mental health
Promoting community wellness by offering opportunities for physical activity and
encouraging active lifestyles. An indoor sports complex could provide opportunities for
physical activity and recreation, helping to improve the physical and mental health of the
local community. It could also encourage active lifestyles and promote healthy habits.
 Facilitating community development
An indoor sports complex could provide valuable public spaces and encourage social
interaction, helping to foster a sense of community and promote social cohesion. It could also
offer other community benefits, such as job creation and economic development.
The intention here is to design an indoor sports complex focusing on indoor games.
Development and construction of indoor sports complexes lead to the overall development of
the sports in a country. Together with the development of national sport great sporting artist
can be developed with the rise of this complex.
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1.8. Benefits
There are many potential benefits of an indoor sports complex in a country, some of which
may include:
 Improving the quality of sports in the country:
An indoor sports complex can provide a state-of-the-art facility for sports training and
competition, helping to improve the overall quality of sports in the country.
 Boosting economic development:
An indoor sports complex can attract visitors and athletes from other countries and
generate economic benefits through increased tourism and investment. It can also
create jobs and stimulate economic growth in the local community.
 Encouraging physical activity and promoting healthy lifestyles:
An indoor sports complex can provide a space for people to engage in physical
activity and recreation, which can help to improve physical health and reduce the risk
of chronic diseases such as obesity and heart disease.
 Promoting sustainability:
An indoor sports complex can be designed with sustainable features such as energy-
efficient lighting and HVAC systems, helping to reduce the environmental impact of
the facility.
 Enhancing community cohesion:
An indoor sports complex can provide a place for people to come together and
socialize, helping to foster a sense of community and promote social interaction.
 Providing valuable public spaces:
An indoor sports complex can serve as a hub for community events and activities,
providing valuable public spaces for people to gather and participate in activities.
The whole society and nation will also be benefited on account that the Indoor Sports
complex will help to create general interest and awareness in promotion of sports.
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1.9. Project justification

Sport has become an important aspect of a country's socio-economic development. Active
participation in sports can improve community health and productivity, reduce medical
expenses, cultivate discipline, produce strong leaders, and strengthen social cohesion. Sports
can bring people together and help them set aside petty disputes, promoting unity within a
nation. The establishment of sports complexes with proper facilities and training across the
country could improve sportsmanship skills. Standardized sports fields and proper training
can motivate players and produce national-level athletes who can represent the country at an
international level. A sports complex with high standards is essential for motivating players
and athletes from all parts of the country. A sports complex could be a step towards
improving sports in Nepal.
Achievements of Nepal in South Asian Game

(SAG)
9th SAG 10th SAG 11th SAG 12th SAG 13thSAG
Gold Silver Bronze Total
Figure 1: Chart showing achievements in last 5 South Asian games

The chart above shows the achievement of Nepal on South Asian games for the last 5
tournaments. According to the chart we are achieving the medals in ascending order. If we
provide a proper complex with proper facility and infrastructure then we can bring more
medals not only in South Asian but in future also in the Olympics. Hence this project is to
create an advanced training facility by exploring new indoor sports complex typologies to
spread the sporting culture in the city and initiate the way for developing sports infrastructure
that aids overall development of sports of the country. This large-scale project will act as an
urban endeavor, embodying an all-encompassing approach to enhance the standard of sports
infrastructure and education in the city, and ultimately contribute to the development of
sports across the country. The proposed indoor sports complex is anticipated to be a
significant initiative in the development of sports architecture for the city, facilitating the
overall growth of sports. The project aims to promote an inclusive approach towards the
advancement of the quality of sports infrastructure, enabling the city to establish itself as a
sports hub.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review is must in any project so as to know and gather the required information
and data related to the topic. Several books, reports, journals on this subject were studied to
get adequate knowledge about the project and to develop a concept about the project. It helps
to carry out a comprehensive study that would help in the program formulation and design
phase.
2.1. General planning requirement
2.1.1. Location
 In relation to the town planning, sports ground must fit well with local topography
 Proper transportation facilities with easy accessible It shouldn't be in the core city
 The area should have sufficient provision for future expansion
 Environmental consideration must be taken regarding microclimate
2.1.2. Orientation
Great care must be taken regarding the angle of the playing field in relation to the sun and the
prevailing weather conditions. But for the indoor closed stadia, orientation can be adjusted
according to need.
 Playing field should be oriented North-West to South-East to protect from the direct
glare to the players.
 A North-South field orientation is often considered
ideal but more sophisticated analysis has resulted an
angle equal to the average direction of the sun at half
time in an afternoon game
 Angle of the playing field should be in relation to the
sun and the prevailing weather conditions
 Match participants, spectators and media
representative must be protected from the glare of Figure 2: Field play of orientation
the sun.
Source: (John, 1994)
2.1.3. Zoning
The next priority is to plan the position of stadium on the site and to
plan the interrelationship of its major parts and identifying the five
zones which make up the safety plan. The size and location of these
zones are critical to the performance of the stadium in an emergency,
and they are:
 Zone One: Outside the sports ground
 Zone one: The playing field.
 Zone two: The spectator seating and standing areas.
 Zone three: The internal concourses, restaurants, bars,
Figure 3: Safety zone
etc
 Zone four: The circulation area between the stadium
structure and the perimeter fence.
 Zone five: The open space outside the perimeter fence
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2.1.4. Crowd control

There are three commonly-used design techniques for separating the activity area from the
spectators: perimeter fences and moats.
Perimeter fences
Advantages
There are two good reasons for having a
perimeter fence between spectators and pitch.
The first is protection of players and officials
from hostile spectators. The second is the
protection of a natural grass pitch surface from
compaction of the subsoil by spectators' feet.
Disadvantages
Figure 4: Perimeter
Most fences are an obstruction to proper viewing
of the game, and usually are unsightly. In cases Source: (John, 1994)
of mass panic on the stands or escape from fire,
the playing field is an obvious zone of safety and an intervening fence which prevents people
from reaching it can create a death trap.
Moats
Advantages
It is relatively easy to design the pitch side of a
moat to be unclimbable and also to police a moat
with security staff so that crowd invasion is easily
controlled. The moat may serve a further purpose
in providing a circulation route around the
stadium for three groups of people:
 Officials and security staff needing to gain
quick and easy access to some part of the Figure 5: Moats
viewing stands
 Ambulances and emergency vehicles
 The media
The major advantage of the moat is that the crowd control and other functions listed above
can be achieved inconspicuously and without impeding the view of spectators to the field. Its
aesthetic qualities are therefore far superior to those of a perimeter fence.
Disadvantages
Use of a moat will increase the distance between the playing field and the spectators. For this
reason moats may be more appropriate to larger stadia, where an additional 2.5m or 3m will
be a relatively modest fraction of the overall dimensions involved.
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2.1.5. Circulation
Circulation planning design has two main objects: the comfort and the safety of occupants.
Comfort
People should be able to find their way to their seats (or to toilets or catering facilities, or
back to the exits) easily, without getting lost or confused. In addition, they should be able to
move about with pleasure, not being jostled in overcrowded spaces, having to climb
excessively steep stairs, or risk losing their footing as they negotiate the many changes of
level.
Safety
Safety requires maintenance of all the above desirable characteristics in panic conditions -
when, for example, hundreds (perhaps thousands) of spectators are fleeing in fear of a fire, an
outbreak of violence in the crowd, or some other real or imagined danger. Even better,
preventive measures should minimize the risk of such situations arising in the first place. This
should preferably be achieved by skillful design, so that people want to go where they have to
be in the stadium and are not made to go there.
Figure 6: Spectator flow from gate to field
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Access
Number of gates
There are several ways of allowing spectators, but most falls into the two broad categories of
gates and turnstiles. Gates are cheap, and an open gate of a meter's width can allow
approximately 4000 spectators to pass through per hour whereas turnstiles are expensive and
will only pass through 500 to 750 spectators per hour.
Location of gates
The location of entrance gates in the perimeter barrier will depend on three factors which
may to some degree conflict with each other, requiring an early decision on priorities:
To avoid congestion entrances should be spaced at regular intervals around the
circumference.
If mutually hostile fans must be kept apart it is again desirable for entrances to be widely
separated.
But management may want entrances to be grouped closely together for convenience of
staffing and security.
Private entrances
These entrances are for players, VIPs, directors, sponsors and the media. They should be
close to a special VIP parking area, with a sheltered connecting route, and should be well
separated from the public entrances. Access should be by open gate rather than turnstile, with
a higher level of security staff present, and lead to a secure route all the way to the seat.
Emergency service access

These access points must be Country Time (min)
stewarded constantly and will be
UK <=8
opened only in exceptional
circumstances. They should Italy 5-Seating place
connect directly between the
stadium interior and the public 5-Entire building
road network for fast and China 6-8
unimpeded ingress and egress by
ambulances, fire engines or other FIFA <=8
emergency service vehicles.
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Stairs
Stairs have the advantage of being the most compact vertical circulation method, in plan, and
consequently the easiest to design into a scheme. But they have the disadvantage of being
arguably more dangerous than ramps in an emergency situation. They should be planned in
pairs if at all possible, the two stairs preferably sharing a common landing so that there is
always an alternative route available should one of the stairs become blocked. Maximum
gradients will depend on the local building regulations, which must be consulted, but would
normally be around 33 degrees. Within the prescribed limits a steep angle is actually an
advantage as it allows a fast descent and rapid emptying.
Staircase width (m) = Number of spectators
Emptying time (s) x 1.25
Figure 7: Time exit analysis
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Ramps
Ramps have become popular recently and are used extensively. They have several
advantages:
 Spectators are less likely to lose their footing on a ramp than on a stair, and if they do
stumble or fall the consequences will be less serious than on a stair.
Ramps are an ideal method of allowing service vehicles to move from level to level. This
eases the problems of large-scale stock, catering or retailing provision, and of refuse removal.
Ramps also allow easy passage for wheelchairs, and for transporting sick or injured
spectators to the exits during events.
Circular ramps have particular advantages:
 Because the slope down a circular ramp will vary according to the line of descent
taken, pedestrians are given a certain amount of freedom to select either a steeper,
faster route near the center, or a shallower, easier route near the perimeter.
 The view walking along a circular ramp is less forbidding than a long straight ramp.
 Whilst a straight ramp must have landings at intervals, a circular ramp need not -
though this needs to be carefully checked against national and local regulations. The
latter often do require mid landings for reasons of safety and convenience for disabled
people and wheelchair users.
For all the above reasons ramps are a safe, convenient and increasingly popular way of
moving large numbers of people to different levels, and circular ramps is the most common
form.
The disadvantage of ramps is their size. Since the maximum gradient is 1:12 their internal
circumference works out at no less than 35 to 45 m. This makes a ramp a very awkward
element to absorb into the site area, and difficult to handle elegantly from the architectural
point of view. The corners of the stadium are the most usual position and visually successful.
Maximum gradient will be determined by the local building regulations, but should in the
authors' view not exceed 1:12. Minimum width will be determined by the calculation, subject
to local building regulations. Finishes, provision of handrails and lighting design may be
influenced by the local building regulations, which should be checked.
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2.2. Spectator requirements

2.2.1. Spectator capacity
The establishment of maximum seating capacity should be carefully evaluated prior to start
of design. The capacity depends upon the use and population. The nature of the potential
audience (income, spending habits and recreational preferences) must also be analyzed. In
case where an overall construction budget has become fixed prior to any physical planning
this alone may establish the maximum capacitv.
Possibly, the most relevant factor in determination of maximum capacity is that of optimum
viewing distance. The limitations of normal visual acuity make any seating falling outside a
radius of 200ft. from the center of field increasingly marginal. For major international
matches a stadium should seat at least 30,000 people.Attracting VIPs, or customers who are
willing to pay much more than the average ticket price, is essential to sustain the sport
complex financially. So, significant local research should be conducted into the appropriate
category of seating types, VIP, services for the best facilities.
Table 1: Seating configuration
Capacity Seating configuration

Up to 10000 10 -15 in single tier
10000 - 20000 15 -20 rows in single tier
20000 - 50000 Up to 50 rows in 2 tires
30000 - 50000 < 50 rows in 3 – 4 tires
2.2.2. Cover for spectators

 A roof over all spectators is particularly desirable.
 Roof should be made available to all spectators for at least a certain period of the
game.
 In an age when homes, workplaces, cars and many sporting and entertainment
facilities are comfortably heated and air conditioned, it seems likely that more
spectators will ask for similar conditions in spectators' space
 A retractable roof can be adopted which may be left open whenever weather
conditions make it desirable.
2.2.3. Seating accommodation

All spectators should be provided with seats. Standing viewing areas and benches of any kind
should not be provided under any circumstances. Seating design is a matter of reconciling
four major factors: comfort, safety, robustness and economy.
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Comfort
The degree of comfort required depends partly on the seating time for that particular sport.
The longer the spectator must sit in one position the more comfortable the seats must be.
Comfort costs money, but it also helps attract the customers without whose support the
stadium cannot succeed.
No easy rules can be given for the trade-off between comfort and cost that must be
undertaken in each stadium design, except to say that the worldwide trend is towards higher
comfort rather than lower cost
2.2.4. Spectators' seating

Space required for spectator:
 0.5 X 0.4-0.45m per seat (including adjacent circulation area.
 0.45m X 0.8m/seat (w/circulation).
 Gangways - dog legged are preferred and are sunk 1-2cm below adjacent to the
terrace
 Normally, 28 seats a row with 2 gangways at ends are designed
 No seat further 30m from an exit must be kept in considered.
2.2.4.1. Seating types

Bench seats
Modern bench seats consist of lengths of molded metal or plastic with individual seat indents,
and are usually fixed to the concrete terrace by means of a metal under frame to give the
correct height. They are cheap and robust and take up less space than any other kind.
However these seats are not com for table and should be used only in the cheapest admission
areas, if at all. If they are used corrosion and decay prevention must be very carefully
considered.
Bucket seats with backs
The advantages of bucket seats are low cost, easy cleaning and are more comfortable.
However, they have the disadvantage of requiring much more space than any other seat type
except for fixed seats with backs.
Tip-up seats
These cost more than any of the above types, and are less robust, but they are rapidly
becoming the most widely-used seating type. They are comfortable, and even it non-
upholstered when first installed they can be upgraded later. Tipping up the seat allows easy
passage of spectators, police, stewards or first-aid assistants, making for greater safety, and It
also facilitates cleaning around and beneath the seat. It is recommended that the seat should
be counterweighted (or perhaps sprung) to tip up automatically when not in use; and that
moving parts should not have metal-to-metal contact, so that the pivoting action is not
degraded by corrosion.
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Retractable and movable seats

Retractable or temporary demountable seats are quite widely used to be adapted to a variety
of purposes. It should be noted here that if such seats are used they should not interfere with
the sightlines or otherwise reduce the viewing standards of the fixed seating tiers.
2.2.4.2. Seat materials, finishes and colors
Materials
Seating materials must be weather-resistant, robust and comfortable. They may include
aluminum and certain timbers, but the most popular materials nowadays are plastics -
polypropylene (the most widely used), polyethylene, nylon, PVC or glass reinforced plastic.
These are easily moldable to comfortable shapes, and many colors are available.
Finishes
The plastic seats themselves are self-
finished, but their metal frames must
receive an applied tinish to give adequate
life expectancy. We believe that the useful
life of a seat assembly should be expected
to be approximately 20 years. As to
specific types of finish, an electrostatically
coated nylon powder finish is acceptable
only where seats are sheltered from the
elements; hot-dip galvanizing is suitable
for seat frames exposed to the weather;
while the best protection of all is probably
given by electrostatically coated nylon Figure 8: Colorful color seats
powder on grit-blasted, hot-dip
galvanizing.
Colors
Colors are important and can assist the management to build color coded blocks into the
seating pattern and match that pattern to the ticketing system. The color of the seat is also a
major factor in the ambience of the stadium when it is partially empty. An alternative
approach is to use a varied pattern of colors giving the effect of a number of seated people.
This helps to reduce the feeling of emptiness when there are only a few spectators.
Atul Kusma Page 17

2.2.4.3. Seat fixings

There are three basic types of seat
fixing. They are:
Tread fixing
The frame rests on, and is bolted to,
the terrace floor.
Nose fixing
The frame or seat rests on, and is
bolted to, the front edge of the terrace
tread. This may be an easy
modification to an existing terrace
Figure 9: Types of Seating
where the spectators sat directly on
the concrete. Source: (John, 1994)
Riser fixing
The frame is bolted to the front face of the terrace riser, leaving the tread clear.
2.2.4.4. Safety
The absolutely essential requirement is to
maintain a clear seat way to allow the
movement of spectators along the seat row.
The minimum recommended dimension is
400mm and this may be reduced to 305mm
where there are only 7 seats In a row served
by a gangway on one side, or 14 seats
where there is a gangway on both sides.
The bigger the seat way the better and there
are many factors to be considered.
They are:
 Police and stewards may be Figure 10: Seating Safety
required to physically remove a
spectator. The greater the likelihood
of unruliness in the crowd, the more important a wide seaway becomes.
 First-aid personnel may be required to carry out a spectator who is unwell.
 Cleaners may have to move along the rows, often with large garbage sacks.
 Wider seat ways allow spectators to get out and buy from the concessions more
easily.
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2.2.5. Private viewing and facilities

