RM Bridge CONNECT Edition (Release v1 1.08) Analysis Users Guide B n t l Y o Last Updated: February 14, 2022 Advancing InfrastructureTable of Contents Chapter 1: General Comments Ml General nn se at “ABOU RM Bridge wn 112 About This Manual. 12 File Structure .. ns vm 12a RM Bridge Software Components 122 Project Data 1.23 Backups and Data Transfer 13 ‘The Graphical User Interface (GUN). 13. GeNeTA mre 132 ‘The Main Toolbar . 133 The Men Bat ern 134 Input Pads with Tables ... 13.5 3D Views wes : sn 13.6 Splitting and Merging Windows, Full-screen Function .. 137 Functions for Zoom and Eye Position .. 13.8 Shorteuts and Hotkeys sun 14 Help System sn a Chapter 2: Basic Conventions 21 Name Conventions 27 22 Units 27 23 Coordinate System 28 231 Global Coordinate System 28 232 Local Coordinate System for Beam Elements 28 233 Local Coordinate System for Spring Elements 29 234 Cross-Section Coordinate System 31 24 Cross-Section Plane 32 25 Element Library 33 251 General 33 252 Structural Elements 34 253 Linear Springs 35 254 Nonlinear Spring Elements 36 255 ‘Advanced Springs 37 256 Damper /Isolator(Special elements for dynamic analysis) 39 26 Eccentric Connections 40 27 Loading State, Sign Conventions 4 271 External Impacts on the Structure 4 272 Internal State - Deformations, Forces, Moments, and Stresses 4 273 Sign Conventions 43 8 Design Codes 46 Chapter 3: File Menu .. 1 Project Adminstratoin 2 TCL Operations RM Bridge 2 Analysis Users Guide33 34 35 36 37 38 Chapter 4: View Menu . 42 43 44 4s 46 Chapter 5: Properties Menu .. 5 52 53 54 58 56 57 58 RM Bridge Defaults ‘TDF Reports File > Demo Examples File > Dynamic Data Exchange File > ProjectWise Explorer File > Exit RM Bridge Color Settings nn Drawing of Objects and Numbering Standard Eye Positions .. Perspective View ... Save View to a File 55 General 55 Properties > Material Data 56 521 Material Table 56 522 Basic Mechanical Properites 56 523 Material Types 57 524 Mechanical Properties of Concrete Material Types 58 525 Mechanical Properties of Reinforcement Steel Material Types 58 526 Mechanical Properties of Prestressing-steel Material Types 59 527 Mechanical Properties of Steel 60 528 Mechanical Properties of Aluminium 60 529 Mechanical Properties of Timber 60 5.2.10 Mechanical Properties of User-Defined Materials 60 52.11 Time-Dependent Material Properties 60 52.12 Material Safety Factors 61 52.13, Stress-Strain Diagrams 62 Properites > Groups / Attributes Sets (Reinforcement Properties) 62 Properties > Cross-Sections 63 54.1 General 63 542 Graphical Presentation of the Cross-Sections 64 543 Inserting New Cross-Sections (Catalog Cross-Sections) 64 544 Cross-Sections > Parts 64 545 Cross-Sections > Reference Sets 66 5.4.6 Cross-Sections > Catalog 70 547 Cross-Sections > FE Mesh 70 548 ‘Translating and Rotating Cross-Sections 70 549 Un-symmetric Cross-sections 72 Properties > Aero Classes 73 5.1 Basics 73 552 CFD calculation of Aerodynamic Coefficients 77 Properties > Variables 78 56.1 General 78 5.62 Operators and Available Mathematical Functions 79 563 Internal Variables 79 5.64 User-Defined Variables 82 Properties > Units a4 Properites > RM Sets a5 3 Analysis Users Guide581 General 85 582 Input of RM Sets 86 583 Application of RM Sets a8 Chapter 6: Structure Menu and Extras Menu 61 General 62 Structure > Node Data n 62.1 Node Data > Node Coordinates... 622 Node Data > Node Supports 623 Node Data > Node Support Directions .. 624 Node Data > Node Support Eccentricities, 63 Structure > Elements .. 63.1 Elements > Element Types and Nodes 632 Elements > Materials sw 633 Elements > Cross Sections 634 Elements > CS Planes . 635 Elements > Composite 636 Elements > Lengths and Angles ~~. 637 Elements > Eccentric Connections 638 Elements > Hinges 639 Elements > Time .. 63.10 Elements > Shape 63.11 Elements > Checks .. 63.12 Elements > Round .. 63.13, Elements > Slave sn 64 Structure > Tendons 64.1 Physical and Material Properties of Tendon profiles . 642 ‘Tendons > Element Assignment 643 Tendons > Geometry 644 Tendons > 3D 645 Graphic Input Facilites .. 65 Structure > ILM (Incremental Launch Method) 63.1 ILM (Incremental Launching Method) > Segment Definition 652 ILM (Incremental Launch Method) > Schedule. 633 ILM (Incremental Launch Method) > Recale ILM 634 ILM (Incremental Launching Method) > New Project .. 66 Extras (Special Commands) .. 66.1 Extras > Rolling Stock Analysis (Tool RStock) 66.2 Extras > Structure Manipulation : 663 Extras> Traffic Load Macros - 664 Extras > Preprocessors > Preprocessor for Moving Loads 665 Extras > Preprocessors > Preprocessor for Cable Stayed Bridge.» 6.6.6 Extras > Loading and Stages (Standard Templates) 6.6.7 Extras > HTMLand Extras > Lists 668 Extras> Rebar .. : 669 Extras > RM Draw Manager 6.6.10 Extras > Convert Chapter 7: Schedule Menu 1 General 134 can] ‘The Project Time Axis 134 RM Bridge 4 Analysis Users Guide12 Required Definitions 135 12 Schedule > Load Definition 136 721 Load Types 136 722 Principles of Load Case Superposition 137 123 The Load Case Pool 137 124 Load Case Envelopes 138 125 Combinatin Table 142 126 Load Management 143. 127 Load Set Definition, Load Case Definition 144 7128 Traffic Lanes, Load Trains 145 129 Seismic Events Earthquake Load 154 72.10 Specification of Wind Profiles - Wind Load 155 72.11 Stages > Tendon Actions 167 13 Schedule > Stages 169 732 Stages > Activation 170 733 Stages > Schedule Actions 171 14 Schedule > Additional Constraints 219 742 Input Sequence 219 143 Application of the AddCon Function 222 18 Schedule > Schedule Variants 223 16 Schedule Stage Simulation 223 76.1 General Load Display Options 224 1 Recalculate 224 7 Basie Settings 224 172 Extended Settings 230 173 Dynamics Iterations 232 174 Output Parameters 234 178 Summary 234 176 Structure Type 234 Chapter 8: Results Menu . 82 Result Logs ene oe 82.1 Recalculation Protocol 822 Input Database Logs 823 Results Database Logs 83 Alpha-Numeric Result Presentation in the GUL 83.1 Results > Load Cases .. 832 Results > Envelopes ' 833 Results > Recalculation Protocol. 84 Graphical Result Presentation soennmnwnen 84.1 Results > Plot > Plot Containers 842 Plot Editor . - : 843 Results > Plot > Creep /Shrinkage Curves 844 Results > Influence Lines .. Chapter 9: Modeling Structures and Construction Stages .. 9.1 General Approach to Analyzing a Structure 9.11 Define the Structure 9.12 Define the Loads 9.13 Define the Schedule 9.14 Performing the Analysis and Viewing the Results, RM Bridge 5 Analysis Users Guide92 ‘The Structural Model 254 9.2.1 General Modeling Rules, 254 9.2.2 Nodal Points 255 923 Degrees of Freedom (DOF's) 255 924 Elements 256 925 Boundary Conditions 256 9.2.6 Eccentric Connections 257 9.2.7 Element End Releases — Jointed Connections 258 93 ‘The Time Domain - Construction Schedule 260 93.1 Modeling the Construction Schedule 260 932 Long Time Behavior — Creep, Shrinkage, Relaxation 263 933 Deformation Behavior in Stage-Wise Erection 263 934 Erection Control 265 94 Recommended Numbering and Labeling Scheme 266 94.1 Node and Element Numbering 266 94.2 Recommended Labeling Scheme for Load Cases 267 943 Labeling Construction Stage (Sub)totals 268 98 Additional Constraints 269 270 270 270 jodeling Bridge Structures Superstructure Modeling .. 10.11 Bridges with a Single Main Grider 10.12 Shear Lag Effects .. 10.13 Bridges with More Than One Main Grider smn 2m 10.14 Load Carrying Behavior in the Transverse Direction .. 272 102 Connection Between Superstructure and Substructure .. 273 103 Substructure Modeling se 278 104 Precamber Erection Control rm 281 104.1 Camber Line .. 282 1042 Control of Intermediate States » 286 1043 Brought Forward Activation of New Segments ~.. 1044 Consideration of Precamber in Nonlinear Analysis .. 104s Automatic Compensation of Deformations - Erection Control 288 105 ‘Traffic Load Calculation .. 105.1 Calculation and Evaluation of Influence Lines ~~ 105.2 Consideration of Surface Loads - Influence Surfaces .. 10353 Nonlinear Calculation of Traffic Load Cases (LiveSet) 291 1054 ‘Traffic Lanes. 292 1055 Load Trains 293 restressed Bridges 296 Material and Physical Properties 296 TLL Material Parameters 297 112 Physical Parameters 297 2 Tendon Geometry - Internal Tendons 297 113 External Prestressing 298 1131 Assignment of External Tendons to Concrete Elements 299 1132. Geometry Definition via Tangent Intersection Points (Type 1) 300 1133 Geometry by Specification of Straight Segments (Type 2) 302 1134 Approximate Geometry in Region of Deviator Block 303 1135 Tendon Point Types. 304 RM Bridge 6 Analysis Users Guidena Pretensioning of Precast Girders 305 Ad Geometry Definition 305 142 Tendon Forces 305 143 Effective Primary State 305 14a Shortening of the concrete 306 14s Activation of Elements with Pretensioned Strands 307 1s Simulation of the Stressing Procedure 307 ILS Computing the Friction Losses 308 1152. Scheduled Stressing Sequence 308 1153 Prestressing Load Case 309 11s Calculation of the Prestressing Load Case and Results 309 1155 Grouting Prestressed Tendons 310 1156 ‘Treatment of Tension Force Losses, 311 115.7 Calculation of Concrete Stresses 313 Chapter 12: Composite Structures 124 Composite Cross-Section .. 122 Nodes and Elements ofthe Sructural System 123 Construction Stages and Stage Activation .. 124 Loading on Composite and Partial Elements .. 124.1 Self-Weight .. 1242 Temperature 1243 Prestressing 125 Calculation of Internal Forces 125.1 Option Normal 125.2 Option Split 1253 Option Joined 126 Computation of Stresses .. 127 Computation of Shear Key Forces 128 Prestressing of Composite Girders .. 129 Creep and Shrinkage of Composite Girders . 129.1 Concrete Age -. 1292 Primary and Secondary Parts Chapter 13: Special Bridge Types 13 Cable Stayed Bridges 13.11 ‘AddCon Function for Calculating the Stressing Forces 323 13.12 Load Types for Modeling the Stressing Process 324 1313 Consideration of Cable Sagging 325 13.14 Influence of Structural Nonlinearity 326 13.15 Compensation of Deformations - Fabrication Shape 327 13.16 Proposed Procedure for Nonlinear SCB Analyses 328 132, Suspension Structures 331 133 Incrementally Launched Bridges (ILM) 332 1331 Required Additional Structural System Definitions 333 1332 Schedule Definitions 334 14d Structural Requirements, Mass Matrix, and Damping Matrix 1411 Structural Model Requirements ... 4.12 Specification of Masses 335 AM Bridge 7 Analysis Users Guide1413 Load Case Specification 336 M14 Nonlinearity in Dyanmic Analyses 337 1415 Definition of Damping Behavior 337 42 Calculation of Natural Frequencies 338 14241 Interpretation of Results 338 43 Earthquake Analysis (Response Spectrum Method) 339 M431 Response Spectrum Diagram 341 1432 Damping Dependancy 342 1433 Performing the Response Spectrum Analysis 343 M434 Interpretation of Results 343 44 Time History Analysis, 345 Al ‘Time Interval and Time Steps 345 442 Rolling Stock- Loads and Masses as a Function of Time 346 443 Initial State and Load Case Definition 347 45 Static and Dynamic Wind Analysis 348 145.1 Static Impact, 348 1452 Dynamic Wind Analysis, 349 1453 CFD Calculation of the Airflow Around Cross-Sections 349 Chapter 15: Design Code Checks 351 15.1 Fiber Stress Check .. sn se 31 15.12) Standard Fiber Stress Check (Uneracked) mv — nnn BST 15.13 Demerging of Fiber Stress Quota 15.14 Fiber Stress Check for Cracked Concrete Sections 352 152 Shear Stresses, Principal Stresses, and Equivelent Stresses .. 353 1522 Shear Stresses wn 354 1523 Principal Stresses .. 354, 15.24 Equivelent Stresses 354 183 Ultimate Load Capacity Check .. 355 183.2 Relevant Internal Force State ~ 1533 Material Properties for the Ultimate Load Capacity Check 1534 Reinforced Concrete Sections 357 153.5 Prestressed Cross-sections 1m 358 15.36 Performing the Ultimate Load Capacity Check 153.7 Result Listing . 362 184 Reinforcement Design 363 1542 Pier Dimensioning 364 1543 Definition ofthe Position of the Reinforcement ~ 369 1544 Reinforcement Detailing (Interface to Bentley Rebar) 369 188 Shear Capacity Check .. 155.1 Basics ofthe Shear Capacity Check 155.2 Design Forces ... 373 1553 Design Values ofthe Shear Resistance 375 155.4 Required Geometric Data en 378 1555 Required Material Parameters 382 1556 Shear Reinforcement .. 385 155.7 Results of the Shear Capacity Check 386 155.8 Resal Effect (Influence of Inclined Chords) 156 Crack Width Limitation 156.1 Technical Background -.. 15.62 Implementation in RM Bridge .. RM Bridge 8 Analysis Users Guide1563 Overall Calculation Procedure 392 15.64 Cross-Section Geometry 392 15.6.5 Material Data 393 15.6.6 Input of the Design Loading State 394, 15.6.7 ‘Summary of Input Prerequisites 394, 15.68 Output of the Check Actions 394, 15.6.9 Austrian Code ON B4700 and ON B4750 395 156.10 German Code DIN 1045 398 156.11 German Code DIN FB 102, 401 156.12 Eurocode EN 1992-2 402 156.13 Chinese Code JTG D62 (2004) 404, 156.14 Russian Code SNIP 406 Appendix A: Default Database Al Cross-Section Catalog .. 