An important early decision with private viewing facilities of all kinds is whether the people
in these areas should see the match from behind a fixed glass wall. The preferred solution is
to locate private enclosures boxes with seats in the well ot the stadium, outside the building
enclosure, and to locate the hospitality and other facilities behind these, shielded by glass.
However, climatic and security aspects have to be taken into depending on the location.
Figure 11: Private Viewing Arrangement
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2.2.6. Viewing angles and sightlines

With the advent of all - seater stadiums the standard of view to be achieved has become much
more important, in that the spectator should not feel the need to stand at key stages in the
game to get a satisfactory view of the action. This is established by means of the sight-line
calculation, which would generate a typical profile for the seating tier.
The factors affecting the calculation of the riser height (N) for the seating tier are:
N= riser height
R = height between eye and the 'point of focus' (The point of focus is often the near
touchline)
D = horizontal distance from the eye to point of
C = 'C value (standard of view)
T = depth of seating row
(The Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds, published by The Stationery Office, outlines
minimum requirements for seat widths and seating row depths).
A worked example to calculate the required riser height for a given 'C' value is given below,
using the expression: on the playing field focus Y.
Figure 12: Viewing Standards
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Quality of vision is improved by increasing the height of seats above pitch level; and by
bringing the seats closer to the pitch.
Figure 13: Viewing quality

Figure 2.2.6(b): Viewing quality
2.2.7. Provision of Toilets

Toilets may be needed for several individual types of user in addition to those for the mass of
spectators.
Table 2: Washroom Provision
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2.3. Players and officials requirement

Every stadium must provide facilities for the participants in the events held at the venue.
There must be direct access between players' changing facilities and the service road outside.
This road will be used by coaches conveying teams to and from the stadium, and also by
ambulances. The service road should give access to the team entrance, and also to the playing
area so that injured players can be reached quickly and easily by ambulances.
2.3.1. Access to the pitch

There must also be direct, protected access between players' changing rooms and the pitch. At
events where players and referees may be subject to attack by the crowd, safety requirements
are stringent. Football matches in countries with strong traditions of team loyalty fall into this
category. Each of the teams' dressing rooms and the referees' dressing room should have its
own corridor for access to the pitch. These corridors may join up near the exit to the playing
area.
The point where the players and the referees enter the playing area, which ideally should be
at the center line and on the same side as the VIP box, press stand and administrative offices,
must be protected by means of a fireproof telescopic tunnel extending into the playing area
far enough to prevent the risk of injury to the match participants caused by spectators. There
should be no possibility of public or media interference at any point within the corridors or
security tunnels.
2.3.2. Player and official requirements

Corridor and door widths should be generous, because these are busy areas on a match day:
1.2m is a minimum width, and 1.5m preferable. Good ventilation is essential to prevent
condensation, as well as a heating and/or cooling system in the changing areas depending on
local climate and seasons of play. The whole area should be secure against unauthorized
entry, inaccessible to the public and the media, and have direct, protected access to the pitch.
2.3.2.1. Access to dressing room

There should be a private, protected area which can be accessed by the team busses, cars and
ambulance, from which the match participants can enter or leave the stadium safely, away
from the public, media and any unauthorized people. It should be equipped with bench
seating clothes hanging facilities or lockers, a refrigerator, a tactical demonstration board, a
telephone. Massage or treatment area should be separated form, and immediately adjacent to,
the dressing space. Toilet and sanitary facilities should be immediately adjacent to and with
direct private access from the dressing room. There should be at least 2 separate rooms with
minimum size of 150 m each.
Atul Kusma Page 22

Figure 14: Schematic relationship between players’ and officials’ facilities, the pitch, and media
facilities.
2.3.2.2. Coaches offices

It should be adjacent to the teams' dressing room. There should be 2 rooms of minimum
24m'. It should have showers, lockers, a whiteboard and telephone facilities.
2.3.2.3. Referees' area

It should be in the main grandstand and should have direct, protected access to the playing
area and be inaccessible to the public and the media. It should be separate from, but close to
the teams' dressing room. Its minimum size should be 24m~ with clothes hanging facilities,
lockers, table for at least 4 people. A modern stadium should provide equal, separate area for
both sexes. Therefore, one area for five referees and one area for two referees should be
provided, both with the requisite washing facilities.
Figure 15: Referee area
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2.3.2.4. Medical Examination Room for Players and Referees

In the dressing room area and as close to the teams' dressing rooms and the playing field as
possible, with easy access to the outside entrance. The doors and corridors leading to this
room should be wide enough to allow access for stretchers and wheelchairs. And it should
have easy access to the outside entrance directly to emergency vehicles. It should be of
Minimum size of 50 m2.
2.3.2.5. Doping testing room

It comprises a waiting room, a working room and
washing facilities, all adjoining. It should be near
the teams' and referees' dressing room and
inaccessible to the public and the media. Minimum
size: 20 m2 (including toilet, working room and
waiting room). 2.3.2.6. Warm-up area
Outdoor
These area should have a grass surface (artificial
turf is acceptable) and be surrounded by plain Figure 16: Doping Test Room
walls with no protrusions. Outdoor areas should
be sufficiently lit to enable their use at night.
Indoor
It should be positioned close to the dressing room. Minimum size is 100m? (each). It should
be surrounded by plain wall and should have shock absorbent material to prevent collision
injuries and a loose net below the ceiling.
2.4. Press and media facilities

Facilities for the media are an integral part of stadium design, not least because of the large
sums of money that are nowadays earned from the media rights for sporting events. These
facilities involve the three main categories of public information and entertainment services -
the press (including newspapers and magazines), radio, and television.
Figure 17: Media area
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2.5. Planning for handicapped

Ramps
An exterior location is preferred for ramps. Indoor ramps are not recommended because they
take up a great deal of space. Ideally, the entrance to a ramp should be immediately adjacent
to the stairs.
Figure 18: Standard design for ramps
Source: (Chiara & Callender, 1990)
Elevators
The accessible elevator should serve all floors
normally reached by the public. Key-operated
elevators should be used only in private facilities or
when an elevator is present. Wide elevator cabs are
preferable to long ones.
Figure 19: Standard design for elevators

Stairs
Differences in level should be illuminated or minimized as much as possible for the comfort
of disable people. A complementary ramped route, elevator or lift should be provided where
there are steps in an otherwise accessible path. All steps should be uniform. Circular stairs
and stepped landings should be avoided. Open risers are not recommended.
Corridors
Wide corridors are useful for wheelchair users, service equipment, high traffic areas etc.
Changes in surface level of more than 13mm should be ramped. Floor surfaces should be
non-slip and even. Carpets should be securely fastened.
Figure 20: Standard design for corridors
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Rest Rooms
Turning circles of 1.50 m diameter are recommended inside the rest room to allow for full
turn maneuvering of a wheelchair.
Figure 21: Standard design for rest rooms
Source: (Neufert, 2000)
Parking
Accessible parking provisions apply to both outdoor and underground facilities. For multi-
story indoor parking facilities, at least one level should be served by an accessible elevator.
Accessible drop-off and pick-up points should be provided no more than 50m from the
entrance. At least 6% of car parking should be provided for disabled people.
Figure 22: Standard parking requirements
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2.6. Sports covered hall complex

An indoor sports hall is an essential part of a sport complex. The event that are conducted in
the halls are mostly indoor games like martial arts, judo, badminton, table tennis, squash and
many more. Outdoor games like volleyball and basketball are also conducted in the indoor
halls. These indoor halls vary in their sizes according to their unction and type of events that
intended to be conducted.
While planning a basic stadium/ indoor hall, we should take care of following points.
 Primary stadium should be capable of future conversion to seated areas without
destroying good sight-lines and without requiring major reconstruction work.
 It should be capable of adding new seating tribunes and premium seating.
 All this should be done with good sight-lines, access and adjacent customer services.
 In the unroofed stadium, exterior walls and adjacent areas should be capable to of
fitting the roof.
 Stadium with the roof covering in the spectator areas should be capable of having a
retractable roof to cover the whole arena.
 Should be capable of technical improvements, including the introduction of air
conditioning in enclosed areas.
2.6.1 Five Court Hall

The additional space within a 5-court hall allows more activities to take place consecutively
and creates further areas of bookable space. It also allows more sports to be accommodated,
higher levels of competition to be hosted and greater flexibility for teaching and coaching.
The recommended size for this multi-sports hall is nominally 40.60 x 21.35 x 7.5 m.
Figure 23: Court layouts for a nominal 40.6 x 21.35 x 7.5 m five-court hall
Source: ( Sport England, Sports Hall Design and Layouts Updated & Combined Guidance, 2012)
Atul Kusma Page 27

Table 2: Dimensions of different sports
S.N Name of AREA RECOMMENDATION ORIENTATION FINISH

Game AREA MATERIAL
1. Volleyball 18m X 9m 162 sq. m North - South Sand clay or
bituminous
materials
2. Badminton 5.2m X 1620 sq. ft North - South Concrete or
13.4m bituminous
(Single) materials
6m X 13.4m
(Double)
3. Karate 8m X 8m 144 sq.m North - South Mat
4. Taekwondo 8m X 8m 144 sq.m North - South Mat
5. Basketball 28m X 15m 640 sq. m North - South Wooden
floor or
concrete
finish
2.6.2.2. Planning
External planning
Provision should be made for:
 Car and coach parking closely related to the main entrance
 Disabled bays with ramped curbs
 Access and adequate turning provision for service vehicles
 Secure cycle standing located within sight of an office or reception
 Ramps, if there are changes in ground level, and additional hand railing
 Well-lit car parks and footpaths for safe access after dark
 Pedestrian routes planned away from areas of potential concealment
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External appearance
They are large buildings with few windows and require considerable skill in the selection of
materials, use of color and the general design so that they look attractive and inviting by day
and night. Sports halls should have:
 A clearly identified entrance of appropriate scale
 A well-articulated structure
 Good signage
 Crisply detailed, high quality cladding and roofing materials
Main entrance
Design the entrance area to be warm and welcoming. The entrance foyer is the hub of the
building and must have sufficient space and volume for people to circulate, view notices or
wait for friends in comfortable surroundings.
Design to provide:
 A convenient and secure store for pushchairs overlooked from reception
 A draft lobby to the main entrance doors
 Automatic operation of the main doors which is particularly helpful to disabled users
and people with young children
Reception
The reception desk should:
 Be prominently sited.
 Be of an open design with a dropped level for wheelchair users and children.
 Incorporate storage for lost property and items for sale or hire.
 Make provision for the monitoring of fire and security systems.
 Allow for possible use of CCTV monitors.
The reception and office accommodation should be closely linked but in larger centers an
island reception may be used to separate the hall from pool or rink users or from spectators.
These isolated counters usually require an integral cashing up office. Whenever possible plan
offices to be located on an external wall to allow for day lighting and views over the
approach to the building.
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2.6.2.3. The sports hall

Design
The hall is a functional space with stipulated court and safety margin dimensions and with
unobstructed clear height requirements. Surfaces must be flush and of a consistent color. A
successful interior must rely on a careful selection of materials, colors and lighting.
Structure
 Columns and beams must be laid out so that they run between the badminton courts.
 Columns can be within or partly within, external walls or outside the building
envelope and must not project into the hall.
 Additional structure may be required to support specific items of fixed equipment.
 Curved cellular beams are an economical form of roof structure and provide an
elegant and functional interior by enabling the avoidance of a ridge.
Floor
An area elastic floor is the critical element in providing a comfortable and safe place in which
to play sport. Halls may also be used for non-sports purposes so the choice of finish must suit
arrange of functional and aesthetic requirements. Color should contrast with the walls and be
of 40% -50% reflectance values.
Internal walls
The walls should be flush-faced and impact resistant internally. Options include:
 Sanded orientated strand board
 Plywood and fair faced brick
 Painted block work
External walls
 When selecting materials for external walls consider the following points:
 Successful external claddings can include color-coated steel. Where profiled metal is
used this looks better when run horizontally.
 Cedar boarding can be appropriate, is cheaper than metal cladding and requires no
maintenance.
 Metal cladding used above brickwork at a lower level invariably gives a very
industrial appearance and should be avoided.
 External windows and door frames must be in powder-coated aluminum or galvanized
steel, UPVC or hardwood.
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Roof
 Be a uniform color, preferably white with a 90%+ reflectance value.
 Make provision for acoustic absorbency.
 Reverberation time should not exceed two seconds at mid-frequency.
 The roof decking should span the main beams to achieve minimum visual obstruction.
 Internal linings or suspended ceilings must be impact-resistant.
 Suspended ceilings are generally inappropriate for sports halls.
Equipment storage
Adequate storage space of suitable proportions, sited in the correct location, is essential for
the efficient operation of multi-sports halls.
 A total of 12.5% of the hall floor area is required as a minimum for sports equipment.
 Locate storage on the long side of four-court halls or, where this cannot be achieved,
split stores into two areas according to the pattern of hall use.
 In larger halls locate storage where it can efficiently serve subdivided play areas.
 Stores must have easy access from the hall with wide door openings.
 Up-and-over, sliding, folding and side-hung doors can be considered and must be
detailed to resist impact damage and to be free from projections.
 A store depth of 5m is preferred for end-on storage of goals but excessive depth
restricts entry and increases handling difficulty.
 A separate racked store may be required for roller skate hire. It should be located next
to the sports hall entrance.
Fitness equipment room

It is a complementary space in most halls. The minimum practical floor area is 25m?, and 80-
100m2 is the norm for small sports centers, with a preferred ceiling height of 3.5-4m. Larger
centers might devote considerably more space to fitness training, often combined with an
exercise studio, integral office reception, cubicle changing, sauna, spa pool and lounge.
Fitness rooms benefit enormously from having windows or roof-lights but for ground floor
locations it is advisable to provide external screening for privacy. These spaces also benefit
from increased volume. Mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is always required. Glazed
panels to social or circulation space help to open up and promote these activities but all
glazing, external and internal, must be fitted with blinds or curtains.
Atul Kusma Page 31

2.6.2.4. Indoor pitches
Badminton court
Badminton is an indoor racquet game played by one or two players opposing an equivalent
number across a net.
Court dimensions:
The court is a rectangle and can be used for both singles and doubles. The court size for
singles is 13.4m × 5.18m (playing area = 69.41m2 including boundary lines) and 13.4m
x6.1m (playing area = 81.74m2 including boundary lines). The lines are 40mm wide and
colored white or yellow. It is desirable to have a wooden sprung floor together with approved
non-slip court mats.
Space about court:
There is at least 2m clear space surrounding all the outer lines of the courts. There is also a
minimum requirement of 2m between any two courts marked out side by side. The standard
size is that of a double court, although a single court can be used where space is severely
restricted. Outside the court area: the appropriate measurements are:
Safety strip (sides) 1.25m
Safety strip (front and rear) 2.5m
Side-to-side distance between courts >=0.3m
End-to-end distance between courts >=1.3m
Between courts and walls >=1.5m
Spectators must always be accommodated behind the safety strip. For international
competitions, the minimum hall height is 8m, with at least 6m over the back line of the court.
Flooring material:
 The floor should be lightly
sprung
 Indoor: PVC flooring,
wooden flooring
 Outdoor: the rebound Ace
synthetic material can be
applied on asphalt or
concrete base
Figure 24: Badminton Standards
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Basketball court
Basketball is played by two teams of five players each. The aim of each team is to score in
the opponent's basket and to prevent the other team from scoring
Court dimensions:
The playing court is a flat, hard surface free from obstructions with dimensions of 28m long
by 15m wide, measured from the inside edge of the boundary line.
A team's backcourt is the team's own basket, the inbounds part of the backboard and the part
of the playing court limited by the end line behind the team's own basket side lines and center
line.
A team's frontcourt consists of the opponents' basket, the inbounds part of the backboard and
part of the playing court limited by the end line behind the opponents' basket, side lines and
inner edge of the center line nearest to the opponents' basket.
The height of the ceiling or the lowest obstruction above the playing floor is at least 7m.
Figure 25: Basketball Standard
Flooring material:
In professional or organized basketball, especially when played indoors, it is usually made
out of a wood, often maple, and highly polished. Outdoor surfaces are generally made from
standard paving materials such as concrete, asphalt or outdoor suspended modular court.
Atul Kusma Page 33

Volleyball
The sport of volleyball has two disciplines - beach volleyball and indoor volleyball.
Traditional six-a-side indoor volleyball is referred to as Olympic volleyball. Beach volleyball
is played by two teams of two players on a sand court divided by a net, while Olympic
volleyball is played on a hard court.
Playing court
The playing court is rectangular, 18m long and 9m wide. The space around the court or free
zone' is a minimum of 3m on all sides. The 'free playing space' is above the playing area and
must be free of any obstructions. This is a minimum height of 7m from the playing surface.
For official or Federation of International Volleyball (FIVB) competitions, the free zone is
5m from the side lines and 8m from the end lines. The free playing space is 12.5m in height
from the playing surface.
Court markings:
All lines are 5cm wide and must be light in color, different from the color of the floor or any
other lines. Boundary lines are the two side lines and two end lines. Centre line divides the
playing court into two equal courts of 9m x 9m each. This line extends beneath the net from
side line to side line. On each court, the rear edge of the attack line is drawn 3m back from
the middle of the center line and marks the front zone.
Figure 26: Volleyball Standard
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Karate
Karate (kara meaning empty and te meaning hand is a martial art whose protocols and
technical language have emanated from ancient Japan. Its wide spectrum of techniques
includes a myriad of blocks, strikes, kicks, evasions and throws.
Competition area:
The competition area must be flat and devoid of hazard. The competition area is a matted 8m
square, with an additional 2m on all sides as a safety area. A line half a meter long is drawn
2m from the center of the competition area for positioning the referee. Two parallel lines 1m
long and at right angles to the referee's line is drawn at a distance 1.5m from the center of the
competition area for positioning the competitors. The judges are seated in the safety area, one
directly facing the referee and one behind each of the fighters, 1m towards the referee. Each
has a red and a blue flag. The arbitrator is seated at a small table just outside the safety area,
behind and to the left of the referee. He is equipped with a red flag or sign and a buzzer. The
score-supervisor is seated at the official score table between the scorekeeper and the
timekeeper. The 1m border is a different color from the rest of the matted area.
Figure 27: Karate Standards
Source: (Dimensions )
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2.7. Health and fitness

2.7.1. Gym hall
Gym /fitness center is a place for physical exercise. The first gymnasiums in history can be
dated over 3000 years ago in ancient Persia, they were known as Zurkhaneh, as areas that
encouraged physical fitness.
Area required:
 No of users - 40-50
 Room size - at least 200m2
 Height - 3m
 Width of room for double row arrangement of machine - at least 6m
 The length of room to allow clear supervision of all trainers - 15m or less
 For 12 users minimum room size is - 40m2
2.7.2. Sauna
The sauna is more than a method of bathing in hot and cold water. It is a type of physical
cleansing, almost a ritual, and it is now an essential part of all modern sports facilities.
Bathing sequence
The principle involves alternating use of hot and cold air. Bathers sweat in dry hot air, and
then in hot pure steam emissions, which are created every 5-7 minutes by pouring a quarter
liter of water on to heated stones. The cycle between dry and damp results in a strong
stimulation of the skin and strengthens resistance to illness. The effect is intensified by
periodic cold water treatment, massage and rest.
Figure
Figure 28:28: Functiondiagram
Function diagram and
and area
arearequirement
requirementof of
Sauna
Sauna
Atul Kusma Page 36

Planning
 Bathing involves 3 periods of 8-12 minutes in the sauna followed by cooling off with
pouring bows, in showers or a plunge pool
 The cooling process also includes the air bath, which entails the breathing in of fresh,
cool air as a counterbalance to the hot air
 The air bathing area should be screened off and seating should be provided
 In public saunas, adequate changing areas must be provided along with additional rest
and massage rooms
 A plunge pool is provided for the necessary cooling off after sauna
 The warm footbath is another important component of a properly fitted out sauna bath
 A 19mm hose connected only to the cold water supply, should be included in the
shower area, and fan shaped nozzles
 Saunas can be built to any size and shape according to individual wishes like
triangular.
2.8 Roofing Structure

Retractable roof structures are one of the main important parts of the stadium and sports
complex. It provides aesthetical as well as many other benefits rather than the fixed roofs.
Structures with such roofs can bear large number of audiences, large number of activities that
makes the visitors more convincing with the building and environment. It saves the building
from various weather conditions also the natural light and ventilation can be gained. These
roofs can be rotated, folded, moved and can be used according to the weather condition. This
is more flexible and effective, thus being used in the large sports halls, stadium and
amphitheater. These structures were primarily developed from the ancient and with the
advancement in technologies and techniques the roof system has been modified for the
maximum performance and durability. To change the capacity of stands, increase the number
of event spaces, achieve several different kinds of playing areas, and increase or decreases the
event space size, these roofs can be used. Structure designed with such roof can be highly
economic, dynamic, safe and durable for long term use. (Alenka Fikfak, 2015)
Atul Kusma Page 37

Application of long span structures in sports complex

The various types of structures suitable for sports facilities are analyzed in the following
table:
Table 3: Various types of Structures
S. STRUCTURAL LIMITATIO LEXIBILITY AESTHETICS MATERIA

N SYSTEM NS OF L
STRUCTU RE
1. Traditional structures
a. Bulk active structures Not suitable for large spans

b. Arches Large span Height can be Monotonous Brick,
will lead to varied by structures result stone and
increase in making arch in skyline not concrete
height of the segmental or broken/punctur materials
structure as semi-circular ed much. are good in
the ratio of b u t not to compressio
span: height a great extent n
is high. else it wil l
bend.
c. Plane Truss Systems To achieve By arranging This essentially Pre-

triangulation the members rigid vector stressed
of forces, in singly or active structure concrete,
span to height doubly curved can be laminated,
needs to be planes, the converted into wood, and
high. Large advantages of a form active iron.
span is form- active structure.
possible, but redirection of
due to heavy forces are
weight of integrated.
materials
there is a
limitation
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2. Shell Structure Surface must These New varying Concrete as

Systems be structures must forms can be loads are
geometrically be defined achieved using carried as
defined. curves which s h e l l s thus membrane
act as a giving the stresses for
limitation but structure a large spans
it’s possible to single unified we need
achieve forms character. only s hor
that are not Skyline cannot t section.
easily possible be controlled.
in other
structural
system.
3. Cable Structures These Highly flexible Infinite Steel

structures are cables can be varieties of cables,
susceptible to made to span curves supporting
wind uplift, more. By concrete
can be
vibration and varying the roof
generated.
to profile of end
Skyline c a n be
asymmetrical members
controlled by
and moving cables can be
creating strong
loads. made to
point in space.
follow
several
4. Space Structures Have minimal Many roof With space A
limitations. forms are grids combinatio
High span to possible with interesting n on of
height ratio curved truss patterns can be steel and
for system. For developed for concrete is
geodesic example, given spans ideal for
domes. vault, cylinder curved
or space
domes structures
5. Tent Structures Too flexible. The flexibility As the PVC
It is difficult can result in materials are (Pol
for the fronts large column- translucent, the y
to close under free spans, spaces enclosed Vin
tents. unlike within remain yl
conventional bright LED Chloride)
roofing backlighting
Atul Kusma Page 39

systems that can change the coated

require rigid structure’s look polyester
immediate at night. cloth and
support. PTFE
(Poly Tetra
Fluro
Ethlene)
(Teflon)
coat
6. Pneumatic Structures The Membrane can Provide Cotton and
possibility of support both fascination PVC.
the structures tension and among
collapsing as compression observers and
a result an d th u s by standers.
of withstand
mechanical bending
failure moment.
in
inflation
equipment
or as
a result of
tears in cover.
Atul Kusma Page 40

2.9. Services
2.9.1. Lighting
If a stadium is to achieve its full potential use and be operated at night or late afternoon a
comprehensive lighting system is essential. Two main types of illumination are needed:
 Lighting of passageways and escape routes so that spectators can enter and leave the
stadium safely
 Lighting the play area so that players and spectator scan see the action clearly and
without strain.
It may be necessary also to illuminate the venue for television cameras, in which case the
requirements become more stringent. Both safety and pitch lighting are required together,
since one without the other would be redundant.
Glare control requirements

One of the major factors to be considered in designing the lighting system is glare; not only
does it affect the players and the spectators but it is often perceived as environmental
pollution. Some glare maybe impossible to eliminate, but the control of the levels of
brightness of the light source and the adjacent background will help to reduce its effect. In
small sports grounds glare and direct upward light causing 'sky glow' may also be reduced by
using floodlights
With installed 'flat glasses and incorporating one or more internal baffles to control direct
viewing of the lamp. Another approach is to position the floodlight outside the observers' line
of sight, players and spectators are likely to be affected by glare when the light reaches them
at angles near the horizontal. This is sometimes difficult to avoid in stadium where the
floodlighting is mounted on the front edge of the roof. Glare in floodlighting installations
with respect to players and officials are now a calculable parameter, defined by an
installations Glare Rating (GR) value. A grid of GR values is generally calculated over the
full sports surface, the maximum value achieved becoming the Glare Rating for the sports
field. Value of less than GR 50 is normally considered the highest acceptable level for all
levels of competition and TV coverage.
Safety lighting
Lighting is necessary for every individuals those are present inside the arenas and the sports
hall. There are some requirements to reach the necessity of the luminance of light for
different sports categories.
Atul Kusma Page 41

IL luminance requirements
The sports area should be illuminated to allow players, officials, and those watching both at
the grounds and at home on television to see the action clearly. This means that the level of
brightness, contrast and glare must be correctly designed over the entire playing area. The
most demanding of these requirements is that of cooler television transmission, and this
specialist area will be discussed later.
A lighting system must be installed which meets the needs of landscapes, spectators, players
and officials without light into the environment and without creating a nuisance for the local
community. Back-up power light should have the capacity to operate for minimum of 3 hrs.
during outage.
The media
The media video and broadcasts produced during an event shall be digital quality, with
balanced illumination and free from hairline shadows and glare.
Mounting height of light fittings
The mounting of height geometry sideline head frames and poles is 25 degrees above horizon
not exceed 45 degree.
2.9.2. Ventilation
The primary focus of any stadium is the event area these spaces must be provided an
acceptable level of comfort in terms of temperature, air quality and humidity.
Shapes
The aerodynamic shape of the stadium reduces heat loss from wind.
Energy
There are three main aims for the use of energy in stadium: firstly to minimize demand of
energy; secondly to supply as much of the reduced demand for the energy as possible from
energy resources which are renewable; and thirdly to meet the remaining energy demand with
efficient use of the cleanest possible non-renewable fuel.
Figure 29: Environment Friendly Design
Atul Kusma Page 42

2.9.3. Acoustic
The design of stadium may vary the effect of sound in the environment or the surroundings.
Taking the account of the neighbors the design and the system of sound should be enhanced.
There is some possible solution for reducing impact on surrounding areas. Example: noise
impact on surrounding areas.
2.9.4. Water supply and drainage services

When thousands of people collect in one place for most of a day, particularly in summer, an
enormous amount of liquid will be consumed and eventually recycled. Depending on the
duration and type of the event water consumption in the order of 5 to 10 liters per person
must be planned for if the taps are not to run dry. Equally important is the speed of
distribution around the stadium to ensure an even pressure to all levels of the facility. If the
water mains is not large enough to provide sufficient pressure water storage must therefore be
accommodated on site and pumped to its destination.
There are a number of ways in which this water storage can be planned. Large underground
storage tanks with a fully pumped circulation system or smaller storage tanks in each of the
individual areas they service or a combination of both. The common requirement is that the
outlets which are providing drinking water must be served directly off the mains to avoid the
possibility of contamination while the water is in the storage tank. Drain down outlets must
be provided to each storage tank and to each run of pipework if it does not drain directly to a
storage tank.
2.10. Parking
During tournaments thousands of spectators comes at the venue to watch and enjoy the game.
About half of the spectators come at the venue on their own private vehicles like car, van,
bikes, bicycle, etc. So in any stadium it is very difficult to manage parking, circulation,
entrance and exit. To manage and tackle such problems there are various solutions like,
surface parking, basement parking, parking towers can be provided within the stadium
complex. Surface parking needs large area of lands so the basement parking and parking
towers might be the best solution for such problems.
2.10.1. General layout of parking

A major consideration in the design of any parking area is simplicity. Parking area should not
be complex or design in such a manner as to test a driver's patience. The three basic
dimensions of any parking layout are:
 The length and width of car stalls
 The width of aisles
 The angle between car stall and aisle.
 All parking places should be on-site.
 For a stadium with a capacity of 60,000, parking places should be provided for 10,000
Cars and approximately 500 buses
 Where sufficient on-site public parking is not possible, parking should be provided no
further than 1,500 meters from the stadium.
 There should be sufficient parking space for the buses and cars of VIP'S. Preferably,
these vehicles should be parked inside the stadium.
 Parking space for at least 2 buses and 8 cars should be available for teams, match
officials and stadium staff.
Atul Kusma Page 43

2.10.2. Parking lots and circulation

Parking lots and safe circulation is very important part of any public building like stadium.
There will be thousands of spectators with their private vehicles. The possible types of
parking that can be given in stadium are Basement parking, surface parking and multi-story
or parking towers. For this proper planning and design should be done for parking, safe
circulation and safe entrance and exit. It is also necessary to economies the space and right
option for parking should choose. Here are the different planning for the parking and safe
circulation.
Straight Parking
This type of parking is suitable two ways traffic and large no of vehicles can be
accommodated in same length as compared to other types of parking. Parking bays are
perpendicular to circulation road.
Angled Parking
This type of parking is suitable for one way traffic which has separate entrance/exit. It
reduces the width of the parking lots as the vehicles are placed in angle. The parking bays are
inclined in 30, 45, 60, 90 degrees.
Oblique Parking
This type of parking is suitable for two way traffic and separate entrance/exit. It is also an
inclined parking.
Figure 30: Straight, 45'Oblique, 60 Oblique Parking Spaces
Atul Kusma Page 44

Figure 31: Vehicle ramping angle Figure 32:

31: Turning Radius Spaces
Source: (Neufert, 2000) Source: (Neufert, 2000)
Multi-level car parking
Building the stadium over a covered car park, helps to reduce the amount of land required
and avoids the barren expanses of car park. But such a solution is very expensive and its
viability may depend on the next option.
Shared parking with other facilities
A stadium may share parking space with adjacent offices or industrial buildings, superstores
or shopping complexes. But problems will arise if both facilities need the parking space at the
same time. This is quite likely in the case of shops and supermarkets which stay open in the
evenings and at weekends. Therefore careful planning is required.
Buses
 FIFA suggests one bus space per 120 spectators
 Area of 60 square meters per bus (including circulation space)
Spectators with disabilities

Recommendation of at least 6 per cent, but possibly more, of the total car parking capacity
should be allocated to disabled people. In other countries local codes should be checked. In
the absence of more specific requirements 1 per cent of car parking spaces may be an
acceptable ratio. In all cases these should be the spaces closest to the entrance gates, with
easy access to ramped pedestrian routes.
Pedestrian routes
On leaving their cars, spectators should be able to proceed directly to a safe pedestrian
passage which feeds through the car park to the stadium entrance gates. This distance should
preferably be no more than 500 meters, or an absolute maximum of 1500 meters. If distances
become too great there should be an internal transport system of regular pick-up and drop-off
buses, in which case waiting areas must be provided, and very clear signs provided so that
spectators do not get confused.
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Kiosks
The routes followed by visitors as they walk from their cars towards the stadium should be
well provided with kiosks where food, beverages, programs and perhaps even tickets may be
bought well before the entrance gates are reached. Such decentralized sales points in the car
parking area help reduce congestion at the entrance gates; they should be of an eye-catching
design to ensure that they are noticed. Such kiosks, if well-designed, can add to the leisure
atmosphere and even serve as 'markers' to help people memorize where their cars are parked.
Overspill
If the site is unable to accommodate the total number of cars required, or if certain individual
events demand a greater number of spaces, additional parking facilities should be identified
in the locality. These can include fields, parks and play areas.
Parking landscape
 The paved surface could be subdivided into areas that would form a neat and
attractive pattern
 Rainwater run-off each paved area should be laid to fall to galleys or drainage
channels.
 Rows of tall, slender trees lining the main radial access roads and marking their
positions for drivers.
 Changes of level should be designed to pedestrian rather than vehicle standards
Atul Kusma Page 46

2.12. Others
2.12.1. Restaurant
The facilities for rest and refreshment are required if people are to spend time. Proving dining
facilities through judicious placement of restaurants and food-courts can be one of the
medium to attract people.
Restaurant space requirements:
 Small children: 8 sq. ft.
 Adult: 12 sq. ft.
 Banquet seating: 10 sq. ft.
 Deluxe seating: 20 sq. ft.
 Place settings for adult: 24 in.
 Place settings for child: 20 in.
2.12.3. Food court

Food courts are large halls that house groups of small outlets selling a wide variety of
specialist food products. Customers can either sit and eat or the premises or take the food
away. With attractive displays and market-style environment, food courts offer a pleasant
environment. The food court may likely be regarded as a valuable anchor for encouraging
into a longer stay.
Location
Correct location is vital. The court must be easily seen and be in a prime position, not tucked
away to use up some unallocated space, but fed off a main pedestrian flow with positive,
striking and identifying entrance. The more prime the location on the better the chance of
success.
Planning and Designing
 Location and kiosks size will be determine in the relation to seating capacity.
 A reasonable numbers of kiosks are needed to provide adequate choice and variety.
 The more popular kiosks needs longer counter space.
 Kiosk will be on competition and there should be no overlaps in types of food offered.
Area required
 Area may be to allow between 20-40m2 per kiosks an‹ 1.2m2 per seat
 Minimum width of service aisle 0.9-1.35m
 Dining area per seat: 1.5-2.15m2 (60% of total area)
 Kitchen area per seat: 0.4-0.6m2(15-20%)
 Waiter station: 1 per 20-30 seats
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2.12.4. Landscaping
The treatment of land for the purpose of good looking, beautiful &proper deposition of rain
water is called landscaping. It will construct the proper connection of different types of
building with pathway. It helps us for the planting the trees in roper places.
The following materials help in landscape design: -
 Garden enclosures (fencing the property line) prop design of fencing should be done.
 Pergolas, paths, steps & retaining walls.
 Earthworks
 Planting trees, bushes, creeping plants, grasses etc.
 Garden equipment such as sunshade, hammock, garden swing, deck chair, garden
chair &table etc.
 Garden pond, fountain& garden swimming pool
 Abstract design in main entry
 Proper used of rain water
Dimension of different materials used in landscape:-