409 All General sn 409 Al2 List of Predefined Cross-Sections and Variables AL3 Box Girder - BoxSimplex . Ala Box Girder - BoxWing1 .. ALS Box Girder - BoxWingz ALS ‘Beam Box Beam L-Profile ALT ALS ‘Beam Ind1 to Ind ALg Hollow Profile - RHS.Circle.. ALO Hollow Profile - RHS Rect, ALI Hollow Profile - RHS Square AL [Profile 7 ALIS Profile - Half Profs nn AL L-Profile- L-Profiles Symmetric ALIS L-Profile- L-Profiles Symmetric ALI6 Slabs Slabs3Voids .. ALI Slabs - Slabs4Voids .. ALIS Standard - Circle - ALIS Standard - Rectangle .. A120 Standard - Square A121 Standard - Trapezoid .. A122 T-Beam-T-Beam I . A123 T-Beam-T-Beam 2 smn AL24 ‘T-Beam - T-Beam Double 1 A125 ‘T-Beam - T-Beam Double 2 A126 U-Profile - U-Profile .. A2 Creep, Shrinkage, and Relaxation Models A21 Overview sn sn A22 1.2.2 Variable Names of Predefined Creep and Shrinkage Laws A23 Parameters for Modeling Creep & Shrinkage ... A24 ‘Variable Names of Predefined Stee] Relaxation LAWS wu A2S Parameters for Steel Relaxation Laws Appendix B: Load Types Library .. BA General 440 B2 Load Types 440 RM Bridge 9 Analysis Users GuideAppendix C: TDF-Reports (CNF-Package) ca c2 ca RM Bridge B21 Concentrated Loads 440 B22 Uniformly Distributed Loads 448 B23 Partial Uniform Load 456 B24 ‘Trapezoid, Triangular, and Variable Load 459 B25 Masses 464 B26 Stressing 465 B27 Initial Stress/Strain (Temperature, etc) 466 B28 Actions on Element Ends 474 B29 Wind Load 477 B2.10 Normal Forces (Stiffness Change) 477 B21 Load Type Creep & Shrinkage 478 479 General Steps for Generating a TDF Report C21 Generate TDF-Tables with RM-Sets 22 TCL-Script for the Report C23 Page-Format Templates TCL-CNF Syntax for TDF-RepOrts nn . Getting Environment Information .. General Scope Scope: CNF_Report- Setting-commands . Scope: CNF_Report - Import-commands Scope: CNF_Report - Output-commands Hardcopy ofa Template Report .. 484 489 492 501 10 Analysis Users GuideGeneral Comments 1.1 General 1.1.1 About RM Bridge RM Bridge is the name of Bentley's solution for supporting design and engineering tasks in bridge construction. Itis the direct successor version of software suite RM for the analysis of all kinds of bridges (RMZ000, RMZ004, M2006 referring to the years where major releases have been issued), created during last 30 years . Much programming and bridge engineering experience have been packed into this product. The basic analysis procedure following the well-known deformation method has been widely extended as a consequence of wide experience gained in user support and in-house project design work, Bentley Systems is proud to presentiits product to the bridge engineering community and will do its best to ensure that the high customer expectations are met ‘The central processing unit and analysis part of RM Bridge as described in this manual is completed by various pre- and post-processing modules described in separate documents, among them the RM Modeler (formerly geometric pre-processor GP) for efficient definition of the geometry of arbitrary bridge structures, and the comprehensive management of these detailed geometric data, 1.1.2. About This Manual 1.1.2.1. Structure ‘This manual is split into three parts. The first part documents the assumptions on which the software is based, and gives some general explanations. The second part explains the individual input procedures for RM Bridge - prepared in the same logical order as the main input screen, The third part gives application examples of the software for typical bridge engineering projects, A referencing system provides logical links between these three parts, Cross-references between the three parts should ensure that related information could be tracked, RM Bridge a Analysis Users GuideGeneral Comments File Structure 1.1.2.2 Conventions Navigation within the program functions is described using the following symbols: ‘+ Menu navigation is represented by menu labels separated with a ">" symbol between menu levels (eg, Structure > Elements > Cross Sections Reference to various input functions is made using the following symbols: ‘+ General function buttons are printed in bold (e.g, Insert) + Keystrokes are represented by the key name within angled brackets (. press to save changes) Unless otherwise noted, numeric values are displayed using a decimal," as the separation from ones and tenths. A comma,” is used to separate steps of 108 (Le, thousands, millions, etc) for clarity. 1.2 File Structure 1.2.1 RM Bridge Software Components RM Bridge is a product of the Bentley program generation. A program folder is established during the installation process. The installation procedure generates a folder named RM Bridge as a subfolder of the selected installation path. All program components including documentation and default data are stored in folders and files beneath this RM. Bridge subfolder. Additional authorization files that act together with a specific hardlock security device are necessary for using the program. The installation procedure and the authorization procedure for RM Bridge are described in detail in the Installation Guide. 1.2.2 Project Data Data for each individual project is collected in a project directory, You define the name and the path of this project directory, A separate project directory must be established for each new project, Project variants can be ‘managed as subfolders within one project Folder, Acentral binary database consists of files with the * .RN9 extension, Input data is stored in db-in-##.rm9 files and cross section catalogs in db-cat-## .rm9 files of the project folder, all available result data is stored in db-out-###.rm9 of the variant subfolder. Data of the default variant are stored in the subfolder (DefaultSchedule) RM Bridge 2 Analysis Users GuideGeneral Comments The Graphical User interface (GUI) Input Input RM GUI Modeler(GP) GUI ee 7, BINARY DATABASE Interface to other software (*.XLS, *.CSV, *.DXF, ete.) —_ Model description | — Results Archive files (*.TCL) ZZ | Script language (TCL) Structural analysis Output files (+LST, *.PL) a Automated reports (*.1DF) Figure 1: Data structure in project folder Input into this database can be made via the Graphical User Interface (GUI), via script language (*.7CL) and via interface functions to other software (e.g, *.XLS, * .DXF, *. CSV). Ifa structural analysis is performed then the results of this analysis are stored in the binary database as described above. These results can be further processed and output into alphanumeric text files (* 1st) and graphic files (* .p1), and for further processing in other software products. The inclusion of calculation results into reports can be automated to a high degree using the Bentley Document Format (*. TDF). 1.2.3 Backups and Data Transfer Backups for saving model data of the binary database or using them for transferring to other databases are usually performed by using TCL files (see TCL Operations (on page 48)) 1.3. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) AM Bridge 13 Analysis Users GuideGeneral Comments The Graphical User Interface (GUI) 1.3.1 General ‘The main program window (following figure) consists of a screen for viewing the active structural 3D-model, toolbars, the menu bar for calling the main program functions and a status bar containing detailed runtime information. The main program window may be resized using the windows functions. Resizing is not possible if any input pad is open in the program window. Pe tee mo ene nr re ana ee ens he “5 a ‘Menu bar Main toolbar Main 3D-View Detailed | oo 3D-View —— na 3D-view orientation — Status-bar Figure 2: Main program window of RM Bridge ‘The name and path of the current project and the version number of RM Bridge are displayed in the title baras shown in the following figure. RM Bridge u Analysis Users GuideGeneral Comments The Graphical User Interface (GUI) Project name Prod. Version Project Path Gurnee eter cnt eke Bae Fle Ward Wee Stamure Sehedde Ever Eeeute HebZ fs EY 2 S| 0| OEE (mie ‘The status bar at the bottom of the main window contains three lines with general information on the left hand, side and an action log in the center, as shown in the following figure. The small graphic window on the right hhand side shows the view direction of the graphic presentation in the main graphics window. The three information lines contain descriptive texts of objects when viewed in input pads, the set of units currently used, and licence information. All actions performed by RM Bridge are logged and shown in the status bar. The history of logging information may be viewed by clicking the log button in the main toolbar. if Action log / Information Figure 3: Information in the title bar Figure 4: Status bar with action log and information lines 1.3.2. The Main Toolbar Change Project _ |View history of program logs B Directory Browser Project [Open the current project folder in windows-explorer a Directory Icon Tool Name Description RM Bridge 15 Analysis Users GuideGeneral Comments The Graphical User interface (GUI) Icon Tool Name Description ‘Text Editor Open and edit text files from the current project ‘Open Plot File Open and view plot files from the current project Print Print plot files Tat View td-report files Program Change GUI presentation parameters Se help View online help Calculator (Open windows calculator ‘Show Log File View history of program logs View warnings and errors of the recent calculation AM Bridge 16 Analysis Users GuideGeneral Comments The Graphical User interface (GUI) 1.3.3 The Menu Bar All program functions are contained in the command structure of the menu bar. File > Reports (TDF) > Create/Edit Structure (Dialogue Mode ‘CNF1') TB era] Ciser\Pubtero RM drag VE G&A 1801 — ae Load Dea ropes change Projet Settings Inport TCL Project Data up TCL Fle (Run TCL) (Open TCL Fle (zen TCL) spon TCL Project Dota specty Locations Inger , Reporte DF . amples , (ynamic Dae Fachonge Precise Epler, nt AA idge é Bropeniss Seuctre Schecule Exar Recuts ey fal] 4D Bridge Engineering Software CreteEat Sacre Dialogue Mode NF) rete Sucre (TCL Iterace CNE-TCL) (Car TemplatcP ges) ite TOF Repent tom NF or CHE TCL' stew) Figure 5: Example of a function path Yew Het ‘The menus are structured in groups of functions. The first level of the menubar is given in the following table, Table 1: The menu structure of RM Bridge Functions ‘Menu Name Description Seo also General File ‘general settings and file operations (see 3 File Menu) View view settings (see 4 View Menu) Structural Modeling | Properties view and edit structural properties (see § Properties Menu) AM Bridge wv Analysis Users GuideGeneral Comments The Graphical User interface (GUI) Functions ‘Menu Name Description See also ‘Structure view and edit structural geometry and _| (see 6 Structure objects Menu) Schedule view and edit loads and schedules (see 7 Schedule Menu) Extras view and edit special commands (see chapter 6.6) Post-processing | Results view, filter and print results (see 8 Results Menu) 1.3.4 Input Pads with Tables Most structural modeling functions (see able 1: The menu structure of RM Bridge (on page 17)) are used for viewing and editing objects and object parameters in tabular form. Tables in RM Bridge are used in hierarchical order. Tables can be independent, have dual dependency, or even tr jependency. Independent tables contain, objects and object data. Tables with dual dependency have a second interdependent table placed below where object selected in the upper table can be viewed and edited in the lower table. Tri-dependent tables have three interdependent tables, Examples are shown in the following figure. a) ’) a Figure 6: Input Pads with tables in a) one b) two c) three levels Common functions (tools) are used to edit and insert data in tables Toot Description | insert before Insert line before the selected line AM Bridge 18 Analysis Users GuideGeneral Comments The Graphical User interface (GUI) Toot Description Modify the selected line = modify & insertafter Inserta line after the selected line Copy the selected line to the end of the table renumber Re-order lines of the table * Delete one or more lines detete Graphical view of selected item (if available) Ue] into ‘Opens alist of internal variables (in Properties > Variables, se Propettice Vales 7% (on page 78), or alistof usr defined plot variables (in Results > Plot > Plot ge Containers, see Graphical Result Presentation (on page 240)) variables Input pads are usually available for modifying existing table tries. Groups of objects can be identified in these tables using a From/To/Step syntax, RM Bridge 19 Analysis Users GuideGeneral Comments The Graphical User interface (GUI) 1.3.5 3D Views ‘The graphic screen is, by default, split into three views: two graphic views and one window showing the eye- position of the active view (as shown Figure 2: Main program window of RM Bridge (on page 14)). All views show orthogonal or perspective projections of the three-dimensional structural model, The zoom-factor, eye position, and the type of projection and other view settings may be changed for each of the visible views individually. The active view is marked by a small square in its lower left corner (see the following figure). All ‘view settings (View menu) apply to this active view, as well as.a special freehand zoom function (see Functions for Zoom and Bye Position (on page 21) bee marker for active view 1.3.6 Splitting and Merging Windows, Full-screen Function Views may be split in two and merged again by closing one of the views. The context menu, for this feature is opened with the right mouse-button, A full screen view is opened by clicking on the view-marker square in the lower left corner of the view. Click once more the square to return to the previous split views. RM Bridge 20 Analysis Users GuideGeneral Comments The Graphical User interface (GUI) 1.3.7 Functions for Zoom and Eye Position 1.3.7.1 The Eye Position ‘The eye position of the current view is shown in the lower right hand window. The sphere in the center represents the coordinated center of the structural model and a cone represents the eye position and direction, The cone peak indicates the eye-position and the cone shape shows the view rays. The compass points are shown in plan (global XG-ZG Axis with XG pointing east and ZG pointing north) the eye-cone is projected onto this plane, All views are designated by their eye-position (View ‘south’ means that the eye position is south, looking north). 