 Garden enclosures of fencing
 A common fence should be located at the center of boundary.
 The style & material of fence choose should always suit the locality as far as possible.
 Fencing should sunken 10-20cm into the ground
 Length of steel profile fence galvanized with plastic fencing sing bars -2m
 Height of fencing - 60cm-1.50m
Garden equipment
 Sunshade - 1500-3000mm
H - 1700mm
 Hammock - 4000×1000 mm2
 Garden swing - 1850×650× 1800mm2
 Deckchair - 2000×660 mm2
Abstract design
 Different types of abstract are kept in high plinth after e entrance
 Proper used of rain water is rain water harvesting. It solves the problem of drinking
water & used this water as in plants.
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CHAPTER 3: NATIONAL CASE STUDIES

3.1. Dasarath Stadium Covered Hall
3.1.1. Introduction
A major sports facility of the county. A
large number of sports facilities
integrated into one complex, making
one of the biggest sporting facilities.
Location: Tripureshwor, Kathmandu,
Nepal
Type: National Stadium
Built: 2026 B. S to 2034 B.S
Renovated: By & In N Sangache in
1997 for the 1999 SAF games
Architect: Gangadhar Bhat Figure 33: Master Plan of Dasarath Stadium

Covered hall and administrative block
are located on the northeast comer of the Site and building coverage is about 5 ropanis with
garden in front. Covered hall was renovated in 1997 for the 1999 SAF games by architect N.
Sangache. It contains indoor hall of wooden floor (25x35 sq. m) for a multipurpose event.
The indoor hall consists of a basketball, volley ball and 3 badminton courts and also used for
martial art tournament. This hall has capacity of 1000 spectators which is not sufficient for the
international competition.
3.1.2. Zoning of Covered Hall

The entrance of the covered hall is not as
prominent as that of main stadium. The
covered hall can be approached from two
accesses. The access for the players and
spectator has been clearly separated. Players
directly from ground floor whereas, the main
access to the parapet for VIP enter through
the administration block in front of the
covered hall. Eastern and western wings
contain player’s judge room, commentator
room, restrooms and other services, whereas
south part is connected with administrative
block. Below southern parapet are the rooms
for players. However, these rooms are used
only during events. For the trainees there isn't Figure 34: Zoning of Covered Hall
space as changing room. Other necessary
room such as umpire room, first aid room, electronic room, weight and fitness room are
below the northern parapet.
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The existing hall serves platform for multiple sports Basketball, volleyball and badminton
courts. The multiple use of single space for multiple sports. Around the basketball court
there is clearance of 3m. Standard state minimum height required for basketball is 41 ft. The
height of the arena is 48ft. Parapet for general spectator is aligned along the longitudinal axis
so it provides a good view of events. The total capacity of the hall is 1000 persons only. The
number of parapets is 11. It stretches from north to south. For VIP, 4 steps of parapet are
provided of length 60ft.
3.1.3. Architectural and functional features:

The covered hall is situated at proximity to
the main stadium. Accessible through the
administrative building. It is a multipurpose
sports hall with spectator stands and VIP
stands. The administrative portion is placed
towards the front of the building while the
hall itself and the gymnasium are accessible
through the rear and sides of the building.
The hall is equipped with changing rooms
and toilets for players and officials. The
maximum height of the covered hall is about
40 ft, where trusses are used to support a GI
sheet roof. Here, natural diffused light is Figure 35: Covered Hall
admitted through translucent sheet. Besides
this, additional provision of artificial light has been provided across the ceiling of the hall. An
electronic scoreboard is also provided. The covered hall is used for basketball, badminton,
among other indoor sports. The hall is used for basketball, badminton, among other indoor
sports. The hall is also used for the occasional
music programs.
Access
The access for the players and spectator are
provided separately. The access for players is
directly from the ground floor, whereas the
main access to the parapet for V. V.I.P. and
other spectator is from first floor. However, the
V.V.I.P. / V.I.P. enter through the
administration block in front of the covered
hall.
The main drawback of this covered hall is, the
access is not focused. The accesses are from
sideways and there isn't sufficient gap between
the stadium and the covered hall. Therefore, Figure 36: Ground Floor Plan of Covered Hall
the accesses are hidden.
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Spectator Area
The area can accommodate around 1,600 spectators. There are stands for spectators on both
sides of the court, with an additional VIP area on one end accessible via the administrative
portion of the building. VIP area consists of waiting room, meeting room and toilets. There
are two entrance/exits with doors 5 ft. wide on each side of the building and a 5ft wide
staircase for each entrance/exit. 4 ft. 8 in. wide steps from each door lead spectators to the
stands. Each sitting step is 11 in. high and 30 in. wide. Toilets for spectators are outside the
hall.
Gents
WC= 4 in nos.
Urinals = 10
1 WC serves 150 spectators
1 urinal serves 60 spectators
Ladies
WC =10
1 WC serves 30 spectators
Figure 37: First Floor Plan of Covered Hall
Competition area
The actual playing area is 112.5 ft x 67.5 ft. it is used either as a volleyball court or a
basketball court or badminton courts. Contact sports such as judo, boxing and karate,
gymnastics also take place in the playing area. The allocated space is square in plan.
Player's Facilities
There are multiple changing rooms for several events. The available fixtures in the restrooms
include: 3 pans, 3 urinals, 3 showers, and 2 wash basins for male players and 3 pans, 3
showers and 2 wash-basins for female players. Other necessary room such as umpire room,
first aid room, electronic room and weight and fitness room are below the northern parapet.
For the trainees there isn't space as changing room.
Lighting
Ribbon windows are provided on the longitudinal wall of the hall, but they are mostly
covered because of glare. Therefore, the source of natural lighting is through the transparent
sheets used on root. Although the natural lighting is sufficient for all the events, there is
provision of artificial lighting.
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3.1.4. Structural details:

RCC frame structure is used as building
technique of the arena. However, steel
structure is used for roofing. Corrugated iron
sheets are used as roofing material.
However, 4 patches of corrugated fiber
sheets are also provided to receive natural
light. Ribbon window is provided in the
heavy structure that stretches north to
south. There is also provision for artificial
lighting. The structure has RCC and steel
structure joint to develop the proper hall
design. The building height is about 50 feet
from the g\round level. The roof cover is Figure 38: Section of Covered Hall
two- way slope roof with large truss span
about 115feet and skylight is provided with translucent panel.
There is no provision of firefighting system. Also, there isn't any BMS system used for
inspection of the building. 4 numbers of gents' toilet and 2 numbers of ladies' toilets are
provided. Total number of male wk. is 8, female WC is 4 and urinal is 20. Hence the ratio of
toilet to user is 0.32 which is adequate.
Construction
The hall is RCC frame structure with main columns of 18" x 18". The exterior columns are of
9" × 15". Certain portions are having load bearing walls of 18". Beam size is mainly of 18" x
24". Two heavy truss of 7x 3 support the root covering over the huge span.
Parking Services
 Two-wheeler and four-wheeler parking is provided with proper driveway around, but
the two- wheeler and four-wheeler area is not specified in the parking area.
 Parking space is allotted in the south which spreads over more than 1000sqm. The
area is adequate for 5 cars and 5 buses. Separate space is allotted for 2-wheelers with
capacity of 100 nos.
 Parking space for VIPs is allocated in the east whereas parking for emergency vehicles
is provided in the west.
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3.1.5. Case Study Analysis
Pros
 Four entrance/ exits serve 1600 spectators. Hence, for 400 spectators to empty hall in 3
minutes, the width of the doors and staircase should be 5 ft, which is provided.
 The required number of toilets per visitor is 0.01 and here toilet per visitor is 0.026
 Therefore, here the provision of toilet is sufficient.
 The toilets for players and spectators although accessed separately, are planned
closely which helps to reduce the cost of services.
 The covered hall provided with all facilities with well calculated 4-court hall
including necessary spectator’s area and other facilities.
 There is separate entry for spectators and players with sufficient passage
 Clearance provided around the sports field is sufficient i.e. 3m
 From standard minimum height clearance is 41ft, and the height is 48ft.
 Local and VIP parapet is separated
 Flood light to perform game at night time also
 Facilities provided for staff, players and officials within the stadium according to the
requirements.
 Provision of ramps
Cons
 The doors and the steps on the stands aren’t along a straight line.
 Seating is without the backs which is less comfortable.
 Even there is separate entrance for spectators and players; entrance for spectators is
not significant. There are no enough parking spaces for spectators and no proper sign
posts.
 Floor Finish has not been maintained.
 Recreational facilities almost zero.
 Cracks formed in construction joints due to improper construction joints material may
damage the structure in later days
 Not enough capacity for the international games
 Glare is produce by ribbon window, which produce glaring effect.
 The railing of the parapet obstructs the view for the spectators.
 Unfocused entrance
 Less seating capacity
 Lack of warm up halls
 Improper ventilation >> narrow/ dark corridor >> artificial lighting
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3.2. Pokhara Stadium

3.2.1. Introduction
Pokhara Stadium is located at Rambazar, Pokhara, Nepal. It has the biggest National covered
hall owned by Government of Nepal. Its capacity is 2156 seats. It was Designed by Ar.
Tillotama Basyal. It is under
construction.The covered hall covers 3241.87
sq.m .
The facility comprises a football stadium
surrounded by an athletics track of 400m,
one 7-A side football ground, a volleyball
court, a basketball court, cricket ground and
covered hall for games like badminton,
karate and other indoor sports. The
administrative building of Kaski district
sports office and ANFA Kaski lies here. It is
the only venue in Nepal beside Dasarath
Rangasala Stadium to host international
football matches and beside Tribhuvan
University International Cricket Ground to
host international cricket matches. The
stadium has hosted several
international friendly matches of the Nepal Figure 39: Master plan of Pokhara Stadium
national football team. The other facilities
near the stadium are used to host volleyball, basketball, cricket, wrestling, boxing and
badminton.
The Pokhara Rangasala is a multi-purpose stadium in Pokhara, Gandaki Province, Nepal. It
has a capacity of 16,500 spectators. The venue is located to the south of Pokhara
at Rambazaar on the eastern bank of Seti River.
3.2.2. Pokhara Multipurpose Covered Hall

The covered hall in Pokhara Stadium complex is the biggest national covered hall up to now
with highest capacity of 2156. The building on the stadium premises draws the attention of
passersby. The construction work of the building, multipurpose covered hall,
which started on March 2014. This case study is chosen for following reason:
 To conduct an overall study on covered hall
 To make qualitative and quantitative analysis of the different component of the
project.
 To study the connections among different spaces and comfort conditions for
spectators.
 To analyses merits and demerits of existing structure and drawing appropriate
features.
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3.2.3. Access
The main entrance to the covered hall is focused with east
side of the hall comprising of VIP/ Player and official
entry. There are 3 other secondary entries to the hall. The
two back entries are for spectators and the one towards
south-east is for VIP visitors. Players enter the covered hall
from the main entrance (east). Office rooms are accessed
through north or south entrances. Ramps are provided for
priority spectators.
3.2.4. The Covered Hall

The Stadium comples is situated towards south of the
Prithvi Highway and east to Seti River and Pokhara
Airport. The covered hall lies west to the main stadium
complex. The hall comprises of central hall, office rooms
(below parapet of east and west wings), entrance foyer,
changing rooms, toilets, first aid room etc.
Open space= 3269.157 sq. m
Parking= 2892.557 sq. m (100 four wheeler) Figure 40: Ground Floor plan of
Multipurpose Hall
3.2.5. Rooms Placement:
Lockers and changing rooms = 2 no. Adjacent to the main
entrance
Medical and umpire room = north east corner below
parapet
Press room = south-east
3.2.6. Covered Hall & Parapet:

General/spectator stand - align along longitudinal axis
(provide good view of the events) but separation of same
Parapet by one row of columns however block the event
Hall size = 45.125m ×26.6m.
Total capacity (general spectator) = 2100
Two row at the rare parapet - separated for the
priority peoples
Parapet started from 600mm. (2' - 0") above floor level.
Each riser height = 300mm. (1' - 0") Figure 41: First Floor plan of Multipurpose
Hall
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Figure 42: North east and south east Elevation of Multipurpose Hall
Figure 43: North west and south west Elevation of Multipurpose Hall
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3.2.7. Exit Doors

The sizes of doors, entrance hall, and staircase are as given below:
Main door width= 1.5m. - 2 nos. = 3m
VIP exit door= 1.5m. -2 nos. = 3m.
Main entrance (hall) = 6.7m.
Staircase= 1.5m.
3.2.8. Clearance
The clear height of hall is found to be as follows:
• Hall has clear height= 15.5m. (Crown level)
• Height up to truss base= 10m. Figure 44: Master Plan of

Multipurpose Hall
3.2.9. Construction
The Covered Hall is constructed in R.C.C Frame Structure. The roof is constructed of metal
arc truss with CGI sheet roofing. The size of various structural members is as given below:
Main column= 2'-6" × 2'-6" (750mm x 750mm)
Intermediate columns= 2'-0" × 2'-0" (600mm x 600mm)
Figure 45: Section of Multipurpose Hall
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3.2.10. Case Study Analysis

Merits (Covered Hall)
• Priority to differently able people.
• Separate entry for spectators, VIPs, players.
• 2000mm. safety space maintained after playing court.
Merits (Overall complex)

• Toilets for the general people are provided outside the stadium and outside the hall.
• Washroom of stadium can be used for the general people in the complex.
• Business like restaurants, local shop and hotels are flourished in game times.
• Separate training halls are provided for training for different games like badminton,
karate, table tennis, boxing, open basketball court & volleyball court, tennis court,
squash, archery, 7 side football and cricket and competition are done in multipurpose
hall.
• Separate entry for spectators, VIPs, players in stadium.
Demerits (Covered Hall):

• Absence of toilet for spectators in covered hall.
• Columns in between parapet disturbing the line of sight
Demerits (Overall complex):

• In whole complex if there is a big game in football stadium then parking is not enough
which tends people to park in the streets.
• Currently no separate gate for VIP for the access in whole complex.
• Traffic jam in the main highway 1km towards both sides in big games.
• Separate bike and car parking are proposed in which 234 car parking in south east
including 100 cars parking in multipurpose hall and 200 bike parking north west part
of complex but not in use as planed as it is not completed still construction is
remaining.
• No proper separate movements for pedestrian in whole complex.
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CHAPTER 4: INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES

4.1. San Wayao Community Sports Center (Archdaily)
4.1. 1. Project Introduction

Architects:
CSWADI Area:
11936 sq.m
Year: 2015
Location: DongYuan residential district of
Chengdu
Figure 46: San Wayao Community Sports Center

Figure 46: San Wayao Community Sports Center
Source: (Archdaily)
4.1.2. Description
The San WaYao community sports
facilities are located in an area surrounded
by older residential buildings, new high-
rise buildings, and a primary school.
Despite the limited space available, the
designers managed to create a dynamic
public space that caters to the needs of the
community. The site offers a wide range of
sports facilities such as a swimming pool,
fitness center, tennis court, basketball
court, squash court, ping pong table,
billiards table, gate ball court, outdoor
fitness center, and playground for children.
The inviting and comfortable ambiance of
the space is enhanced by its soft
appearance and ample lighting both inside
and out. Figure 47: Site plan with surrounding
Source: (Archdaily)
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4.1.3. Design Concept

The objective of this sports facility design is to create a welcoming atmosphere by seamlessly
integrating the building and site. This is achieved by incorporating a sloping shape that
extends from the building to the sports ground on the east, resulting in a more cohesive
perception of the structure as a public facility.
Figure 48: Design concept
Source: (Archdaily)
The continuous sloping roof functions as an open public space, featuring large steps that
serve as both a walk able route and bleachers for the east sports ground. Additionally, the
lawn roof provides ample space for various community activities such as grass skating, yoga,
and picnics, without any charge. Visitors can leisurely climb the slope to reach the roof deck
on the fourth floor and descend via a cantilevered stairway on the north, creating a circular
route that mimics the experience of ascending an artificial hill within the bustling city.
The multi-function arena on the lawn slope boasts a pure and semi-transparent space,
constructed using U-shaped glass. The arena provides gentle interior lighting that is well-
suited for a variety of activities such as ball games, group calisthenics, and parties. The batter
posts, which replace the conventional upright posts in the structure, create a unique and
striking visual, making the building stand out as a floating glow box in the community.
4.1.4. Program
The multitude of functions within the space are cleverly arranged in vertical layers, resulting
in a staggered distribution of activities.
Figure 49: Program formulation
Source: (Archdaily)
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4.1.5. Structure / Space

The connection between the structure and the space in this design exemplifies a harmonious
fusion of form and utility. The translucent facade, created by the U-shaped glass panels,
highlights the cross-braced structural elements in a subtle manner. The layout of columns and
beams creates an expansive, voluminous space that benefits from ample natural illumination.
Additionally, every piece of steel used in the structure is meticulously painted to display both
its robustness and aesthetic appeal, contributing to the overall grandeur of the space.
4.1.6. Orientation
The southern facade of the building is designed to maximize solar exposure and scenic views,
while still maintaining the tiered effect of the stepped greenspace. The shape of the building
tapers towards the eastern exterior, which serves as the primary focal point.
Figure 50: Floor Plans
Source: (Archdaily)
Figure 51: Section
Source: (Archdaily)
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Figure 52: Elevations
Source: (Archdaily)
Figure 53: Area Division
Source: (Archdaily)
Atul Kusma Page 62

Figure 54: Emergency Staircase Figure 55: Courtyard Area

Source: (Archdaily) Source: (Archdaily)
Figure 56: Table tennis Hall Figure 57: Badminton Hall

Source: (Archdaily) Source: (Archdaily)
4.1.7. Inference drawn

Based on the analysis of the SAN WAYAO COMMUNITY SPORTS CENTER, the design
philosophy of integrating the indoor and outdoor environments can be adopted. Additionally,
the idea of vertical zoning, even with the use of steel structures, can be applied. The addition
of courtyards to sports complexes not only enhances the aesthetic appeal of the building but
also provides a rejuvenating experience to the users. Similar to this sports center, it is
essential to ensure that buildings are equipped with proper lighting and ventilation to ensure a
comfortable and healthy environment for its occupants.
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4.2. Richmond Olympic Oval
4.2.1. Project Introduction
Architects: Cannon Design

Year: 2010
Location: the bank of the Fraser River
Delta, Richmond, British-Columbia,
Canada
Area: 32,000 meters square
Capacity: 8,000
Figure 58: Richmond Olympic Oval
Source: (Archdaily)
4.2.2. Design Concept

The design concept is based on three
aspects i.e. Flow, Flight & Fusion.
1. Flow:
 Three principal types: smooth
laminar, transitional, and turbulent
throughout buildings and sites
 Interior and exterior: Human
existence impacted by daily and
seasonal cycles of sun, water,
earth, and wind
2. Flight:
 Represents elevation of human
spirit
 Achieved through elite athletic
achievement and human aspiration Figure 59: Axonometric view
 Develops both mind and body
3. Fusion: Source: (Archdaily)
 Combines physical and spiritual
elements of flow and flight
 Attained through creation of unique, inspirational environment
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4.2.3. Design approach

The building is arranged on three levels, each serving different functions. The basement level
serves as a parking garage for the building's occupants. The ground-oriented entry level
provides easy access to the building, facilitating smooth circulation within the building. The
service and amenity level caters to the needs of the building's occupants, providing them with
essential services and amenities. The vaulted sports hall, which is situated to the north of the
Fraser River and Coast Mountains, provides an inspiring and scenic view to the building's
occupants while they engage in physical activities. Overall, the building's thoughtful
arrangement of spaces ensures the comfort and convenience of its occupants while also
providing an uplifting and stimulating environment.
Figure 61: First Floor Plan

Figure 60: Ground Floor plan
Source: (Archdaily)
Source: (Archdaily)
Figure 62: Longitudinal Section
Source: (Archdaily)
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4.2.4. Roof Structure

The roof structure of the complex are made using following:
 Glulam beams with about
19,000 sheets of 4×8
plywood covers one million
board feet of wood
 Two coatings of insulation
with protective membrane
above
 Wood Wave structural
panels, with2x4 lumber,
spanning the 42ft (12.8m)
 V-shaped hollow cross-
section on each Figure 63: Roof Structure
4.2.5. Fire Safety Source: (Archdaily)

The use of Fire Dynamic Simulation (FDS) software allows designers to predict the behavior
of fires of different types, using the principles of fluid dynamics. This software helps to
ensure that the building's fire protection systems are designed to perform effectively in the
event of a fire. In the case of the Wood Wave panel building, sprinkler branch lines were
installed in each panel at the prefabrication shop. These branch lines are connected to the
main sprinkler risers or supply mains on site, without interfering with the distribution of
water from the automatic sprinklers. This ensures that the building's fire protection systems
are optimally designed to detect and respond to fire, while minimizing damage to the building
and its occupants.
4.2.6. Sports Hall

After the Olympic Winter Games, the
sports facilities were converted to a
multi-purpose sports use. The main
sports hall was divided into three
sections, each dedicated to a different
type of sport. The ice section consists of
two ice rinks, while the court section
includes a combination of hardwood
and rubber surface playing area. Finally,
the track and field section has a
rubberized turf surface for an indoor
running track and other sports. With
these modifications, the facility is now Figure 64: Basketball courts
able to accommodate a variety of
Source: (Archdaily)
different sports and activities, making it
a more versatile and valuable resource for the community. Whether you're a hockey player,
basketball enthusiast, or track and field athlete, this sports complex has something to offer for
everyone.
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4.2.7. Facilities
The venue boasts an impressive seating capacity of approximately 8,000 seats. Additionally,
it offers 10 spacious dressing rooms and 7 well-equipped washrooms, ensuring maximum
comfort for all visitors. The outdoor plaza spans an impressive 2400 square feet, providing
ample space for outdoor events and activities. With 180,000 square feet of participation
spaces, the venue is ideal for hosting a wide range of events and programs, including sports
programs, corporate and community events, tradeshows, and meetings. The multipurpose
rooms are designed to cater to various needs and are equipped to handle a diverse range of
activities. The shops areas provide visitors with the opportunity to shop for souvenirs and
other essentials while at the venue. Moreover, the recreational activities, such as the climbing
wall, add an exciting element of adventure to the already impressive array of facilities
available at the venue. Overall, the venue offers a comprehensive range of amenities and
activities to ensure an enjoyable experience for all visitors.
Figure 66: Recreational Figure 65: Shops

activity (Climbing Wall)
4.2.8. Inference drawn

Based on the analysis of the RICHMOND
OLYMICS OVAL, the interconnection of
community, sports and leisure can be taken. Also
the spaces can be used and convertible to numerous
other sport and non-sports uses, such ideas can be
taken. Also the sustainable design approach of this
project like rain water harvesting, waste
management can also be taken.
Figure 67: Use of Signage inside the complex

Figure 67: Use of Signage inside the complex
Source: (Archdaily)
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CHAPTER 5: SITE ANALYSIS

For Indoor sports complex, the locality should be in quiet place and outside the city core
which solves the problem of traffic congestion. The fresh environment also plays an
important role.
5.1 General Site Information

Location: Sukuna phat, Bhaktapur, Nepal
Ward No:10
Table 4: Site Information
Region: Sukna phat – Bhaktapur Municipality, Bhaktapur District in

Province No. 3
Location: Sukuna phat, Bhaktapur, Nepal
Latitude: 27°41’09.7”N
Longitude: 85°26’30.3”E
Site area 38213.162m² (75 ropani – 1 anna – 3 paisa – 1.849 daam)
The proposed site is accessible from various routes.

 12 km from International Airport
 9 km from Koteshwor chowk
 14 km from Chabahil, Kathmandu
 Direct Bus approach from Putalisadak
to Changunarayan.
 Lagankhel – Dekocha- Kamalbinayak
Route
 Balaju – Sanothimi – Dekocha –
Kamalbinayak Route
Figure 68: Proposed Site
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5.1.1 Access and Approach
Sukuna phat is located 1.6Km from Dekocha and 5m wide secondary road connects to the
location. Access to the site is by own convenience or by public vehicles.
Figure 69: Road Access to Site
ARANIKO HIGHWAY (THIMI - SALLAGHARI - SURYABINAYAK - JAGATI)

PRIMARY ACCESS (SANO THIMI- SALLAGHARI - BYASI - DEKOCHA -NAGARGOT)
SECONDARY ACCESS (DEKOCHA TO CHANGUNARAYAN & KHARIPATI TO CHALING)
TERTIARY ACCESS TO THE SITE (0.2 Km)
5.2 Physical Features
Texture
The Textures occurring on the site vary according to
the season as it is mostly left as it is not even used for
agriculture. The proposed site has flat land presently
and kept as it is. Contour land is present in the 2 sides
outside the site areas i.e. in the northern side and in the Figure 70: Site
western side.
Vegetation
Deciduous trees can be found outside the premises of
the site.
Figure 71: Vegetation outside the

premises of site.
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5.3 Infrastructure and services

Most of the services are available in the area are readily available in the site, where as some
are still to be developed.
Electricity and telephone
Electricity and telephone the nearest election pole in front of the road. Similarly the telephone
service is also available. Hence, in overall, the utilities and services are easy available,
accessible and more in close proximity.
Drinking water supply
The facility of water supplies is taken from the line of Jhaukhel water boring passing from the
main road adjacent to the site. Since the supply of water is limited, an alternate source of
water supply such as 30m deep boring, deep well etc can also be done around the
surroundings.
5.4 Climatic factors

Average day and night temperature
Figure 72:
Figure 72: Average
Average min
min and
and max
max temperature
temperature
Source: (Weather and Climate )
 On average, the warmest month is June with 25° Celsius (77° Fahrenheit).
 On average, the coolest month is January with 13° Celsius (56° Fahrenheit).
 The average annual maximum temperature is: 21° Celsius (69° Fahrenheit)
 The average annual minimum temperature is: 8° Celsius (46° Fahrenheit)
Average monthly hours of sunshine in Bhaktapur

 On average, March is the most sunny month with 260 hours of sunshine.
 September has on average the lowest amount of sunshine with 133 hours.
 The average annual amount of sun hours is: 2570 hours
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Figure 73: Average monthly sun hours
Average monthly snow and rainfall in Bhaktapur in millimeter
 A lot of rain (rainy season) falls in the months: May, June, July, August and
September.
 Bhaktapur has dry periods in January, February, November and December.
 On average, July is the wettest month with 431 mm (17 inches) of precipitation.
 On average, November is the driest month with 8 mm (0.3 inches) of precipitation.
 The average amount of annual precipitation is: 1620 mm (63.8 inches)
Figure 74: Average monthly rainfall in Bhaktapur
(Weather and Climate )
Average humidity in Bhaktapur

 On average, November is with 85.0% the most humid.
 On average, April is with 53.0% the least humid month.
 The average annual percentage of humidity is: 74%
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Figure 75: Average Humidity

Figure 75: Average Humidity
Average wind speed in Bhaktapur

 On average, November is with 85.0% the most humid.
 On average, April is with 53.0% the least humid month.
 The average annual percentage of humidity is: 74%
Figure 76: Average wind speed
5.5 Site Surrounding

Different types of buildings with different use and architectural characteristics can be seen
around the site. On the eastern side of the site, there are residential and Nepal Military
Kharipati. On the southern site, there is growing residential. Northern side consists of
agricultural lands.
Around the 2.5km radius site surroundings consists of many educational institutes,
governmental offices, bus parks, hotels and health centers.
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5.5.1 Educational Institutes

 Khwopa College
 Everest English School
 Genuine Sec School
 Basu School
 Bageshwori College
 Shree Padma Sec School
 Prabhat English hig Sec School
 Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya – Bhaktapur
5.5.2 Bus Parks

 Nagarkot Bus park (1.8 km)
 Chyamasingh Bus park (2.6 km)
 Bhaktapur Mini Bus park (2.8km)
 Kamalbinayak Bus park (1.8km)
Figure 77: Site Surroundings around 2.5 km
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5.5.3 Health Centers

 Bhaktapur Hospital (2.5 km)
 Khwopa Hospital (1.5 km)
 KMC Hospital (5.5 km)
 Madhyapur Hospital (6.5 km)
 Iwamura Memorial Hospital (2.8 km
5.5.4 Security
 District Police Office (2.2 km)
 Jagati Police Station (3.5 km)
 Nepal Military Kharipati (0.9 km)
5.5.5 Governmental Offices

 Bhaktapur Municipality
 Nepal telecom
 Nepal Electricity Authorization
5.5.6 Hotels
 Planet Bhaktapur Hotel (2 km)
 Shanti Batika Hotel ( 2km)
 Swastik Guest Hotel (1.5km)
 Hotel Lyaku Durbar (1.8km)
 Hotel Heritage Bhaktapur (2.5 km)
 Hotel Bhadgaon (2.5 km)
 Hotel Heritage Malla (2.2km)
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5.6 Survey in Site

Survey was done in the site area i.e. Around 50 house hold survey was done to take the
review of the people in the site. The main purpose of the site area was to know the view of
the people regarding the indoor sports complex in the purposed area.
Figure 79: Pie chart showing the results Figure 78: Bar Graph showing the result
regarding "Is it good to build Indoor regarding "Why to building indoor Sports
Sports Complex in the proposed area?" Complex"
5.7 Bye Laws

According to the bye laws of Bhaktapur Municipality, the site lies in the Residential Sub
Zone. The prevailing by - laws of the site are:
Ground coverage: 40%
Set Back: 3m
ROW: 6m
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5.8 SWOT Analysis

Strength
 Situated beyond the settlement to prevent any disturbance to the residential area.
 Multiple accessibility through Pepsicola, Araniko highway, Nagarkot
 Considerable distance from Tribhuwan International Airport i.e., 12.1 km
 Site has multiple ways of vehicular access connecting from secondary roads.
 Flat land with contour on the west and north side
 Nearby ground is active in social and physical activity with young and adult age
group.
Weakness
 The proposed site lacks proper sewage and water management.
 Small Brick Factory in West (Current Situation)
Opportunities
 Economic opportunities: Sports complex can create jobs opportunity, attract tourists,
and generate revenue for the local economy.
 Community engagement: Can provide a focal point for community engagement and
social activity. Local residents can attend events, and use the facilities for exercise
and recreation.
 Gradual development of the entire area regarding roads networks, public
transportation options and other infrastructures.
 Competition Venue for school and college level.
 May raise the land value in the place.
Threats
 Possibility of flooding from Kasan River.
Atul Kusma Page 76

CHAPTER 6: Program Formulation

6.1 Administrative Block
Table 5: Administration Spaces
Spaces Number Room Size Total Area (m2) Remarks

(m)
Reception 1 2.5 x 2.5 6.25 U shaped Reception desk (0.9 x
2.1)= 1.89m2
One chair for receptionist (0.5x
0.6)=0.3m2
Waiting 1 3.5 x 3.5 12.25 2 Sofa ( 0.9 x 1.8) = 3.24 m2
Area Tea Table (0.6 x 0.6) =0.36 m2
Account 1 4.5 x 5 22.5 1 Sofa for visitors ( 0.9 x 1.8) = 1.62
Section m2
1 Table for accountant (0.75 x 1.8) =
1.35 m2
Tea Table (0.6 x 0.6) =0.36 m2
One chair for accountant (0.5x 0.6) =
0.3m2
Two chairs for Visitors (0.6 x 0.53) =
0.6 m2
File collection locker (0.45 x 2.4) =
1.08 m2
Pantry 1 3.5 x 5 17.5 L shaped cabinet (0.6 x 2.4)= 2.88
m2
Refrigerator (0.75 x 0.9) = 0.675 m2
Dining Table for 6 ( 0.9 x 1.8) = 1.62
m2
Meeting 1 6x5 30 Screen or Projector wall ( 72"
Room diagonally)Meeting Table for 12 (1.2
x 3.6) = 4.32 m2
12 Chairs (0.6 x 0.53) = 3.816 m2
Manager 1 6 x 5.5 33 2 Sofa for visitors ( 0.9 x 1.8) = 3.24

Office m2
(CEO) Tea Table (0.6 x 0.6) =0.36 m2
1 Table for CEO (0.9 x 1.8) = 1.62
m2
One chair for CEO (0.53x 0.6) =
0.3m2
0.6 m2
1.08 m2
Closet (0.6 x 2.4) =1.44 m2
Attached washroom (1.5 x 2.1) =3.6
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Training 1 4.5 x 5 22.5 1 Sofa for visitors ( 0.9 x 1.8) = 1.62

Department m2
Head Tea Table (0.6 x 0.6) =0.36 m2
Office 1 Table for Head (0.9 x 1.8) = 1.62
m2
One chair for Head (0.53x 0.6) =
0.3m2
0.6 m2
1.08 m2
Security 1 4.5 x 4 18 1 Table for Head (0.9 x 1.8) = 1.62
Department m2
Head One chair for Head (0.53x 0.6) =
0.3m2
0.6 m2
1.08 m2
TV screens from all blocks.
Covered 1 4.5 x 5 22.5 1 Sofa for visitors ( 0.9 x 1.8) = 1.62
Hall m2
Department Tea Table (0.6 x 0.6) =0.36 m2
1 Table for Head (0.9 x 1.8) = 1.62
m2
0.3m2
0.6 m2
1.08 m2
Private 1 4 x 3.5 14 Screen or Projector wall ( 72"
Meeting diagonally)Meeting Table for 6 (1.2
Room x 1.8) = 2.16 m2
6 Chairs (0.6 x 0.53) = 1.908 m2
Store 1 6 X 6.5 39 Office supplies: paper, pens, pencils,
Room staplers, paper clips, tape, glue,
scissors, and folders.
Stationery: envelopes, letterheads,
business cards, and other printed
materials.
Furniture: spare chairs, desks, and
other furniture that may be needed in
the office.
Washroom (4WC+2U WC(0.9x1.2) 4.32 Male 1 WC, 2 Urinal & 1 Wash basin
rinal)=7 Urinal (0.6 x 0.9 Female 3 WC & 1 Wash basin
2Washbas 0.75) 0.54
in Washbasin(0.4
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5 x 0.6)
Total = 263.5 + 20% for Circulation = 316.2 m2
6.2 Number of Players and Coaches