1.3.7.2. The 3D View Toolbar Toot Description al Fit all ‘Zoom to fitall ‘Scroll in one of the four directions 4] Pan Left AM Bridge a Analysis Users GuideGeneral Comments The Graphical User interface (GUI) Toot Description Zoom in and out Decrease Text Size Resize the text characters & te Rotate Down ce x Rotate Up Rotate perpendicular to view-plane about the horizontal axis Q Rotate Right AM Bridge Rotate about the global vertical axis 2 Analysis Users GuideGeneral Comments The Graphical User interface (GUI) Toot Description S a Rotate Left Default View © Reset View 1.3.7.3 Zoom Changes in magnification can be made either using the 3D View toolbar as described above or by using freehand symbols. Freehand symbols are drawn directly onto the screen view while pressing the key and the left ‘mouse key. Zoom and pan functions are available to be used. The following freehand symbol is provided for examining a detail in any place in the active view (marked by a small square): 7 tomes LS Zoom and put pane into the active (marked) view Figure 8: Freehand symbols for zoom functions 1.3.7.4 View Settings Arange of options for the active (current) view may be set in the view settings. For example the types of objects to be shown depending on their activation state, drawing of cross sections and element bodies and further settings can be activated. View settings are made in the View menu or reached via the context menu that is opened by clicking the right mouse button in any view. 1.3.7.5 Save View to File ‘The context menu has a function Save View as BMP to save the contents of the view to a file in Bitmap-format (BNP). RM Bridge 23 Analysis Users GuideGeneral Comments The Graphical User interface (GUI) Note: The best results for reports are obtained with the background color set to white (View > Colour Profile > White Background), 1.3.8 Shortcuts and Hotkeys In some contexts, RM Bridge allows for using hotkeys for quick data entry. They can be related to the functionality in the graphics window (identification of elements, nodes etc), to the selection of items to be ‘marked in GUI tables and selective lists, and/or for selecting options. 1.3.8.1. Selection in Graphics Windows ‘Table 2; Structure View To.. Pross... ‘Show element properties of the element indicated by the mouse cursor Show node properties of the node indicated by the mouse cursor ‘Table 3: Cross-section Shear Stress Window To.. Press... Go to next cross-section (within the current cross-section group) Go to previous cross-section (within the current cross-section group)

Table 4: Wind CFD Calculation To.. Press... Pause or continue CFD calculation ‘Automatic pause after each time step For the graphic presentation when the calculation is paused or terminated: Switch on/off graphic presentation of surface elements <0> ‘Switch on/off graphic presentation of surface pressure distribution

itch on/off graphic presentation of vortex particles Switch on/off graphic presentation of airflow velocities Switch on/off solid presentation of the cross-section

left-click Table 6: File > Reload Default Properties To Press Markl entries for being copied Table 7: Schedule > Stage Simulations > Load Options Te. Press... Markcall entries Invert selection 1.3.83 Selection of Options ‘able 8: Schedule > Stages» List of Stages /Lst of Schedule Actions Te. Press. Skip or remove skipping of current stage / schedule action <= ‘Table 9: Properties > Aero Classes > Definition of aerodynamic coefficients Te. Press... Switch on/off the CFD calculation flag forthe current line <> 1.4 Help System RM Bridge provides a context help system, When the key is pressed, a RM Bridge Help window opens to the topic which describe the required input parameters for the currently open pad or function, RM Bridge 25 Analysis Users GuideGeneral Comments Help System An index of topics is available on the Index tab of the help window. AM Bridge 26 Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions 2.1 Name Conventions ‘The names of objects of the RM Bridge database are normally case-sensitive with a length limit of 32 characters. ‘They must not contain blank spaces. Special characters are partially allowed. Names used for generating file names and names of variables are not case-sensitive! 2.2 Units You can freely choose the units for data input and output. Any combination of unit systems is possible. The unit system used internally in RM Bridge for the calculation and data storage in the binary database is a modified SI system (SI = Systéme International d’Unités). All input values entered into the program are transformed internally into this system and all output values are transformed from this system into the output units before completing the outputaction The internal unit system is as follows: ‘© Meters [m] for the lengths ‘+ Kilo-Newton [kN] for forces + Degrees centigrade [°C] for the temperature definitions + Seconds {s] for the time definitions + Directly derived (consistent) other units (e.g, m/s* for accelerations or kN/m? for stresses) Although you are free to work in an arbitrary unit system, itis recommended that a consistent system of units be used to ensure a clear understanding of the calculation results, Account must be taken of any inconsistent unit system used when interpreting the results! ‘Table 10: Typical consistent input/output units Force Length Moments Stresses kN m Nm ken/m? = kPa MN ™ Nm MN/m? = MPa ips feet kip ips /fe RM Bridge a Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Coordinate System Force Length Moments, Stresses ips inches kip ins ips in 2.3 Coordinate System ‘The position of every structural component as well as the directions of loads, displacements, internal forces and stresses are defined in the different coordinate systems, namely one global coordinate system and one local coordinate system for each element in the model. 2.3.1. Global Coordinate System The global coordinate system is a three-dimensional, left-handed Cartesian coordinate system. You can freely choose the structure plane and force direction. The three axes are denoted Xg, Yc, and Ze or simply X, Y, and Z. Orienting the global Y direction opposite to gravity makes many default regulations within the program available (Le, loading case self-weight in the minus ¥ direction) and is recommended, Default axis y' in the vertical plane through the element axis (parallel to axis Yc You vertical elerrent plane ye (Paints I,K and parallel to AxisYG) Figure 9: Global and local coordinate systems. 2.3.2. Local Coordinate System for Beam Elements A local coordinate system for each clement, as shown below, is defined as follows: RM Bridge 28 Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Coordinate System ‘The local X-axis X; is oriented in the direction from element begin to element end. The angle a (angle in plan) is defined as the angie between the global Xc-axis and the normal projection of the element on the Xz-Z4-plane (plan) The angle cy (angle of elevation) is defined as the angle between the X;-Zq-plane and the element axis X. a is positive ifthe local X-axis X, has a positive Yg-component (left-hand turning), a is positive when measured from Xc-towards Ze (right-hand turning). A 3" angle, denoted b, describes the deviation of the principal inertia planes from the default. The local coordinate system may be derived from the global system by applying three rotations in the correct order (ap, and b). The default orientations (Y'L, rules: 1) of the local axes Y;, and 2 are calculated in accordance with the following ‘+ For deck elements (predominantly horizontal) the axis Y', is allocated to a plane parallel to the global Y¢ axis and the local X, axis, ‘+ For pier elements (predominantly vertical) the axis 7's allocated to a plane parallel to the global Zc axis and the local X, axis. «2, and az are automatically derived from the location of the element begin and end defined in the input. The orientations of the local axes Y, and 2, (forming the 1%tand 2" principal inertia planes with X, respectively) are defined by the angle f. The input for the f-angle mustbe given by the user ifthe default axes Vy, Z' are not suitable. The definition of the angle f for deck elements and pier elements respectively is shown below. The angle & is positive if turning to the leftaround the x, axis. Note: The angle f is an element parameter describing the principal inertia planes being constant over the whole element length. An average value must be entered whenever the principal inertia planes of the element cross- sections differ from one end to the other. Refer to 6.3.7, Elements > Length and Angles for further details. In case of un-symmetrical cross-sections, one automatic proceeding can be followed in chapter 5.4.9 Un- symmetric Cross-sections, for cross-section rotation and evaluation of the angle B in element segments definition. Also, load cases can be applied not only to the final elements’ local axis as usual, butalso to Users reference axis system, the default orientations (Y , Z',), without considering the angle B in its definition. Rigidly clamped piers can be modelled by specifying the node ‘0' (rigid node without DOF) for the start node (or end node) of the respective beam element. The length and orientation of the element is in this case not implicitly defined, Therefore, the element length and the angles c and a, have to be defined by the user in order to allow the program for calculating the appropriate local coordinate system and stiffness matrix. Ye Figure 10: Definition of f-angle for girders and piers (viewed in the negative X, direction!) AM Bridge 29 Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Coordinate System 2.3.3 Local Coordinate System for Spring Elements Spring elements have zero length per definition. This applies to support springs with one node being'0" (rigid node without DOF's) as well as to other spring elements connecting any 2 structural nodes (eg, for modelling bridge bearings). Note that spring elements connecting 2 nodes with different positions will —in the general case—not work properly, unless appropriate eccentric connections giving a clear length of zero are defined at the element start and end. (Eg, the point ofthe spring is the centre ofthe bearing and eccentric connections are defined to the respective nodes ofthe superstructure and substructure). However, RM Bridge assumes zero length of spring elements even ifthe eccentricities are not defined properly. ‘Therefore, the local coordinate system of spring elements cannot be derived from the element axis and needs to be defined by the user by directly specifying the appropriate angles a, a3, and 8, unless the local axis directions are the global directions (default setting). Dependent on « and «ty, the default local system for B=0 is created in accordance with the above described deck element convention, Special care