Table 6: Number of Players and Coaches
Game No Male Male Female Female Coac Assistant Physical

Main Sub Main Sub h Coach Fitness
(Player) (Play (Player) (Player)
er)
Basketball 27 5 7 5 7 1 1 1
Volleyball 27 6 6 6 6 1 1 1
Badminton 9 1(Single) - 1(Single) - 1 1 1
2(Double) 2( Double)
Taekwondo 15 6 - 6 - 1 1 1
Karate 15 6 - 6 - 1 1 1
Total : 93
6.3 Player and Coach Accommodation Block
Table 7: Accommodation Spaces
Spaces Number Room Size Total Area (m2) Remarks

(m)
Accommod 42 +9 = 4.5 x 4 918 84 (Regional Players)
ation Unit 51 18 Coaches and Assistant
2 Players in a Room (84 Players)
2 Coach in a Room ( 18 Staff and
coach)
Kitchen 1 7 x 6.5 45.5 Preparation area (0.75 x 2.4)= 1.8 m2
Serving Station (0.75 x 2.4 ) = 1.8 m2
Work Counter (0.75 x 2.4 ) = 1.8 m2
Oven (0.6 x 0.75 ) = 0.45 m2
Gas Stove / Frying (1.2 x 0.9 ) = 1.08
m2
Wash Station (0.75 x 2.1 ) = 1.575
m2
Bins (0.6 x 0.9 ) = 0.54 m2
Washing Zone (0.75 x 2.4 ) = 1.8 m2
Crockery (0.45 x 1.5) = 0.675 m2
Goods Received(1.8 x 2.4 ) = 4.32 m2
Staff Changing Room (1.8 x 2.1) =
3.78 m2
Washroom (1.2 x 1.8) = 2.16 m2
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Ventilated Dry Store (2.7 x 2.7 ) =

7.29 m2
Dining 1 10 x 9 90 6 Dining Table for 6 ( 0.9 x 1.8) =
Area 9.72 m2
(1.5m² per person, 60 numbers can be
accommodated at a time)
Office 1 4.5 x 5 22.5 1 Sofa for visitors ( 0.9 x 1.8) = 1.62
(Head of m2
Accommod Tea Table (0.6 x 0.6) =0.36 m2
ation 1 Table for Head (0.9 x 1.8) = 1.62
Block) m2
0.3m2
0.6 m2
1.08 m2
Reception 1 2.5 x 2.5 6.25 U shaped Reception desk (0.9 x 2.1)=
1.89m2
0.6)=0.3m2
Waiting 1 3.5 x 3.5 12.25 2 Sofa ( 0.9 x 1.8) = 3.24 m2
Washroom 4 2.7 + 20% 12.96 (2 for staff and 2 for visitors)

6.3 Training Hall
Table 8: Training Spaces
Spaces Number Room Size Total Area(m2) Remarks

(m)
Reception 1 2.5 x 2.5 6.25 U shaped Reception desk (0.9 x 2.1)=
1.89m2
0.6)=0.3m2
Waiting 1 3.5 x 3.5 12.25 2 Sofa ( 0.9 x 1.8) = 3.24 m2
Badminton 2 (17.41 x 350 (13.41x6.1) court size plus clear space
Court 10.1)=175 2m all side i.e. ( 13.41+2+2) x
(6.1+2+2)
Basketball 1 (30x18)=540 540 (26x14) court size plus clear space
Court 2m all side i.e. ( 26+2+2) x (14+2+2)
Volleyball 1 (22x13)=286 286 (18x9) court size plus clear space 2m
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Court all side i.e. ( 18+2+2) x (9+2+2)

Taekwondo 2 (10x10)=100 200 (8x8) court size plus clear space 1m
, Karate all side i.e. ( 8+1+1) x (8+1+1)
Locker 1 6 x 5.5 33 Locker for each players (0.6 x

Room 0.6)=0.36m2 for 10 = 0.36x 10=
3.6m2
Bench Length for 10 (0.45 x 4.5) =
2.025 m2
(Space requirement per person is 0.7
to 1.0sq.m. 0.4m bench length per
person, 0.3m sitting depth, min. 1.8m
between benches or between bench
and wall)
Medical
Room 1 6x5 30 Clean Linen cart
1. Radiogr Cassette changer
aphic Washroom
Room Control Unit
Fluoroscopic Apron and Glove holder
Fluoroscopic Chair
Utility Sink with drain board
Radiographic fluoroscopic unit with
spot film device
Safe light
2. Physioth
erapy 1 9 x 14 126 2.1 Exercise Area
Room Gym Mat
Parallel Bars
Steps
Stall Bars
Stationary Bicycle
Wheel Chair
2.2Treatment Cubicle
Treatment table
Chair Preferable with arms
Portable equipment
Office Room
Chair Preferable with arms
Desk
File Cabinet
Bookcase
Toilet
Storage
Fitness 1 20 x 10 200 Rowing machine (1.3 x 1.2)= 1.56m2

Room
Exercise bike (0.9 x 0.45)= 0.405 m2
Stomach exercise bench (2.15 x
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0.95)= 2.0425 m2
Multi-exercise center (0.9 x 0.45)=

0.405 m2
Workout Bench (1 x 1.45)=1.45 m2
No of Users : 40-50
Store 1 6 X 6.5 39
Room
Audio 1 8x6 48 Screen or Projector wall ( 72"
visual diagonally)
Room 15 chair for Player and staff
including coach (0.53x 0.6) = 4.77m2
Staff Room 1 6x5 30 Table for 6 Coach (1.2 x 1.8) = 2.16

m2
6 Chairs (0.6 x 0.53) = 1.908 m2
1 Sofa for visitors ( 0.9 x 1.8) = 1.62
m2
Tea Table (0.6 x 0.6) =0.36 m2
Screen for Display (0.6 x 2.4) =1.44
m2
File Cabinet (0.45 x 2.4) = 1.08 m2
Washroom 4 2.7+20% 12.96 (2 for staff and 2 for visitors)
6.4. Multipurpose Sports Hall
Table 9: Multipurpose Spaces
Spaces Number Room Size Total Area(m2) Remarks

(m)
Entrance 1 10 x 6 60 Entrance area of 10 x 6
Ticket 10 2.1 x 2.1 44.1 1 Desk (0.75 x 1.2) =1.8 m2
Counter
Hall Area 1 40.6 x 21.35 867 5 court hall ( 40.6 x 21.35 )
5 Badminton court
1 Basket Ball court
2 Volley Ball training court
Conference 1 6x5 30 Screen or Projector wall ( 72"
Room/ diagonally)
Interview 30 Chairs (0.6 x 0.53) = 9.54 m2
Room
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Media Room 1 8x5 40 Screen or Projector wall ( 72"

diagonally)
Seating 30 seating (0.6 x 0.53) = 9.54
m2
Audio Equipment for Single (0.6 x
0.9) = 0.54 m2
Storage (2.4 x 3)=7.2 m2
Janitor's 1 3.5x3.5 12.25

Room
Security 1 5x4 20
Room
Services 1 10 x 10 100 HVAC, Audio Control, Video
Room Control, Score Board Control
Store Room 1 10 x 10 100

Equipment 1 10 x 8 80
Room
Retail Shop 10 5x4 200
Players Area
First Aid 1 5x4 20 Examination Couch (1.9 x 0.65)=
Room 1.235 m2
Stool (0.45 x 0.45) = 0.2025 m2
Privacy Screen (2.7 x 1.8) (W x H)
=4.86 m2
First Aid Kit and Table (0.75 x
1.5)=1.125 m2
Washbasin (0.48 x 0.85)= 0.408 m2
Medicine Cabinet (0.35 x 0.45)
=0.1575 m2
Referee Room 1 4 x 4.5 18 Lockers for 5 (0.6 x 0.6)= 1.8 m2
2 Sofa ( 0.9 x 1.8) = 3.24 m2
Table (0.75 x 1.5) = 1.125 m2
2 Storage cabinet (0.45 x 0.9)= 0.81
m2
Coach Room 2 4x5 20 White board (1.5 x 2.4) (W x H)= 3.6
m2
2 Sofa ( 0.9 x 1.8) = 3.24 m2
Desk (1.2 x 2.4) = 2.88 m2
2 Storage cabinet(0.45 x 0.9)= 0.81
m2
TV or Video monitor (72" diagonally)
Doping Test 1 6x5 30 Waiting Area (3.5 x 3.5)= 12.25m2
Room Waiting Chairs 8 (0.45 x 0.45) = 1.62
m2
Washroom (1.5 x 1.8)= 2.7 m2
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Table (0.75 x 1.5)= 1.125 m2

3 Chairs for blood collection (0.6 x
0.53)=0.954 m2
Privacy Screen (2.7 x 1.8) (W x H)
=4.86 m2
Medicine Cabinet (0.45 x 2.1) =0.945
m2
Refrigerator to store blood sample
(0.6x0.9)=0.54m2
Locker Room 2 6 x 5.5 66 Locker for each players (0.6 x
( Players) 0.6)=0.36m2 for 10 = 0.36x 10=
3.6m2
Bench Length for 10 (0.45 x 4.5) =
2.025 m2
(Space requirement per person is 0.7
to 1.0sq.m. 0.4m bench length per
person, 0.3m sitting depth, min. 1.8m
between benches or between bench
and wall)
Washroom (12WC+8 WC(0.9 x 1.2) 12.96 (6 WC + 4 Urinal For one side of

Urinal)=2 Urinal =(0.6 x 3.6 Team)
0 0.75) 1.62
6 Washbasin(0.4
Washbasi 5 x 0.6)
n
Spectators
Area
General 4700 0.6 x 0.75 2115 + 423 = Each seat of 0.45m² + 20% of area
Spectators 2538 for circulation)
VIP Seating 255 0.6 x 0.75 114.75+22.95= Comfortable 2 Seating Sofa (0.9 x
137.7 1.8) = 3.24 m2
Plus 10 extra seating
VIP Lounge 1 8x6 48 Comfortable 2 Seating Sofa (0.9 x
1.8) = 3.24 m2
Tables (1.2 x 1.8) = 2.16 m2
Bar serving wine (2.1 x 2.4) = 5.04
m2
Television
Private Washroom (1.8 x 2.4)= 4.32
m2
Snacks Bar 1 10 x 6 60
Souvenir 1 8x5 40
Shop
Differently 25 1x2 50
able
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Washroom (30WC+2 WC(0.9x1.2) 60.48 The required number of toilets per

0Urinal)= Urinal =(0.6 x
17.1 visitor is 0.01, of which:
50 0.75)
8 Washbasin(0.4 2.7 40% toilets for women 20% toilets for
Washbasi 5 x 0.6)
men
n
40% urinals
Total spectators = 4700
(0.02 x 2500) = 94 no.
40% of 50 = 38 no.
40% of 50 = 38 no.
20% of 50 = 18 no.
6.5 Cafeteria
Table 10: Cafeteria Spaces
Spaces Number Room Size (m) Total Area Remarks

(m2)
Kitchen 1 7 x 6.5 45.5 Preparation area (0.75 x 2.4)= 1.8 m2
Serving Station (0.75 x 2.4 ) = 1.8 m2
Work Counter (0.75 x 2.4 ) = 1.8 m2
Oven (0.6 x 0.75 ) = 0.45 m2
Gas Stove / Frying (1.2 x 0.9 ) = 1.08
m2
Wash Station (0.75 x 2.1 ) = 1.575 m2
Bins (0.6 x 0.9 ) = 0.54 m2
Washing Zone (0.75 x 2.4 ) = 1.8 m2
Crockery (0.45 x 1.5) = 0.675 m2
Goods Received(1.8 x 2.4 ) = 4.32 m2
Staff Changing Room (1.8 x 2.1) =
3.78 m2
Washroom (1.2 x 1.8) = 2.16 m2
Ventilated Dry Store (2.7 x 2.7 ) = 7.29
m2
Counter 1 2.5 x 3 7.5 Countertop (0.9 x 3) including Cash
Register, Food Warmers
Dining 1 10 x 9 90 15 Dining Table for 6 ( 0.9 x 1.8) =
Area 24.3 m2
15 times 6 seating chair (0.5 x 0.6) =27
m2
(1.5m² per person, 90 numbers can be
accommodated at a time)
Standing 1 1.5 x 2.4 3.6 Vending machine (0.9 x 0.9)

space for
Atul Kusma Page 85

vending
machine
Washroom (4WC+3 WC(0.9x1.2) 4.32 Male 1 WC,3 Urinal & 2 Wash basin
Urinal)= Urinal (0.6 x 0.75) 1.35 Female 3 WC & 2 Wash basin
7 Washbasin(0.45 x 1.08
0.6)
6.6 Parking
Table 11: Parking Spaces
Spaces Number Parking Size Total Remarks

(m) Area
(m2)
Car parking 270 2.5 x 5 3375 Sedan car ( 2.1 x 5 )
Hatchback car ( 1.9 x 3.9 )
SUV ( 2.14 x 4.8 )
Bicycle 75 0.7 x 2 105 Bicycle (0.5 x 1.6 )

parking
Bike parking 810 1 x 2.5 2025 Bike (0.75 x 2.2 )
Bus 5 4 x 14 280 Bus (2.55 x 12 )
Fire Brigade 2 4.5 x 15 135 Fire Brigade (2.55 x 12 )
Ambulance 2 2.5 x 7 35
Police 2 2.5 x 5 25
Outside 2 2.5 x 5 25
Broadcaster
Delegates 50 2.5 x 5.5 687.5 Full Sized SUV ( 2.14 x 5.14 )
Parking
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6.7 Seminar Hall
Table 12: Social Space
Spaces Number Total Area (m2) Remarks
Foyer 1 300
Stage with background 1 150
Seating 180 81+16.2=97.2 Each seat of 0.45m²

+ 20% of area for
circulation)
Changing room 2 50
Projection room 1 25
Store 1 60
W/C 2 30
Staff room 1 32
Total =744.2 m2
Sum of built-up area =12404.3874 m²

Circulation area within built-up area = 20% of sum of built –up area = 2480.8774 m²
Total built up area = 14885.26 m²
According to Building bye-laws for sports,
As 40% of total site area can be used as built-up area,
Built-up area being 14885.26 m ²,
Total site area = 37213.162 m²
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CHAPTER 7: DESIGN CONCEPT AND DEVELOPMENT

The present requirement as per the need is to uplift the sports scenario of our country by undertaking
the regional, national and international sports events. Thus the invention of a complex that caters
sports in every way is very vital. In the present context of world sport, possibly almost all countries
are producing many skill full players in various sports. So, sports complex with training facility is
very important for producing skillful players and improve different skills related to the game.
Every building has its own specific criteria which also guide the solution. In case of public building
like Sports Complex and training center, the general criteria that must be considered is economy,
utility; convenience, function, durability, safety, security, etc. The whole design concept has been
focused on such design issues and the governing factors.
While designing any complex, one element that acts as a major guiding factor and must be kept in
consideration is the user group. The functionality of any building depends upon the purpose and the
people that use the building. The central focus of this project is the multipurpose covered hall, and
other building blocks like training hall, administration block, cafeteria, accommodation block are
designed with respect to main hall.
7.1 Design Concept

"Dynamism"
The word "dynamism" refers to the quality or state of being dynamic, energetic, or active. It describes
the ability to adapt to change and to act with vigor and purpose. A dynamic person or thing is
characterized by constant progress, change, or activity.
Dynamic in sports, on the other hand, involve changes in muscle length and joint movement,
measured in maximal oxygen consumption, and associated with cardiovascular fitness.
The initial concept of my design is influenced by dynamic movement of a player. Dynamic movement
of a player which refers to their ability to move with speed, agility, and precision in response to the
changing demands of a game or situation. In sports, dynamic movement is highly valued, as it can
give a player a competitive edge over their opponents.
So, Dynamic movement of a sports person from side view.
Figure 80:
79: Movement of Figure 81: Movement of
Figure 82: Movement of
Badminton Player Basketball Player
Volleyball Player
Atul Kusma Page 88

The common movement was taken as shown in above figures which were depicted in the plan. As in
my design the major component is multipurpose hall, the starting point need larger energy so the
placement is done accordingly along with other blocks.
Figure 83:
82: Common Movement of
Players
Figure 84: Transforming in the Plan
According to the concept and transformation in the plan, two options were created for the design.
Figure 86: Zoning

Figure 85: Option 1
Form development
The major body block i.e. multipurpose hall is placed at
the starting point figure 86, as it is the main block and
other block form as formed accordingly which
represents the movement from the starting point to end.
Figure87:
Figure 86: Form
Form Development
Development
Atul Kusma Page 89

Figure88:
Figure 87:Tentative
Tentative master
master plan
plan(Option
(Option1) 1)
As shown in figure 84 one the initial concept of the transformation is to meet the functional purpose
for the design. For the planning and zoning of the buildings, as in the concept, the starting point of
movement is kept as the major building i.e. multipurpose hall surrounded with the other buildings as
shown in the figure 84. The public parking is provided near to the entrance. This helps in the easy
flow of the pubic people. The major road segregating the vehicular and pedestrian way in the site. The
zoning i.e. public zone is near the entrance to the west and in the central towards the south west;
whereas the private zone is in the northern side of the side. The central space towards the east side
after the entrance is the plaza space for the unobstructed flow of the people. This help in segregation
of the mass flow of the people. Player accommodation unit is provided in the north east side area with
less noise and more private zone. In any project the community plays an important role. I have
provided a small community park targeting the community people. For the community betterment I
have used my certain portion of the land for public, in the south portion I have contributed land for
taxi stand and in the south west and in north east I have contributed for the better visibility for the
people while riding.
Pros:
 Proper segregation of the zoning
 Clear segregation of vehicular way and pedestrian way in the site from entrance
 Private zone like accommodation training hall are far from the road and noise level form the
crowd created from the public.
 Taxi stand near the main entry which helps people for easy circulation and movement.
 Proper open plaza space forms the entry towards the main hall.
 Separate access for the Players, VIP and Spectators.
Cons:
 Negative spaces in the site in north east and north west area.
Atul Kusma Page 90

Figure 90: Option 2
Figure 89: Tentative master plan (option2)
Atul Kusma Page 91

As shown in figure 89, it is similar to the option 1 in form and shape as it is formed due to concept.
The changes that are in this option are; the private zone is placed in the south west and south portion
of the site where as the public zone placed in the north, north west and north east, side of the site.
Pros:
 Proper adjustment of the building with respect to site.
 Less negative spaces all over the site compared to option 1.
Cons:
 Private zone like accommodation training hall are near the road and noise level form vehicles
and traffic which is the major disadvantage as player need peace while training.
So, according to analysis with better regarding zoning, player's requirements, access, movement,
advantages, hence option 1 is better than option 2.
Figure 91: Tentative Conceptual Master Plan
Atul Kusma Page 92

7.2 Design Development
7.2.1 Design Development Phase 1
In addition to the concept phase master plan, the main multipurpose hall is aligned axially
and supportive buildings were placed according to the circumference of the multipurpose
building which allowed more private zone in the northern side of the site i.e (training block,
accommodation block) and it allowed more public spaces in the southern part of the site. The
roads connected from gate no 2 to gate no 4 segregate the vehicular and pedestrian access to
the site.
Private Zone
Axis
2
Public Zone
Figure 92: Development Phase 1 Master plan
Atul Kusma Page 93

In this design phase more detailed drawings were developed. The north east side portion was
utilized properly with parking for the officials and players along with staffs of administration.
Training block was placed in the near the ticket counter and plaza space in the north western
side so that public can have access to the block as the block will also host game as well as
used for training. Backup spaces were added in the north east side of site as it should be
privatized. Parking spaces for the delegate peoples were added in the southern and south west
part of the site. In the southern portion of the site, some portion of the site is used for the taxi
stand as gate no 2 priory's pedestrian.
Training Block
Ticket Counter Parking for Players
and officals
Taxi Stand
Parking for
Delegates
Atul Kusma Page 94

During this stage more detailed drawings were developed. All blocks i.e, administration,
cafeteria, accommodation, Gymnasium and seminar hall excluding training hall were placed
in the same building which was long and elongated and placed in the northern side of the site
so that the main multipurpose hall can be moved further more to the northern side which
creates better open spaces in the southern and south west side of the site. Backup spaces was
placed near the entrance in gate no 3, for easy maintenance which also created the proper
space for players, officials and administration staffs parking in the northern east side of the
site. Gate no 5 was also provided for exit purpose only. Addition of the cafeteria for the
spectators in the southern side. Own Property was sacrificed for clear vision and space for
taxi stand and bus arrival for public was created in the southern side near gate no 2.
Seminar hall,
Admin, Café, Gym
Open Space
Backup Spaces
Property line
Atul Kusma Page 95

During the final stage, backup building was placed near gate no 5, for easy maintenance
which also created the proper space for players, officials and administration staffs parking in
the northern east side of the site from south east. Gate no 5 was also provided for exit purpose
for staffs and bus parking only and for service purpose for MEP (mechanical, electrical and
plumbing). This lead to more open spaces in the south east portion which makes a
comfortable space for the spectators in the emergency evacuation.
Backup Spaces
Open Space
7.2.5 Master Plan

The main goal focusing on the objective is to create a versatile sports complex that includes
three key elements: a multi-purpose hall, a training hall, and a fitness hall. To achieve this
objective, the building's layout gradually aligns with the multipurpose hall in the northern
side placed according to the zoning. These facilities are integrated with the site with reference
to the one of the key element i.e. multi-purpose hall and according to the zoning.
Furthermore, the concept of creating a multi-sport venue capable of hosting regional level
games is prioritized. This is accomplished by providing various amenities and spacious
circulation areas that facilitate easy and convenient movement for spectators. Safety is also a
major focus, and to ensure the well-being of the audience, multiple entry and exit points are
incorporated into the design.
Atul Kusma Page 96

Figure 96: Master Plan
Atul Kusma Page 97

Figure 97: Profile Sections
Figure 98: Profile Elevations
7.2.6 Floor Plans
7.2.6.1 Main Hall

The main sports hall is a multifunctional space that encompasses various zones, with the
main play area being the central focus and also a space for combat sports like taekwondo &
karate. Surrounding the play area, there are several sections designated for spectators, each
catering to different levels of importance. These spectator areas are divided into regular
seating for general attendees and a special section reserved for delegates or guest teams.
Additionally, a specific area is designated for volunteers within the main play area.
The hall also includes several other spaces, such as player and team rooms, technical rooms,
and restrooms, to support the overall functioning of the facility. Multiple foyer spaces are
strategically positioned throughout the hall to ensure safe and efficient movement of people
within the premises.
Furthermore, the main hall is designed with sufficient height to meet the standards required
for optimal gameplay conditions.
Atul Kusma Page 98

Figure 100: Multipurpose Hall Plan
Figure 99: Multipurpose Hall Plan
Atul Kusma Page 99

7.2.6.2 Training Hall
The plan comprises several different areas for training such as volleyball and badminton. The layout
of these spaces is such that the ground floor is primarily dedicated to the players' activities, while the
spectator's area is situated on the first floor which is connected to the plaza space.
Figure 101: Training Hall Plan
7.2.6.3 Backup Building

The plan is focused on the MEP (Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing), in which the ground floor
areas are focused on the mechanical, electrical and plumbing panel with respective engineers space
along with spaces for the internal transformer and backup generators. The upper floor spaces are used
for CCTV hub for the security area for the whole area along with accommodation for guards and
custodians.
Figure 102: Backup Building Plan
Atul Kusma Page 100

7.2.6.4 Seminar Hall, Administration, Cafeteria, Gym and Accommodation Building

The plan comprises several different areas, including seminar hall, a gymnasium, administration, a
canteen and accommodation. The layout of these spaces is such that the ground floor is primarily
dedicated to the administrative and players activities, as the building is private zone. Whereas the
accommodation areas and game zone are provided for the upper floors. The access for the
administration and players accommodation is provided separately for better functional use.
Figure 103: Seminar Hall, Administration, Cafeteria, Gym and Accommodation Building Plan
Atul Kusma Page 101

7.2.7 Sustainability Features in the Project:

In recent times, there is a growing trend among architects and engineers to create buildings
that are more attuned to and utilize the natural surroundings of a specific location. They are
harnessing natural elements to enhance the sustainability and eco-friendliness of modern
structures. This approach involves designing buildings that work in harmony with the
environment, making use of natural resources and conditions to improve the overall
efficiency and ecological impact of new constructions.
7.2.7.1 Water efficiency: Rain Water Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is a method that involves gathering and saving rainwater in natural
reservoirs, tanks, or underground aquifers before it is lost as runoff. The stored rainwater can
serve various purposes, not only for everyday use but also for watering water features and
maintaining other landscape elements on the site.
7.2.7.2 Solar Panel on roof

The design utilizes architectural features that maximize the capture and storage of heat from
the winter sun while minimizing the entry of heat from the summer sun. This approach
significantly reduces energy consumption. Additionally, the design incorporates measures to
provide sound insulation and minimize condensation.
To further enhance energy efficiency, flexible solar panels will be integrated into the roof.
These solar panels will generate electricity to power the HVAC and lighting systems,
promoting the use of renewable energy.
Before proceeding with the installation of the rooftop solar PV system, a feasibility study will
be conducted to assess its viability and suitability for the specific location and requirements.
This study will help determine if the rooftop solar PV system can be effectively implemented
and contribute to the building's overall energy sustainability.
We have an area about 1441.45sq. m. As a thumb rule, 10 Sq. meter area is required for 1 Kw
capacity solar system. So, 144.45 Kw capacity solar systems will be required. As, 1 kw
capacity solar system generates 1600 – 1700 Kwh of electricity per year, approximately
631Kwh of electricity will be generated per day.
Atul Kusma Page 102

7.2.8 Services
7.2.8.1 Water Supply:
The total built up area of the project is around 14885.26 Sq. m. which is estimated to
have around 5000 visitors in a day. And the number of staffs as calculated above
is around 125 nos. and 100 accommodated players in the academy. Hence water supply
requirements must be calculated based on the number of users in the facility. Nepal
National Building Code 208: 2003 is taken into reference for the calculation of amount
of water required in a day. The calculation of amount of water required will help to
calculate the underground and overhead tank sizes. (Nepal, 2003).Minimum
requirement of water per head per day is 100 liter for accommodations and minimum
requirement of water per head per day is 20 liter for spectators.
Calculation of Water required for indoor sports complex per day:
For staffs and players = 200 X 125 = 25,000 L
For spectators = 5000 X 25 = 1,25,000 L
So, Total= 1,50,000 L
There should be storage for at least 2days = 1,50,000 X 2 = 3,00,000 L
For firefighting provision, (Nepal, 2003) Since the height of the building is less than 24
m and more than 15 m, the capacity of water required for firefighting = 1,00,000 liter
So, total underground storage required = 3,00,000 L + 1,00,000 L= 4,00,000 L. =400 cu. m.
So, an underground tank of dimension 11 * 10* 4 m is required.
Atul Kusma Page 103

7.2.8.2Sewarage management:
There is a necessity to build a septic tank for proper management of sewerage. Septic
tanks are placed within the site, which collects sewerage from different blocks through
soil manhole for water waste, since the site is
on a contour plot, drop manholes are used
wherever necessary for change in level so that
maintenance can be done easily.
No. of persons = 5000 to 5200 persons (Q)
Sewage generation = 80% of Water Supply
Detention period = 2 days
Clearing Period = Once a year
L: B = 3:2 let,
Depth of storage of water = 2.5m
Sludge = 30 lit/ person/ yr. Figure 104: Septic tank
Min. free board = 0.5 m
Total waste coming to septic tank = 80% of 4,00,000 L = 3,20,000 L = 320 cu. m.
Capacity of tank required = 2 * 320 = 640 cu. m.
Capacity required for sludge accumulation = 30 * 5000 * 1 = 150000 L = 150 cu. m.
Total tank capacity required = 640 + 150 = 790 cu. m.
Area required = 790/2.5 = 316 sq. m.
Let’s assume L: B = 3: 2
So, from calculation, L= 14 m and B= 10m Total
depth = 2.5 + .5 = 3 m
Hence 2 tank capacity required = 14 * 10 * 3 m
Atul Kusma Page 104

CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION
The proposed project aims to ignite enthusiasm for sports within the community, especially among the
youth, and promote the overall development of sports in the country. The proponent has carefully
analyzed and integrated all the relevant information related to sports architectural design and
planning. This comprehensive proposal serves as a unique example in the field of architecture and
contributes to improving human habitat and lifestyle.
Throughout the project, various challenges were encountered, but they were effectively resolved
through research and a systematic approach. The advantages of the proposal are not only evident in its
significant contribution to the field of sports architecture but also in its creative expression of sports as
a part of human activities integrated into architectural design.
By adhering to proper design guidelines, strategic planning, and critical thinking, the project stands
out as a distinctive design proposal that incorporates valuable insights and innovative ideas related to
sports activities. This project sets an example for sporting and recreational activities, making them
accessible and achievable to a wider audience.
After considering all the data and information collected for the project proposal, the key to
successfully achieving a distinctive, valuable, and significant indoor sports complex lies in creative
planning and designing. This approach will ensure that the project fulfills its potential as a one-of-a-
kind facility that contributes meaningfully to the realm of sports and recreational activities. Moreover,
it will serve as a noteworthy example in the field of architectural planning and design, offering a
physical challenge, an exhilarating experience, and a remarkable space for sports enthusiasts.
Atul Kusma Page 105

9. BIBLOGRAPHY
Archdaily. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.archdaily.com/search/all?q=San%20Wayao%20Community%20Sports%20Ce
nter&ad_source=jv-header
Archdaily. (n.d.). Retrieved from Archdaily website:
https://www.archdaily.com/49705/winter-olympics-2010-vancouver-skating-richmond-
olympic-oval-cannon-design?ad_source=search&ad_medium=projects_tab
Chiara, J. D., & Callender, J. (1990). Time-Saver Standards For Building Types 3rd
Edition. McGRAW-HILL.
Dimensions . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.dimensions.com/
John, G. (1994). Stadia: A design and development guide. Architectural Press.
Nepal at the Olympics. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_at_the_Olympics
Nepal Olympic Committee . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nocnepal.org.np/
Neufert, E. a. ( 2000).  "Architects Data", Third edition.
NEUPANE, M. S. (2018, 06 15). The Economics of Sports : More than Fan Fever.
 Sport England, Sports Hall Design and Layouts Updated & Combined Guidance. (2012).
Sports England.
Weather and Climate . (n.d.). Retrieved from Weather and Climate Site : https://weather-
and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-
fahrenheit,bhaktapur,Nepal
Atul Kusma Page 106