should be taken to ensure that the local coordinate system matches the sequence of connecting nodes, in order to avoid a misleading result interpretation with respect to the sign of internal forces. Therefore, positive axis directions should approximately match the hypothetical local axes of a beam element connecting the 2 nodes without eccentricities, as shown in Figure 2 3 below: Case A: Spring element St connects from N1 to N2, local x-direction is defined by a = 0. Case B: Spring element S1 connects from N2 to N1, local x-direction is defined by a = 180. Case C (to be avoided): Spring element $1 connects from N2 to N1, local x-direction is defined by az = 0. This results ina rotation ofthe spring element and changes its behavior. $1 ANY OMAN WA N1 N2 B OAK ANA N1 Ls N2 $1 C) OASZSZRZSZ546 N1 N2 Figure 11: Node sequence dependency of lacal axes definition of spring elements RM Bridge 30 Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Coordinate System 2.3.4 Cross-Section Coordinate System ‘Aseparate coordinate system is used for defining cross-sections, The automatic cross-section property calculation is performed about the axes of this system - after moving it without any rotation to the center of. gravity of the cross-section, In cases, where the directions of the principal axes differ from the chosen cross- section coordinate axes, the second moments of inertia I, ad ly are, by default, also computed about the cross section system axes, The respective off-diagonal terms of the inertia tensor are neglected. Figure 12: Calculation of cross-section properties (view in negative X; direction!) In the standard case (symmetric cross-section, no eccentricities, cross-section normal to the element axis) the cross-section coordinate system translated to the gravity center will be identical to the local coordinate system of the beam element. Note: If the cross-section consists of more than one cross-section part (see 5.4.3), the cross-section coordinate system is translated into the gravity center of the respective cross-section part for calculating the moments of With respect to the axis directions, the cross-section values describing the shear resistance are also related to the cross-section coordinate system. With respect to the origin of the calculation coordinate system, they are however related to the shear center, and not to the center of gravity. In accordance with the basic assumptions of the statics of beams, the program assumes without any further checks, that the shear center and the center of gravity coincide (one unique element axis being the reference axis for all internal force components). Le, the off- diagonal terms of the inertia tensor arising due to any offset between gravity and shear center are neglected like those arising from deviations of the principal inertia planes Cross-sections can also be rotated in order to match the cross-section axes with the principal axes (see 5.4.8, Translating and Rotating Cross-Sections), The cross-section properties are re-calculated for the modified system after the rotation translation. Depending on the actually used sub-function, the f-angles of the elements with this cross-section can be updated by the user or are automatically updated, so that the orientation of the cross- section in the global system remains the same. AM Bridge 31 Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Cross-Section Plane 45° Figure 13: Cross-section ‘Modify’ option. 2.4 Cross-Section Plane Ye Xi Cross-section plane viewed Cross-section plane viewed in in local Zi dir negative local Yi-direction. Figure 14: Cross-section plane ‘The cross-section plane is, by default, perpendicular to the element axis connecting the centers of gravity at the clement begin and element end. In some cases, it might be advantageous to define the cross-section in a different plane. RM Bridge allows for defining the cross-section in any plane. However, the cross-section properties are calculated in this plane and used in the stiffness calculations without any transformation. However, the plane specification influences the position of stress points and tendon points in the tendon geometry calculation process and in the design checks. RM Bridge 32 Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Element Library 2.5 Element Library 2.5.1. General Different element types are used for different purposes in structural analyses. A summary of the element types currently available in RM Bridge and their structural properties is given below: ‘+ Structural Elements: + Beam elements - Beam + Internal and external prestressing tendons - Tendon, TndExt + Cable elements - Cable ‘+ Linear Springs: + linear spring elements - Spring + Stiffness matrix - Stiff + Flexibility matrix - Flex + Non- Linear Springs: + Stress Strain Diagram - SDiagr ‘+ Compression-only spring elements - SCompr + Tension-only spring elements - STens + Friction spring elements - SFrict + Advanced Springs: + Track interaction springs - SBilin + Hydro-dynamic springs - Hydro + Damper/Isolator (Special elements for dynamic analysis): + Viscous damper elements - VDamp + Kelvin-Voigt damper springs- SDamp Maxwell dampers - Maxwell + Friction Pendulum System - FPS + Lead Rubber Bearing - LRB + Bilinear Hysteretic- BiHyst Elements are bounded by nodes and their orientation is defined as being from the start node to the end node - Refer to Coordinate System (on page 28) together with sign conventions in Eccentric Connections (on page 40), ‘Asa general convention, a node with number 0’ may always be referred to as a rigid node as described in Boundary Conditions (on page 256). RM Bridge 33 Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Element Library 2.5.2. Structural Elements 2.5.2.1 Beam Elements-Beam Beam elements are described by their geometry, their material properties, and thelr cross-section. The stiffness ‘of each beam element is automatically computed taking into account this information, The basic assumptions of beam theory must be considered when modeling a structural system using beam elements, General modeling issues resulting from these requirements are addressed in The Structural Model (on page 254). Geometry The exact 3-D geometry ofa beam element is derived from ts length, direction, eccentric connections (Eccen Connections (on page 40)), and angle af twist (Local Coordinate System for Beam Elements (on page 28) Thisinformation is ether automatically generated in the RM Modeler (formerly GP) or can be entered and/or modified in RM Bridge. As a minimum, the structural nodes tthe beginning and at the end of the element must be defined (the nodes atthe beginning and end ofa beam element must not be identical in coordinates} Material Properties A library with predefined material properties according to various code specifications is provided as part of the software, You can managed and extend this library. You can either assign materials from this library or, alternatively, you can enter material properties directly, Cross-Sections Cross-section properties must be assigned to the start and end of each beam element; the average of these two values is used in the stiffness calculation. A library of predefined cross-sections is provided as part of the software package. This library can be managed and extended using the Modeler (GP). Cross-section properties are automatically computed using a Finite Element (FE) approach, The method implemented in RM Bridge is a general algorithm that ensures that no distinction between thin-walled and thick-walled or closed and open cross-sections needs to be made by the user. A consistent FE-mesh is a pre-requisite for the calculation of cross-section properties, Its best to generate complicated cross-section geometries using the RM Modeler (GP). ‘Two-dimensional 9-noded isoparametric elements (Lagrange elements) are used for the FE-calculation of the cross-section values. The quadratic shape function used for these elements guarantees good behavior even with rather coarse meshes. It may be generally stated that one element over the thickness of the different cross- section parts is sufficient for hollow-sections whereas three elements over the thickness should be used for the solid cross-sections to obtain accurate results for the shear flow in the cross-section (see also 5.4.7 and the Modeler Manual) Alternatively, cross-section properties can be entered directly without having to define the actual geometry of the cross-section, This approach is sufficient for section forces and displacements results but precludes the use of automated design checks, calculation of stresses, and many other procedures. AM Bridge 34 Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Element Library 2.5.2.2 Internal and external prestressing tendons - Tendon, TndExt Tendon elements are used to simulate prestressing and post-tensioning, Internal and external tendons can be defined. Tendons are defined with their geometry, their cross-section area, the material properties, and additional tendon-specific parameters, These tendon elements are implemented to allow the simulation of internal and external prestressing including the calculation of stressing losses, elastic shortening, and steel relaxation, ‘Tendons can be defined in their exact 3-D geometry. Friction losses due to stressing, wedge slip, or releasing are computed accurately taking into account the given specifications for friction coefficient (and wobble factor for internal tendons). Once an internal tendon is defined as grouted, the cross-section properties of the referenced beam elements are updated accordingly. 2.5.2.3 Cable Elements-Cable Cable elements need the same pieces of information as beam elements - geometry, material properties and. cross-sections. These cable elements are used for external cable components in suspended structures, They must not be mistaken for prestressing tendons, which are modeled differently in RM Bridge (see Linear Springs (on page 35)). Cable elements only take into account normal forces, Shear forces or bending moments cannot occur in elements of this type. ‘Therefore, only the cross-section area is needed as cross-section property. Other values need not be specified. In the case of aero-elastic analysis, the cable cross-section is also used for the aero-elastic section properties. In this case, its often advisable to model the cable as a ring of the same cross-section area to account for the larger diameter needed in the aero-clastic part of the analysis. In the case of linear analysis, results for cable elements will be computed for a straight connection between the two nodes. Ifnonlinear cable behavior is requested, the cable sagging is modeled by using a sub-system for the cable with intermediate nodes. For this sub-system, cable-sagging etc. is modeled using large displacement theory. 2.5.3 Linear Springs 2.5.3.1 Linear Spring Elements The stiffness of linear spring elements is described by six spring constants. These constants define a linear relationship between displacement or rotation differences, and forces or moments respectively. No material needs to be assigned to spring elements, ‘The spring constants implicitly contain the element length, thus the element length stored in the element table is only used for graphical representation and not for the stiffness calculation. Spring elements should only connect nodes with the same coordinates since the lever distance between two nodes is not considered. For spring elements, with a zero element length the orientation of the local axes cannot be automatically determined. You ‘must specify this orientation. As a default, the local axes are assumed to coincide with the global axes. RM Bridge 35 Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Element Library Spring elements connecting two nodes with different locations require the exact specification of the connection points, Le, the position where the displacement difference actually occurs. Eccentric connections (iccentvic mnnections (on page 40)) from this point to the start and end nodes respectively have to be specified. These id lever arms transmit the resulting moments, and the elastic element length again becomes zero if defined correctly. 2.5.3.2 Stiffness matrix - Stiff In some cases, it may be advantageous directly defining a stiffness matrix coupling the degrees of freedom of two nodes, A complete stiffness matrix consists of 12x12 interacting members. Since the stiffness matrix is always symmetric, the number of members that need to be defined by the user is reduced, 25.3.3. Flexibility Matrix - Flex Flexibility matrices are the inverse matrices of the stiffness matrices. In some cases, itis simpler to determine and inputa flexibility matrix. In this case, RM Bridge automatically calculates the appropriate stiffness matrix by inverting the entered flexibility matrix. Again, the upper half of the symmetric flexibility matrix can be defined by the user. 2.5.4 Nonlinear Spring Elements 2.5.4.1. Stress Strain Diagram - SDiagr 25.4.2 Compression-Only Spring Elements - SCompr ‘These elements are linear springs, where the specified spring constants C,, Cz, Ry Ry R, are universally valid, and the effective spring constant in the X;-direction is C, for negative forces F, (spring in compression), and zero for positive Fy 25.43. Tension-Only Spring Elements- STens These elements are linear springs, where the specified spring constants C,, C, Ry Ry, Rare universally valid, and the effective spring constant in the X;-direction is C, for positive forces F, (spring in tension), and zero for negative F,, 25.44 Friction Spring Elements- SFrict Friction elements resemble linear springs with the exception that the absolute values of the shear components (Fy, F2) of the spring forces are limited to a proportion equivalent to the friction coefficient of the characteristic RM Bridge 36 Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Element Library component F The stiffness forthe X-divection and for the rotations about Xz, Yz, Zz is described by the spring constants Cy Cafy Caf Cate: The shear forces in the local Yz, and Zz, directions are limited for negative F,,and set to zer0 for positive F, The limits for negative Fare [2%] Fif F > 0), The sign of the user specified value F describes, whether the term “loaded” means positive or negative values F, The “unloaded” conditions apply if, > Oand F< 0, or if F, < 0 and F > 0, An appropriate interpolation of the spring constants is applied between the two regions, and the “unloaded” parameter-set is used if F Additionally, limit forces F,, F, defining a bilinear behavior, can be prescribed for the translational stiffness in y and z direction, as itis described for friction elements (see Damper/isolator{Special elements for dynamic analysis) (on page 39)), These values are absolute values valid for positive and negative forces in y and z directions, A graphic presentation of the stress-strain laws described by track interaction springs is given in the following figure. AM Bridge 37 Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Element Library aloaded Fx Cy, Ce"oaded! CMa, CMy, CM, “loaded” | Fy Pep | By, BeMtoaded CyFy, Cae interposed CMa, CMy, CMe Ma. Ms, Mf Tinterpolated Dyieat, AVzjoca Aga Ags, Age loaded” FCN, CM, CMy ‘unloaded Lateral displacement components Rotational components Figure 15: Stress-strain diagrams of track interaction springs for F<0 and F>0 255.2 Hydro-Dynamic Springs ‘The Hydro-dynamic spring is simulating the interaction between structure and submerged floater and it is used for dynamical time response calculation of floating bridges. Interaction is modeled as participation of radiation wave damping R(t) and infinite added mass Mjyro imported via excel file. Hydrostatic stiffness Knyaro is diagonal ‘matrix and it should be modeled as zero spring that connects floater with zero node of surrounding fluid, Radiation damping and added mass are modeled as fully coupled 6X6 matrices, Members of added mass matrix are symmetric and members of frequency dependent damping matrix are non-symmetric, Excel data are transformed from AQWA (right hand) to RM (left hand) coordinate system. More details about input and calculation can be found in the Analyzer User Guide under chapter Hydro-dynamic spring, Fully coupled dynamic equation with added mass, radiation damping and hydrostatic stiffness: (is + Mayaro(@)) d+ [ RE—H ACD dr + C5 H+ (Ket Kiyare) = FCO Radiation damping is calculated from frequency depended data as: 2 R(t) = [elwdeos(ot) der Mg Go Ky Global structure mass, damping and stiffness, M yao 6X6 matrix, added symmetric fully coupled mass. R(t) 6X6 matrix of convolution integrals is evaluated in each nonli Impulse function is calculated from frequency depended data -ar Newton-Raphson iteration, AM Bridge 38 Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Element Library 2.5.6 Damper/lsolator(Special elements for dynamic analysis) 2.5.6.1. Viscous Damper Elements A viscous behavior is characterised by a constitutive law which relates the internal forces to the displacement velocity rather than to the displacement itself and may be described by a power law F=C, x v® with Cy denoted * Damping constant” and v being the current deformation velocity. The exponent a must be greater than zero. In RM Bridge, viscous damping elements are implemented as a set of six damper elements for the six velocity components. An individual damping constant may be defined for every component, but the exponent a is assumed the same for all components, 2.5.6.2. Kelvin-Voigt Damper Springs Kelvin-Voigt Dampers are one-dimensional elements and therefore stiffness and damping only acts in the local z-direction. The element consists of a standard viscous damper and a spring element arranged in parallel. The spring characteristic is bilinear, Le, there are two different spring constants dependent on the actual displacement difference. The damper is described by a power law (F = C, x v*) with the damping constant C, and the exponent a defined as input parameters, Ifthe damper force lessens the spring force it is limited with the negative spring force, ie, the total force can never have another sign than the spring force. 2.5.6.3 Maxwell Dampers Consist ofa linear spring and a viscous damper arranged in series. . 2.5.6.4 Friction Pendulum System (FPS) are damping devices widely used for optimizing bridge performance during earthquake events, Their behavior is governed by a large amount of parameters defined by the provider of these devices. The meaning of. these parameters and constitutive relationships are in detail described in the help system of the program (press in the program). 2.5.6.5 Lead Rubber Bearing ~ LRB Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB) isolator is used for dynamic time history analysis when Non-linear dampers option is selected under Recalc pad, Damper has linear stiffness in static calculation and dynamic properties for time RM Bridge 39 Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Eccentric Connections history calculation. LRB element is active for all translations degrees of freedom. Element does not consider any pedelta effects occurring due to axial load and translation of bearing. 2.5.66. Bilinear Hysteretic - BiHyst Bilinear Hysteretic isolator is used for dynamic time history analysis when Non-linear dampers option is selected under Recale pad, Damper has linear stiffness in static calculation and dynamic properties for time history calculation, Bilinear Hysteretic element is active for all translations degrees of freedom, Element does not consider any p-delta effects occurring due to axial load and translation of bearing, 25.67 Takeda Hysteretic Spring Takeda Hysteretic element is used for dynamic time history analysis when Non-linear spring option is selected under Recale pad. Takeda element has linear stiffness in static/eigen calculation and nonlinear properties used only in time history calculation, This element does not consider any p-delta effects occurring due to axial load and translation of spring element. 2.6 Eccentric Connections Eccentric connections are rigid connections between the element begin (or end) and the assigned element node. The eccentricity vector is split into two parts + The cross-section eccentricity, and the + system eccentricity The cross-section eccentricity, which is automatically calculated, is a vector from the center of gravity of the cross-section to a defined reference point. A typical example for this eccentric connection is the eccentricity from the center of gravity, CG, ofthe girder to the bridge deck top surface. The geometric alignment of the top surface of the deck is known and consequently the element nodes are often defined along this surface, The element axes are connected eccentrically to these nodes by the vertical cross-section eccentricity, ‘System eccentricities in a structural model are user-defined vectors which are measured positive from the element beginning or end (or any eccentric reference point in the cross-section) to the start or end node respectively. The components are defined in global coordinates with the sign convention given in the following figure. The definition in the local element coordinate system is not possible, because it requires an iteration process due to the orientation of the local axes being dependent from the eccentricity values. RM Bridge 40 Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Loading State, Sign Conventions Figure 16: Sign convention for eccentric connections 2.7 Loading State, Sign Conventions 2.7.1 External Impacts on the Structure Structural impacts are on the one side external loadings acting on the structure (external loads), and on the other side deformation conditions generating an internal stress state due to the constraint deformability (temperature, support settlement, etc). A special case is the prestressing, where an internal stress state is produced, which is in equilibrium without boundary reactions, However, due to the constraint deformations, support reactions will arise, creating a secondary stress state (like temperature loading) in the structural system, In the case of geometrically nonlinear calculations, we differentiate between conservative forces, which do not change their direction and size with the deformations of the structural system, and non-conservative forces, which change their direction and maybe size. In fully nonlinear calculations (option Large displacements) RM Bridge assumes, that external loads defined in terms of global coordinate directions are conservative, whereas loads defined in terms of local coordinate directions change their direction of action with the rotation of the local element system 2.7.2 Internal State - Deformations, Forces, Moments, and Stresses AM Bridge a Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Loading State, Sign Conventions 2.7.2.1 General In continuum mechanics, the internal stress state is described by the stress tensor at any point inside the structure, Beam theory however assumes cross-sections remaining plane, resulting in a linear strain distribution over the sections, The integrals of the stresses over the cross-sections are called internal forces and moments. ‘These values are, besides the nodal displacements and rotations, the primary result values of RM Bridge, With respect to the result values describing the strain state of the structure, we differentiate between nodal results and element results. Nodal results are usually only deformation values defined in the global coordinate system, Nodes with node supports will additionally yield support forces as internal force results. 2.7.2.2 Deformations ‘The deformation vector contains the following components + ucdisplacement in global X direction + uy displacement in global Y direction ‘+ u; displacement in global Z direction ‘+ rerotation around the global X direction ‘+r, rotation around the global Y direction ‘+ r,rotation around the global Z direction. For sign conventions refer to Sign Conventions (on page 43). Element results are deformations and internal forces at the element ends and any subdivision points. The deformation vector contains the same components as the nodal deformation vector, but the values are related to the start and end points on the element axis rather, than to the maybe eccentrically connected nodes, The internal force vectors are primarily related to the local coordinate system. 