10. ANNEX
The AutoCAD Drawings are attached herewith.
Atul Kusma Page 107

INDOOR SPORTS COMPLEX AT BHAKTAPUR (Complex anchored with Traning Facility)
INDOOR SPORTS COMPLEX
An indoor sports complex is a large facility that is designed for indoor sports, fitness, and LITERATURE
recreation activities. Indoor sports complexes may include a variety of different areas Five Court Hall Access Emergency exit time
and facilities, such as gymnasiums, weight rooms, cardio areas, indoor tracks, and courts • Among three types of court • The number of exits and escape routes required depends
for sports like basketball, volleyball, and racquetball. hall i.e Four court halls, five also on the maximum number of people in the area un-
court hall and six court hall, der consideration.
NATIONAL BACKGROUUND five court hall is chosen for
• Sports has significantly enhanced Nepal’s reputation globally in recent times. The sports medium sized sports complex.
sector has acquired a professional standing in Nepal, owing to the increasing public rec- • Recommended minimum area:-
Indoor Sports Hall
ognition of its impact on health, societal advancement and the country’s economy. 40.60 X 21.35m
• Nepal has started participating in various international sports competition such as • Clear height:-7.5m
Olympic, SAARC, SAF, South Asian games and Asian games. Within the country itself • Equipment store area:-
frequently matches are organized. Thus sports have been able tVo increase its fans 108sq. m.
and have also become a source of economy. • Hall based on 5 badminton
• Akhil Nepal Football Association court module
• Nepal Volleyball Association
• Nepal Karate Association
• Nepal Basketball Association and other various association. NATIONAL CASE STUDIES INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES
HOST
1. RICHMOND OLYMPIC OVAL 2. SAN WAYAO COMMUNITY SPORTS CENTER
HOST 1. DASRATH STADIUM COVERED HALL 2. POKHARA STADIUM COVERED HALL
HOST TRAINING
TRAINING
TRAINING COMMON
INFRASTRUCTURE
COMMON
INFRASTRUCTURE
COMMON
INFRASTRUCTURE INFERENCE FROM CASE STUDIES
ACHIEVEMENTS • Provision of use of Natural Light in Das- • Spaces for training and game area should be • Interconnection of Community, Sports and • The design concept connection indoor and out-
rath coverd hall. separated which provides managed spaces Leisure door environment can be taken.
for spectators and players. • Convertible to numerous other sport and • Also, we can draw the concept of vertical zon-
Achievements of Nepal in South Asian Game (SAG)
206 non-sport uses & Use of retractable seats ing even with the steel structures providing
such concept can be taken. courtyard to the sports complex
• Concept of elevation treatment with non • Provision of meaningfull spaces like yoga spac-
95 glazed aluminum framed curtain walls. es for the community without charging a fee.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF NEPAL IN LAST 3 SOUTH ASIAN GAMES
60 60
51
4 10 12
55 11
33 36 34 3 3 7
10 10
6 6 6 6 6
20 31 23 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 5 5 5 5
15 19 4 4
8 9
3 3 3 3 3 3
7 6 9 3 2
00
1 11 1
00 0
1
0 0 0 0 0
1 1
0
1
0 0 0 1 1 1
2
3
1
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2
1
2
4 4 4
0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2
9th SAG 10th SAG 11th SAG 12th SAG 13thSAG 1 1 1
0 0
Gold Silver Bronze Total
Source- https://nocnepal.org.np/south-asian-games-2016-results
https://nocnepal.org.np/11thsafmedals
RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS
Source- https://nocnepal.org.np/south-asian-games-2016-results, https://nocnepal.org.np/11thsafmedals
• Sushma Tamang First Nepalito win Silver medal in ASBC
LOTS OF ASSOCIATIONS BUT BASED ON PATICIPATION ON INTERNATIONAL SPORTS AND INTREST SPORTS TO BE INCLUDED U22 Boxing Championship 2023 on women minimum (45-
WHERE IS PROPER FACILITY & INFRASTRUCTURE Combat Sports Team Sports Racket Sports 48) kg weight category - Jan 26
TO PRACTICE • Taekwondo • Volleyball(National Game) • Badmintionv • Kiran Sitikhu from Bhaktapur won Gold medal in 2nd India
• Karate • Basketball Open International Taekwando Championship held in New
Delhi India- Jan 2
• Anisha Khadka won Gold Medal in Mvay thai Championship
(under women 71kg category) held in UAE - Feb 1st
FINAL PRESENTAION
1
PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY NAME : ATUL KUSMA DATE : 2080/04/24
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE ROLL NO : 740107
LIBALI, BHAKTAPUR B. ARCH. THESIS
PROGRAM SITE ANALYSIS SITE INFORMATION GUIDELINES FOR SITE SELECTION
The program and their repective spaces are on the Location : SUKUNA PHAT, BHAKTAPUR ACCESSIBILITY with public transport routes and private ve-
basis of literature review, field survey of the na- Ward No : 10 hicular mediums.
tional case, analysis of international case studies Plot Area: 37213.162m² (73.15 Ropani) • 12 km from International Airport
STRENGTH • 9 km from Koteshwor chowk
and architectural standards. Topogrphy: Flat Land
• Situated beyond the settlement to prevent any • 14 km from Chabahil, Kathmandu
Main components of project are: disturbance to the residential area. Climate: Warm and Temperate
• Direct Bus approach from Putalisadak to Changunarayan. Y
1. Administration building • Multiple accessiblity through pepsicola, araniko GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
• Lagankhel – Dekocha- Kamalbinayak Route
2. Accommodation facilities highway, nagarkot Lattitude: 27°41’09.7”N • Balaju – Sanothimi – Dekocha – Kamalbinayak Route
3. Training Hall • Considerable distance from Tribhuwan Interna- Longitude: 85°26’30.3”E PROXIMITY of Health services, Security, Fire Safety, Hotel
4. Multipurpose Hall tional Airport i.e., 12.1 km and restaurant facilities. Y
5. Cafeteria • Multiple ways of vehicular access connecting from SIZE AND TOPOGRAPHY with falt land and enough area to ac-
6. Parking area. secondary roads. commodate according to program.
• Flat land DISTANT from settlement to prevent any disturbance to the
• Total Number of Staffs: 110 • Local field promotes social and physical activities SITE SURROUNDINGS residential area.
• Total Number of Regional Players: 72 for both young and adult age groups.
• Total Number of Coaches and helpers: 18
• Total Number of Speectators: 5000
WEAKNESS
COMPONENTS No Total Area No of Remarks
(m2) Staffs • The proposed site lacks proper sewage and wa- Planet Bhaktapur Khwopa
ter management.
v
College
Administration Building 1 316.2 15 Actual area + • Small Brick Factory in West (Current Situation)
20% circulation Bhaktapur Substation Nepal Military Kharipati
Accommodation Building 1 1328.952 11 Actual area +

20% circulation
OPPORTUNITY
Training Hall 1 3124.152 12 Actual area +
20% circulation • Economic opportunities SITE 0.5Km
1Km
• Community engagement 1.5Km
Cafeteria 1 702.552 8 Actual area + 2Km
20% circulation
• Gradual development of the entire area regard- Bhaktapur cancer Hospital 2.5Km Khwopa Hospital
ing roads networks, public transportation options
Multipurpose hall 1 6923.724 60 Actual area + and other infrastructures.
20% circulation
• Competition Venue for school and college level. ROAD ANALYSIS
Parking 1 8020.2 4 Actual area +
• May raise the land value in the place.
ARANIKO HIGHWAY (THIMI - SALLAGHARI - SURYABINAYAK -
20% circulation
JAGATI)
Total: 12395.548m2 110 (Built Up Area)
THREAT Iwamura Hospital
District Police
PRIMARY ACCESS (SANO THIMI- SALLAGHARI - BYASI - DEKOCHA
• Possibility of flooding from kasan river. -NAGARGOT)
Juddha Barun Yantra Office,
Bhaktapur Chamashing Bus park SECONDARY ACCESS ( DEKOCHA TO CHANGUNARAYAN & KHARIPATI
TO CHALING )
EXISTING ROAD LVL 0 m EXISTING ROAD

LVL - 3m
LVL - 6m PROPOSED SITE
KASAN RIVER LVL - 13m LVL - 7.5m
SECTION AT Y-Y
CONCEPT: DYNAMISM
DYNAMISM
• The main concept of this project is DYNAMISM.
• The word “dynamism” refers to the quality or state of being dynamic, energetic, or active
• Dynamic in sports, involve changes in muscle length and joint movement.
• The initial concept of my design is influenced by dynamic movement of a player.
• Dynamic movement of a player which refers to their ability to move with speed, agility, and precision in
response to the changing demands of a game or situation
• In sports, dynamic movement is highly valued, as it can give a player a competitive edge over their op-
ponents. DYNAMIC MOVEMENT DYNAMIC MOVEMENT DYNAMIC MOVEMENT
OF BADMINTON PLAYER OF VOLLEYBALL PLAYER OF BASKETBALL PLAYER
FINAL PRESENTAION
2
ZONING CONCEPT
• SITE INTEGRATION • VOLUMETRIC HIERARCHY
• AXIAL APPROACH TO SITE • FUNCTIONAL PLANNING
SUPPORTING BODY
ENDING OF
MAJOR
MOVEMENT
STARTING
POINT
OF
AXIAL APPROACH TO SITE
MOVEMENT
MAJOR POINT
MAJOR COMPONENT
SEMI-PUBLIC ZONE
(MULTIPURPOSE PUBLIC ZONE PRIVATE ZONE
COMMMON MOVEMENT HALL )
ZONING
PUBLIC ZONAL DISTRIBUTION OF

BUILDING UNITS
SEMI - PUBLIC
PRIVATE
VOLUMETRIC HIERARCHY
LEGEND
SPECTATORS VEHICULAR ACCESS
SPECTATORS PEDESTRIAN ACCESS CIRCULATION DIAGRAM

DELEGATES ACCESS (SCALE 1:500)
BUBBLE DIAGRAM FUNCTIONAL RELATION-
PLAYERS ACCESS ZONING
PUBLIC ZONE IMPORTANT RELATION
ADMIN STAFFS ACCESS EMERGENCY EXIT RELATION
SEMI- PUBLIC
PLAYERS VEHICULAR ACCESS DELEGATES RELATION
PRIVATE ZONE DESIRED RELATION
FINAL PRESENTAION
3
FINAL PRESENTAION
4
MASTER PLAN WITH ROOF

(SCALE 1:300)
FINAL PRESENTAION
5
PROFILE SECTION AT C-C

(SCALE 1:300)
PROFILE SECTION AT A-A

(SCALE 1:300)
PROFILE SECTION AT C-C

(SCALE 1:300) PROFILE SECTION AT D-D
(SCALE 1:300)
FINAL PRESENTAION
6
WEST PROFILE ELEVATION EAST PROFILE ELEVATION

(SCALE 1:300) (SCALE 1:300)
SOUTH PROFILE ELEVATION

(SCALE 1:300)
NORTH PROFILE ELEVATION

(SCALE 1:300)
FINAL PRESENTAION
7
MULTIPURPOSE HALL
FINAL PRESENTAION
8
LEGEND
PARKING AREA
POCKET SPACE AFTER
EMERGENCY EVACUATION
EMERGENCY EVACUATION
ROUTE
PER PEOPLE 1M2 AREA
WIT 8
HOUT 37 PEOP 173 P
AREA LE EOPLE
OF B
IKE
PARK
ING
747 PE
V
OPLE
WIT 14
HOUT 74 PEOP
AREA LE
OF C
AR P
ARKI
NG
3263
PEOPL
E
OP
LE EVACUATION PLAN
PE
1002 (SCALE 1:350)
395 P
EOPLE
OPEN SPACES IN SOUTH WEST PORTION OPEN SPACES IN SOUTH EAST PORTION INTERIOR (MULTIPURPOSE HALL)
FINAL PRESENTAION
9
WEST ELEVATION EAST ELEVATION

(SCALE 1:250) (SCALE 1:250)
SOUTH ELEVATION NORTH ELEVATION

(SCALE 1:250) (SCALE 1:250)
SECTION AT S - S
(SCALE 1:150)
SECTION AT Z - Z
(SCALE 1:150)
FINAL PRESENTAION
10
TRAINING HALL
VOLLEYBALL PLAY AREA
SECTION AT S - S SECTION AT T - T
(SCALE 1:150) (SCALE 1:150)
BADMINTON PLAY AREA
NORTH ELEVATION EAST ELEVATION

(SCALE 1:150) (SCALE 1:150)
SOUTH ELEVATION WEST ELEVATION

(SCALE 1:150) (SCALE 1:150) 3D VIEW
FINAL PRESENTAION
11
SEMINAR HALL, ADMINISTRATION,
CAFETERIA, GYM & ACCOMMODATION
INTERIOR (COACH ROOM)
3D SOUTH VIEW
3D NORTH VIEW
FINAL PRESENTAION
12
SOUTH ELEVATION WEST ELEVATION INTERIOR ( SEMINAR HALL)

(SCALE 1:150) (SCALE 1:150)
NORTH ELEVATION EAST ELEVATION INTERIOR

(SCALE 1:150) (SCALE 1:150) ( ADMINISTRATION)
SECTION AT B - B SECTION AT A - A INTERIOR ( SEMINAR HALL)

(SCALE 1:150) (SCALE 1:150)
BLOW UP (SEMINAR HALL)

SECTION AT C - C (SCALE 1:100)
(SCALE 1:150)
FINAL PRESENTAION
13
BACK UP BUILDING
NORTH ELEVATION SOUTH ELEVATION EAST ELEVATION WESELEVATION

(SCALE 1:00) (SCALE 1:00) (SCALE 1:00) (SCALE 1:00)
3D WEST VIEW 3D EAST VIEW

SECTION AT A - A SECTION AT B - B (BACKUP GENERATOR )
(SCALE 1:00) (SCALE 1:00)
FINAL PRESENTAION
14
LEGEND
UNDER GROUND WATER TANK (10M X 8M X 4M)
WATER DISTRIBUTION LINE
S.T SEPTIC TANK (14M X 10M X 3M)
PIPELLINE FOR SEPTIC TANK
R RAIN WATER COL-
LECTION UNDER R
GROUND WATER TANK
(10M X 8M X 4M
PIPE LINE FOR RAIN
WATER Total Spectators being 5000
Staffs as calculated around : 110 nos
DEEP BORING Accommodated Players : 72 + 18 (Coaches )
(4M DIAMETER ) Total : 5000 + 110 + 90 = 5200 no
• Calculation of amount of water required in a day reference of National Building Code
S.T 208:2003
• Minimum requirement per head per day is 100 lit for accommodations
V
• Minimum requirement per head per day is 20 lit for spectators.
So,
Total water required per day,
S.T For Staffs and players= 200 x 125 = 25000 lit
For Spectators = 5000 x 25 = 125000 lit
Total: 25000+125000 = 1,50,000L
Storage for atleast 2days = 1,50,000 x 2 = 3,00,000 L
For firefighting provision, (Nepal, 2003) Since the height of the building is less than 24
m and more than 15 m, the capacity of water required for firefighting = 1,00,000 liter
Total underground Storage required = 3,00,000 + 1,00,000 = 4,00,000 L
= 400 cu.m
So, an underground tank of dimension 11 * 10 * 4 m is required.
HENCE UNDERGROUND TANK OF VOLUME 440 LTRS
SEWARAGE MANAGEMENT
No. of persons = 5000 to 5200 persons

Sewage generation = 80% of Water Supply
Detention period = 2 days
Clearing Period = Once a year L: B = 3:2
let, Depth of storage of water = 2.5m
Sludge = 30 lit/ person/ yr.
Min. free board = 0.5 m
So, from calculation, L= 14 m and B= 10m
Total depth = 2.5 + .5 = 3 m
Hence 2 tank capacity required = 14 * 10 * 3 m = 420

EAST 3D VIEW EAST SIDE 3D VIEW CU.M
FINAL PRESENTAION
16
BASEMENT
BASEMENT LEVEL 1 (282 CARS & 703 BIKES)

(SCALE 1:350)
BASEMENT ENTRY
SECTION AT Y - Y
(SCALE 1:350)
SECTION AT X - X
MAIN ENTRY (VEHICULAR) (SCALE 1:350) BASEMENT LEVEL 2 (344 CARS )
FINAL PRESENTAION NAME : ATUL KUSMA DATE : 2080/04/24
15
PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY
INDOOR SPORTS COMPLEX 3D VIEWS
(Complex anchored with Traning Facility)
MAIN ENTRY( SPECTATORS VEHICULAR) SOUTH EAST VIEW PLAZA SPACES
SURFACE PARKING (SPECTATORS) SOUTH BIRDS EYE VIEW TICKET COUNTER
OUTDOOR EATING (SPECTATORS) NORTH BIRDS EYE VIEW SOUTH WEST VIEW
PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY FINAL PRESENTATION NAME : ATUL KUSMA DATE : 2080/04/24
LIBALI, BHAKTAPUR B.ARCH. THESIS
ROLL NO : 740107 17
INDOOR SPORTS COMPLEX MODEL PICTURE
(Complex anchored with Traning Facility)
BIRDS EYE VIEW TOP VIEW OF MASTER PLAN BIRDS EYE VIEW
MASTER PLAN SHOWING INTERIOR MULTIPURPOSE HALL INTERIOR BIRDS EYE VIEW WITH INTERIOR
BACKUP BUILDING ADMIN, ACCOMODATOIN, SEMINAR HALL & CAFETERIA TRAINING BLOCK
PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY TITLE : INDOOR SPORTS COMPLEX NAME : ATUL KUSMA
LIBALI, BHAKTAPUR
(Complex Anchored with Training Facility) ROLL NO : 740107 18

Final Report Indoor Sports Comple (Atul Kusma)

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Final Report Indoor Sports Comple (Atul Kusma)

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INDOOR SPORTS COMPLEX

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment

Atul Kusma (740107)

Atul Kusma (740107)

Atul Kusma Page 1

1.2. International Background

1.3. History of sports in Nepal

Atul Kusma Page 2

1.4. National Background

Atul Kusma Page 3

1.5. Problem Statement

Atul Kusma Page 4

1.6. Project Objective

Atul Kusma Page 5

Atul Kusma Page 6

Atul Kusma Page 7

1.9. Project justification

Achievements of Nepal in South Asian Game

9th SAG 10th SAG 11th SAG 12th SAG 13thSAG

Gold Silver Bronze Total

Figure 1: Chart showing achievements in last 5 South Asian games

Source: (Nepal Olympic Committee )

Atul Kusma Page 8

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. General planning requirement

Atul Kusma Page 9

2.1.4. Crowd control

Atul Kusma Page 10

Figure 6: Spectator flow from gate to field

Source: (John, 1994)

Atul Kusma Page 11

Emergency service access

Atul Kusma Page 12

Figure 7: Time exit analysis

Source: (John, 1994)

Atul Kusma Page 13

Atul Kusma Page 14

2.2. Spectator requirements

Capacity Seating configuration

2.2.2. Cover for spectators

2.2.3. Seating accommodation

Atul Kusma Page 15

2.2.4. Spectators' seating

2.2.4.1. Seating types

Atul Kusma Page 16

Retractable and movable seats

2.2.4.2. Seat materials, finishes and colors

Atul Kusma Page 17

2.2.4.3. Seat fixings

Atul Kusma Page 18

2.2.5. Private viewing and facilities

Figure 11: Private Viewing Arrangement

Source: (John, 1994)

Atul Kusma Page 19

2.2.6. Viewing angles and sightlines

Figure 12: Viewing Standards

Source: (John, 1994)

Atul Kusma Page 20

Figure 13: Viewing quality

2.2.7. Provision of Toilets

Table 2: Washroom Provision

Source: (John, 1994)