2.7.2.3. Internal Forces and Moments ‘The internal force vector contains the following components: + Nnormal force (force in local x direction) + Q, shear force in local y direction + Q,shear force in local z direction ‘+ M,torsion moment (moment around the local x axis) ‘+ M, lateral bending moment (moment around the local y axis) ‘+ M, bending moment around the local direction (main bearing moment) The above notation is widely used for the internal force components in beam elements, However, in RM Bridge it 4s equally used for internal forces of spring elements or node supports although the direction ofthe local x-axis isin this case arbitrarily defined by the user, and does not indicate a physically longitudinal axis of the element. This notation is also used for internal forces being transformed into the global coordinate directions. Le,,.V characterises in all cases a force in x direction, and Q,, @ forces in y and z directions respectively. Asalready mentioned (see External Impacts on the Structure (on page 41)), impacts may exist, which do not cause support reactions if the system is arbitrarily free deformable, The resulting internal forces may in this case be split into two parts, the AM Bridge 2 Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Loading State, Sign Conventions + Primary forces, describing the arising internal forces under the assumption of free deformability, and the + Secondary forces, describing the internal force state due to the support reactions constraining the free deformation of the system, Splitting into a primary and a secondary part is in RM Bridge performed for the following load cases (load types). + Prestressing, where the primary partis also called Vxe-state + Creep and shrinkage, where the primary part defines the strain constraint due to the grouted prestressing and + Nonlinear temperature distribution; the primary part describes the differential state between the actual temperature distribution, and the equivalent linear distribution inducing structural deformations, ‘The function for result presentations allow for presenting the different parts separately or in total (options Total, Primary, and Secondary, see Results Load Cases (on page 238)). 2.7.24 Stresses In RM Bridge, stresses are not calculated in the primary calculation functions, but if necessary in later post- processing or output functions, The calculation is done with using the internal forces or strains respectively, Stresses are not stored in the database and therefore not presented in the GUI result value tables. ‘The calculation of longitudinal stresses is only performed for stress points, which are related to the cross-sections and gathered in so-called reference sets (see Cross-Sections Reference Sets (on page 66)). Lists and graphical presentations of longitudinal stresses in the different stress points are created via RM-Sets (see Propertes RM Sets (on page 85)),orin the respective checking actions (Fib.., see and er Siress Check (on page 351)). Graphical presentations may also be created in the other functions for graphical result presentation (see Graphical Result Presentation (on page 240)) Note: To store the stress results indifferent points as leading component, user need to enable "Stress Point Details" and select normal or shear stresses under "Store Results for This Point’ for desired points in the Modeler. Or in Analyzer, user need to enable "Store Stress Leading Results for This Point” and select normal or shear stresses for desired points ‘The calculation of shear stresses is performed in the checking functions PrineLc or PrincSup respectively (see and Sear Stresses (on page 354)) tis also done forthe stress points specified inthe appropriate reference sets. Apart from the evaluation of shear stresses in the directions of the cross-section axes, the functions PrincLe and PrineSup can also be used for calculating and listing principal stresses and equivalent stresses in the stress points. The graphical presentation ofthe distribution of anyone of these stress values can be performed with using the functions for graphical result presentation (see (iaphical Result Presentation (on page 240) 2.7.3. Sign Conventions The sign conventions for the element orientation and eccentric connections are given in Local Coordinate System for Beam Elements (on page 28) and Eccentric Connections (on page 40) respectively. The following, description of the sign conventions of deformations, internal and external forces uses the term clockwise for describing rotations turning to the right, ie, clockwise when viewing in the positive axis direction. RM Bridge a Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Loading State, Sign Conventions Yo +E yyy Ze Fa Wz Fig Ax Xo Figure 17: Sign conventions for nodal forces, moments, displacements and rotations Displacements are positive in the positive axis directions and rotations are positive in the clockwise direction (right-hand turning) as shown in the previous figure, Nodal support reactions are positive, ifthe related displacements and rotations are positive, External node forces and moments given in the global coordinate system follow the same sign conventions viewed from the origin of the system, Local element forces and ‘moments follow the same sign conventions in the sense of the local coordinate system, +0, Zz Figure 18: Sign conventions for internal forces AM Bridge 4a Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Loading State, Sign Conventions x XL +Mx a Lb tensile fibre My tensile fibre Mz Figure 19: Sign conventions for internal moments Internal forces and moments are related to the local element coordinate system. The sign conventions are shown in the previous pair of figures. These conventions define tensile stresses as being positive and compressive stresses as being negative. Shear stresses are positive, if the positive element edge (clement end) is moved into the positive transverse direction. Moments are defined as positive if the so-called “tensile fiber” in the cross-section is tensioned. The “tensile fiber” for the transverse M, moments is on the positive z-side, but the tensile fiber for the M, moments is situated on the negative y-side, This isin contradictions to the standards used in the theory of elasticity, but it ensures compatibility with common engineering assumptions where a moment causing tension on the bottom. side is defined to be positive, and a moment causing tension on the topside is negative, The torsion moment is, defined as positive when it acts in the clockwise direction at the element end, The following table lists the sign conventions again for the element begin and end, Element begin Element end +N (normal force) -xL aL *Qy (shear force in y-dir.) “yi ‘yl +Q: (shear force in z-dir) “al al +MT (Mx) Left-handed (anti-clockwise) Right-handed (clockwise) +My ‘Right-handed (clockwise) Left-handed (anti-clockwise) AM Bridge 45 Analysis Users GuideBasic Conventions Design Codes Element begi Element end +Mz. Right-handed (clockwise) Left-handed (anti-clockwise) RM Bridge also offers the possibility to transform internal forces and moments from the local element. coordinate system or into global directions. Note that the signs of such transformed result values are not ‘meaningful any more. They are determined for the local values in accordance with the above-described rules, and a standard mathematical direction transformation is then applied to get the “global” values. 2.8 Design Codes Most static and dynamic analysis procedures used in RM Bridge are independent from design codes. However, there are three topics being affected by design codes and requiring different specifications in different regions: ‘+ Material properties (stiffness, strength, stress limits) + Loads and factorized load combinations to be applied on the structure ‘+ The formulae used for the automated design code check procedures RM Bridge provides a number of options to consider design code specific regulations. Standard material tables are provided as part of the program and can also defined by the user as well. These tables can be imported and used for projects (see File Menu (on page 47)). The definition of loading characteristics and load combination tables is implemented very openly. You can specify specific design code requirements (e.g, load intensity, combinations, safety factors, etc.) according to the specific design code for a project. ‘The formulae for various design code checks (e.g. fiber stress check, ultimate moment check, shear capacity check) according to a variety of design codes are implemented in the software. You can choose from these implemented procedures and define which code is to be used in the automated design code checks of a particular project. In the event thata particular checking procedure according to a particular code is not implemented, two possibilities exist. Firstly, Bentley Systems should be informed and the inclusion of this procedure should be proposed along with the necessary information. Secondly, you also have the option to implement such features independently using the script language TCL. AM Bridge 46 Analysis Users GuideFile Menu As given above, data for each individual project is collected in a project directory, which is defined by the user and may be accessed via the project history or by direct directory selection (see Project Adminstratoin (on page 47)). The program automatically starts in the project directory of the most recently han-dled project. The commands File > Change Work Directory or File > Open RM Bridge Project can be used for switching into another directory, Previously used project directories can be selected from the respective selective list of previously handled projects or by direct selection from the directory tree (see (see Project Adminstratoin (on page 47). Import and export of complete project data is possible for backup or other purposes at any stage (see Operations (on page 48) and 0). RM Bridge includes a comprehensive scripting interface in TCL script language. The complete binary RM Bridge input database has a text equivalent in TCL com-mands. TCl-scripts are very concise and readable ASCII-text files containing optimally sized RM Bridge project data. Furthermore, ‘TCL-Scripts may be used to access the result database of RM Bridge for user defined output and further processing (see TCI. Operations (on page 48) and Tl. Operations (on page 48)) Structural properties, such as definitions of creep, shrinkage and steel relaxation models may be imported from the RM Bridge default database by using FileLoad Default Properties, Predefined project templates are available for the convenience of the user to replace frequent input sequences such as load manager definitions and more (see Defaults (on page 49)). Reports in a new TDF-reportare layout and generated using simple script sequences (see TDF Reports (on page 50) and the Appendix). Furthermore demo examples may be started ( File Demo Examples (on page $1)), dynamic data exchange is provided as interface to common office software (3.6) and a connection to Bentley's data management system ProjectWise Explorer may be established ( File ProjectWise Explorer (on page 51)), 3.1 Project Adminstratoin File M item Description ‘Change Work Directory | This function is used to directly change the project directory by browsing directories, starting from the current project directory. Ifthe newly selected directory contains a valid input database, itis read in, otherwise an empty project is initialized, Initialize Current Initialization of the current project will lead to an empty database with a loss ofall Project existing project data. RM Bridge a Analysis Users GuideFile Menu TCL Operations File Menu item Description ‘Open RM Bridge Project A list of previous projects provided on selecting this item. Any ofthe existing projects may be opened (Continue project); a new project may be created automatically by giving a new directory name and selecting the option Start a new project. Furthermore, directories may be selected as described in 3.1.1 ‘The option Import TCL project data is a shortcut to TCL script import, executed subsequent to opening the project (see TCL. Operations (on page 48)). Similar, the option Demo examples is a shortcut for starting a demo example as given in 35, 3.2 TCL Operations As stated above, RM Bridge includes a comprehensive scripting interface in TCL script language. The complete binary RM input database has a text equivalent in TCL commands used for export and import of project data. The result database may also be accessed with TCL-Script commands. File Menu item Description Tmport TCL Project Data Import from a TCL file may be either done as a complete project or only as partial project, added to the existing project database. The TCL-file may be selected from any directory. Run TCL File (RunTCL) Run TCL is used to run a script file in the result-scope of TCL. This is used for scripts that access results from the database. Unlimited possibilities lay in these types of TCL-scripts, such as conversion of data, performance of additional calculations such as user defined design checks from existing results and many. To call a TCL-script, the file name is given as inputt. If the script writes text to an. ‘output file (LIST command), the filename is given as output. Open TCL File (OpenTcL) OpenTCL offers a way to organize TCL-procedures in a TCL-library and call them from a list of previously registered procedures. The principles of 3.2.3 apply to these scripts, but they are managed in the TCL-library. Export TCL Project Data ‘The export to a TCL file may be done either for the complete project or only for parts of the project. The parts to be exported can be selected in the related input pad. All parts are per default selected, 3.2.1 The TCL Library In RM Bridge, the TCL-Library may be split into four levels as given in the following table, The library is loaded whenever OpenTCL is called, either using File > Open TCL File (OpenTCL), or the OpenTCL-action in the Schedule menu, RM Bridge 48 Analysis Users GuideFile Menu Defaults Table 11: TCLlibraries Owner Filename Directory RM Bridge rn. tox RM installation directory RM Bridge rn. TCL RM installation directory User defined rnser TCL RM installation directory User defined rnuiser TCL Current project directory Each of the library files consists of a number of procedures that have to be registered as given in Table 3 2. Table 12: Structure of an OpenTCL-file TCL Procedures Proc myProcedure {} { +<-commands.. } Registration of procedures in [Syntax [RegCmd groupname procname proc parametertype the end author date description Example |RegCmd LST Tendons myProcedure "S" UN 3.03.04 “List tendons, INPUT: List of tendon: See detailed TCL command description in Ri Bridge TCL Guide 3.3 Defaults File Menu item Description Specify directories This function is used for specifying the directories, where the material database and any cross-section database to be used as default project database are located. Reload Default Database | The default database is originally stored in the script file rm9. rmd and translated toa binary database the first time RM Bridge is run, Generally the binary default database keeps unchanged, Nevertheless, it may be necessary to reload in some cases the binary data from the script file (eg, if it has been overwritten or deleted). RM Bridge 49 Analysis Users GuideFile Menu TDF Reports File Menu item Description Load Default Properties ‘This function has been provided for allowing for copying materials, cross-sections, and variables from a source database into the current project database. The source database is per default the default-database automatically created in the program directory after the very first start of RM Bridge after the installation. This database contains the proprietary material tables for all implemented design codes as well as the variable sets describing the related creep and shrinkage models. Any other existing database can be allocated as source database. Cross-sections can be wansferred if any exist in the source database. To import predefined properties from the default database, one of the design codes may be selected from the list as filter criterion, The objects to be transferred are then marked in total by using the mark all button (all pre-filtered objects are copied), or individually by using the key. The marked objects are then copied to the current project database by using the copy button. Reload Project CS Catalogue [RM Bridge uses the definitions of the Modeler (GP) cross-section catalogue (files gocatai. gp9). This catalogue is transferred to the RM project directory (db-cat-##.rm9) when the project is initialized, Ifthe Modeler (GP) project data has been changed, the catalogue has to be reloaded in order to update the cross-section catalogue of the current RM Bridge project. Please be aware of changes, Catalogue cross-sections are always considered as references to the catalogue, with settings of cross-section sizes only, ‘Therefore the project data (also the TCL export file) depends on the cross section, catalogue (db-cat-##.rm9) and is sensitive to changes of the catalogue. 3.4 TDF Reports 3.4.1. File > Reports (TDF) ‘The Bentley document format (TDF) has been provided in order to allow for effeciently creating technical documents containing an arbitrary mixture of texts, parameter tables, result value tables and graphic result presentations in a clear and concise form. Details of this format and the pertinent report generation are given in the Appendix of this document, ‘TDF documents are either directly created by using the TDF editor, or —most often— by starting a script fle containing the information on template pages to be used, and on the objects to be presented in sequence. The template pages describe the layout of the pages, eg, size, borders, etc. The function File > Reports (TDF) provides sub-functions for + Creating a suitable TCL script file + Creating suitable template pages by using the TDF editor, and, ‘Starting the script file for creating the report AM Bridge 50 Analysis Users GuideFile Menu File > Demo Examples Note: The report may also be automatically created by placing the appropriate script action in the action table of the respective schedule variant. See detailed TCL command description in RM Bridge TCL Guide. File Menu item Description Create/edit structure _ | This function can be used for creating the structure of a report document (dialogue mode °CNF1’) | (arrangement of the different presented objects such as texts, tables, figures, ..) in dialogue mode. The define structure can also be stored as TCL file for later re-use. Details are described in the appendix of the user manual Greate Structure (TCL _ [A default report scripts generated inthe project directory and opened with atext, Interface ‘CNF-TCL’)_| editor. Tis file can be edited and can be used as source for creation of own reports EditTemplate Pages _| A template page may be created using the TDF-editor, Views have to be defined according to the appendix for successful report generation. However, the default TDF-Template will serve sufficiently in most cases. Write TDF Report (trom | When the TDF-reportis assembled, the report-TCL-script is processed collecting ‘CNF’ or ‘CNF_TCL’ all structural input and results from the database and plot-files from project, structure) directories to create a layout report. ‘The report (*, td#) is viewed with the TDF-viewer directly after successful report assembly (yes button). If the TDF-Viewer is opened once with the desired report file, itis not necessary to open it again, 3.5 File > Demo Examples By selection of a demo example from the list, the complete project data is imported to the current project, directory. Please be aware, that only empty projects should be used for demo examples, as the current project is always overwritten by demo data. 3.6 File > Dynamic Data Exchange This function serves as link to standard office software and uses dynamic data exchange for direct access to other software (such as Microsoft® Excel®) and allows data output as listed 3.7 File > ProjectWise Explorer This function allows using the Bentley ProjectWise Data server for storing your project input data, AM Bridge 51 Analysis Users GuideFile Menu File > Exit RM Bridge See details in manual RM Bridge_PW pal 3.8 File > Exit RM Bridge This function closes the RM database and the program without any confirmation. Exiting the program is also possible by clicking the X button in the upper right corner or by selecting the appropriate function from the right-click context menu in the task line, The program asks in these cases for a confirmation, and whether a backup TCL file should be written to disk. RM Bridge 52 Analysis Users GuideView Menu 4.1 General All functions in this menu apply to the active view in the RM Bridge window. The view is activated by a left ‘mouse click and marked by a small square in the lower left corner (as described in 3D Views (on page 19) View options are either accessed via the menu bar View or alternatively by the context menu to any of the views with the right mouse button Context > View options. 4.2 Color Settings Four color profiles are provided by default (Black Background, Grey Background, White Background, and User~ defined). These profiles assign unique colours to the different objects types for easier identification. ‘The first three profiles cannot be changed by the user, but the user-defined profile can be adapted according to ‘your needs or wishes. Additional user-defined colour profiles can be created in the menu View > Manage Colour Profiles. The default colour profile being used generally in the GUI can be chosen in View > Default Colour Profile, Applying a colour profile to a certain graphic view Is done by activating this view and selecting, the appropriate profile in View > View Colour Profile. 4.3 Drawing of Objects and Numbering Objects to be drawn in any view may be set depending on their state of activity, their designation as pier or deck elements (View > Active system) and their type Drawing of nodes may be switched on or off (View > Nodes) and done with numbering and/or drawing of eccentricities and supports optionally. Elements may be set on or off (View > Elements) with numbering and/or drawing of eccentricities optionally. Additionally a filter may be set for beam, cable and spring elements, For all elements with cross-sections assigned, the cross-sections may be drawn (View > CS) or the whole element may be displayed as a 3D-body by connecting the cross sections with surfaces (View > Bodies). For faster viewing, the display of these options may be simplified to rectangular display. All Tendons may be set on or off with tendon numbering (View > Tendons), RM Bridge 53 Analysis Users GuideView Menu Standard Eye Positions ‘The text size is changed with using the buttons in the 3D View toolbar (Functions for Zoom and Bye Position (on page 21)). 4.4 Standard Eye Positions ‘The default view is set by (View > View Directions), Alternatively, one of the predefined views may be chosen, ‘The name of the view always designates the eye position looking towards the coordinative center of the structural model, ‘The default layout ofall views it reached by View > Standard Layout. The current view layout can be stored in the database under a certain name (View > Save Complete Layout) in order to allow for reloading itlater on with View > Load Complete Layout. 4.5 Perspective View To switch between perspective and orthogonal view, select View > Perspective View. Perspective projections are also influenced from the eye distance, not only by the direction. The distance may be changed in View > Eye Distance. 4.6 Save View to a File To save the contents of any view, “Context > Save as BMP (right-click) is used, It is recommended to use a white background (View > Colour Settings) if this picture should be later embedded in a text document and/or printed. The picture is written in the bitmap format (* .8MP) and cannot be rebuilt in the graphic window after having it modified or in a new program session. RM Bridge 54 Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu 5.1 General ‘The definition of structural properties is performed by the functions of this menu, Subsequently these structural properties can be associated with structural members, Structural properties in the context of RM Bridge are: + Material properties + Attribute sets + Cross-sections + Aero-classes + Variables Pre-defined material data and variables are stored in the default database. Properties may be either imported from this database into the active project (File > Load Default Properties), imported from existing TCL-iles (File > Import TCL Project Data), or defined individually using the functions of RM Bridge or the RM Modeler (GP). Properties are always defined within logical property groups — each property group representing data related to a specific national design code or other common origin (see the following figure). The predefined property groups can be extended by any number of user-defined property groups. Property groups DIN 1054-1 ONB4700 GroupC Materials Materials Materials Attribute Sets Attribute Sets Attribute Sets Variables Variables Variables Cross-Sections Cross-Sections Cross-Sections Aero-classes Aero-classes Aero-classes Figure 20: Examples of property groups RM Bridge 55 Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properties > Material Data 5.2 Properties > Material Data 5.2.1. Material Table The different materials of the structure are stored in the material table together with the assigned parameters. ‘The material table is presented in the GUI by several sub-tables. The table in upper left corner presents the existing materials identified by their names (Mat-Name). Further parameters presented in this table are the property group (Group), which isin fact used for identification as a part of the name, and the material type (Mat- Type) (see Material Types (on page $7). New materials may be created with using the Insert buttons. The Modify button may be used for changing the material type and the describing text string. The group affliation cannot be modified; the material must be deleted in the current property group, and again created in the new group. The lower tables contain parameters of the material selected in the upper table. The left row contains basic parameters required for the static analysis. The 2" and 3" row contain design parameters related to the different design codes. The particular meaning is dependent on the selected design code. Primarily these are parameters describing the creep and shrinkage behavior of concrete materials. ‘The notations of material properties in RM Bridge are used in reference to national codes as selected in the material-pad. If TCL is used as reference, abbreviations of TCL-Script terms (full terms are shown as quick help) are given for easy identification of the TCL-Script syntax. Material values are changed by pressing the Modify button. Changes are stored only if the Modify button is pressed again. A graphic window is displayed in the right upper corner, presenting the nonlinear stress-strain diagram of the ‘material. Different diagrams are provided and may be presented by selecting the appropriate option: on the one hhand the standard nonlinear behavior (option Nonlinear), on the other hand for the ultimate load check (option Ultimate) and further for the check for accidental or extreme event cases (Accidental). The diagram values are presented in the lower right table when the option Values is selected . Two tables presenting safety Factors (see ‘Material Safety Factors (on page 61)) and stress limits for different design checks are displayed in the lower right corner if the option Values is not selected. These values may be entered and modified with using the appropriate buttons. The stress limits definition has been provided for materials, where a fiber stress check shall be performed for different stress points in the cross-section, Up to six pairs of limit stresses (Sig-min, Sig-max) can be defined The reference number of the required stress limit pair is referenced in the respective checking actions (e.g FibLc, FibSup, FiblILe,.., see Stages Schedule Actions (on page 171)). Limit stresses may also be presented in the graphic result presentation plots and diagrams (see Graphical Result Presentation (on page 240)), Note: The reference numbers of the stress limit pairs used in a certain design check action shall be the same for steel and concrete materials (only one number can be specified as action parameter). AM Bridge 56 Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properties > Material Data 5.2.2. Basic Mechanical Properites Some values for selected material properties can be entered directly as part of the element definitions. These specifications are sufficient for a linear-elastic structural analysis. For an extended use of material definitions — eg, for the calculation of creep and shrinkage effects, relaxation losses or performance of code-checks— the definition of material properties as described in this Section is required. In the following table, the basic mechanical properties are listed with their standard notation in the GUI and their TCL syntax, The definition of the listed values is mandatory, The shear-modulus GMOD and the Poisson ratio depend on each other and one value is calculated automatically, ifthe other value is modified. As rule, the definition of Poisson's ratio overrules data for the shear modulus, Ifthe field for Poisson ratio is empty, then the value for the shear modulus is given and the Poisson ratio is calculated, In TCL export files, only GMOD is stored. ‘Table 13: Basic mechanical properties TcL-Script cul Description EMOD EMod E Modulus (Young’s Modulus) ~ Poiss Poisson ratio (used to calculate G- Modulus from E Modulus. The value is nat stored in TCL-files) ‘MOD GMod Shear Modulus GAMMA, Gamma Specific Weight ALPHAT AlphaT Coefficient of thermal expansion 5.2.3 Material Types Each particular type of material behaves differently. The material type needs to be specified so the specific properties of this particular material can be accounted for. Code-specific constants are given individually for each design code for which checking operations are implemented, ‘The following material types are implemented: = Concrete + LW-concrete (light-weight concrete) + Reinforcement steel + Prestressing steel Steel = Aluminium. + Timber + User-defined AM Bridge 57 Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properties > Material Data 5.2.4 Mechanical Properties of Concrete Material Types Mechanical properties for materials of type concrete are given in the following table. The TCL-Script notation and typical notation are given together with a description of used values. The notation in the GUI is adapted to the (locally) selected national code. Table 14: Mechanical Properties of Concrete TCL-Script typical | Description Source CONSISTENCY COEFFICIENT — [CF Coefficient of Concrete Consistency DIN HARDENING COEFFICIENT [ZF Coefficient for Hardening ON WATER CEMENT RATIO WcR | Water Gement Ratio BS 5400, HS (CEMENT. CONTENT cEco | Cement content BS 5400, HS COMP_STRENGTH fk Characteristic compressive cylinder preN strength of concrete at 28 days 1992-1:2001-01 COMP_STRENGTH_CUBIC fee Characteristic compressive cubie strength | DIN 1045-1:2001-07 of concrete at 28 days ‘COMP_STRENGTH_MEAN fem Mean value of concrete cylinder prEN compressive strength 1992-1;2001-01 "TENS_STRENGTH_MEAN fetm | Mean value ofaxial tensile strength of | prEN concrete 1992-1:2001-01 TENS_STRENGTH SPLIT fide Splitting tensile strength of the concrete | DIN 1045-1:2001-07 ‘TENS_STRENGTH_BEND ‘TSB | Tensile strength in bending Australian Standards 5.2.5 Mechanical Properties of Reinforcement Steel Material Types For the reinforcement material-type, the yield strength and its design value are defined for reinforcement calculation and checks as given in the following table. AM Bridge 58 Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properties > Material Data ‘Table 15: Mechanical Properties of Reinforcement Stee! TCL-Script typical | Description Source YLD_STRENGTH ty Yield strength (of reinforcement) prEN 1992-1:2001-01, YLD_STRENGTH_DESIGN yd Design yield strength (of reinforcement) | prEN 1992-1:2001-01 5.2.6 Mechanical Properties of Prestressing-steel Material Types For prestressing steel, all values given in the following table can be defined. ‘+ EMODP is the elastic modulus used for calculating the strains due to the stressing actions, A reduced ‘modulus can be entered in order to consider an additional elasticity due to relocation of the tendon in the ductor sliding between the different wires of the tendon, ‘+ SIGP is the “allowable stress” Sig-allow-pr. Itis used asa stress limit for the design of the tendon tensioning process (7.3.4.2) ‘+ X1is used for the crack propagation check according to Austrian design codes only. The value 1.0 indicates full bond and 0.0 no adhesion (for details see the Appendix). ‘+ RELCL is used to define the relaxation class of steel, and prestressing steel in particular. Code 1 is for wires with normal relaxation, 2 for low relaxation strands and 3 for hot rolled steel sections. The stress loss depending on the stress-level is calculated according to this relaxation class. However, most codes just define the curve for class 2, therefore class 2is the default setting if RELCL is not explicitly defined (For details see the Appendix) ‘+ SigRef is used for evaluating the current stress level RelSig (see Internal Variables (on page 79), Internal Variables) used if steel relaxation is taken into account. The value YSx0.8is taken, if SigRef is not specified 0.0), ‘Table 16: Mechanical Properties of Prestressing Stee! TCL-Script typical | Description Source EMOD_PRESTRESSING EMopP, | Modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel | prEN Ep 1992-1:2001-01 SIGMA_PRESTRESSING sige | Stressing Limit ON B4750:2001-01 YLD_STRENGTH YS,fpk | Tensile strength of prestressing steel prEN 1992-1:2001-01 (DESIGN YSD,fpd [Design tensile strength of prestressing [ON B4750:2001-01 steel COMPOSITE FACTOR COF,XI_ | Coefficient for the surface-type of ON B4750:2001-01 prestressing-steel RM Bridge 59 Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properties > Material Data Te-Script typical | Description Source RELAXATION CLASS RELCL | Relaxation Class of Steel used all codes REF STRENGTH SigRef | Reference stress (strength) for relaxation nn calculation 5.2.7 Mechanical Properties of Steel ‘The material properties of steel are defined according to Mechanical Properties of Reinfovcoment Stee! Material ‘Types (om page 58). 5.2.8 Mechanical Properties of Aluminium ‘The material properties of aluminium are defined according to Mechanical Properties of Reinforcement Steel Material Types (on page 58). 5.2.9 Mechanical Properties of Timber The material properties of timber are defined according to Mechanical Properties of Reinforcement Steel Material Types (on page $8). 10 Mechanical Properties of User-Defined Materials ‘The material properties of user-defined materials are defined according to Mechanical Properties of Prestressing-steel Material Types (on page 59). 5.2.11 Time-Dependent Material Properties Time dependency of certain material-properties —for example creep and shrinkage in concrete or steel relaxation— can be taken into account in the analysis. In RM Bridge, these time-dependencies are defined by sets of variables, In the RM Bridge default database, sets of variables for creep, shrinkage, and relaxation-definitions are prepared for each property group. Each property group (e.g, ONB4700) therefore contains one set of time-dependent functions. See the Appendix for the default database definitions, All variable associated with the various design- code specific time-dependent material models are described there in detail. AM Bridge 60 Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properties > Material Data PHI(t) is the variable representing the creep-coefficient. This variable describes the ratio between the creep strain and the corresponding elastic strain, All parameters used in this function have to be specified for accurate results (for details see Long Time Behavior — Creep, Shrinkage, Relaxation (on page 263) and the Appendix of this Guide). EPS(t)__ is the variable representing the shrinkage-strain, This variable is used to describe the development of the shrinkage (or swelling) strain within a certain time interval, All parameters used in the functions have to be specified for accurate results (for details see Long Time Behavior —Creep, Shrinkage, Relaxation (on page 263) and the Appendix of this Guide}, EMOD(t) describes the variation of the young's modulus over time. All parameters used in the functions have to be specified for accurate results (see Stages Schedule Actions (on page 171) on UpdEmod- action) REL(t) governs relaxation losses of steel stresses depending on the stress level and time. 5.2.11.1 Directly Coded Creep and Shrinkage Calculation All creep & shrinkage models as given in the Appendix are also directly implemented in the RM Bridge code, ‘These internally coded routines can alternatively be used, bypassing the variable definition and thus increasing the processing speed of these functions, This option can be activated by checking the option C+S calculation (internal formulas) in the Recale (see lixtenced Settings (on page 230)). When using a variable name existing in the default database, the corresponding internal function will be used instead of the variable. The usage of user-defined variables is not influenced. You must be careful if you have changed the default variable sets: these changes will natbe taken into account, ifthe internally coded routines are used. 5.2.12 Material Safety Factors ‘The safety factors defined in the material table are not necessarily directly related to material strength values, bbut often to strength and resistance values used in a certain context (eg, in the shear capacity check, see ‘Required Material Parameters (on page 382)). The “Ultimate” safety factor is used in the shear check for calculating the ULS strain plane (see Required Material Parameters (on page 382); It is not used for the ultimate load check itself for scaling the stress strain diagrams. The final design values must be entered for this purpose (see Scress-Strain Diagrams (om page 62) Note: The RM Bridge safety factors are the reciprocals of the “resistance factors” as spet codes (eg, AASHTO). jed in different design ‘The safety factors, which may be specified as material parameters, are: Shear Safety factor for the shear and torsion Service Safety factor for serviceability states (prepared) Temp Safety factor for extraordinary states (prepared) Ultimate Safety factor for the bending and normal force Fatigue Safety factor for any fatigue checks (prepared) RM Bridge 61 Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properites > Groups / Attributes Sets (Reinforcement Properties) 5.2.13 Stress-Strain Diagrams ‘Three different stress strain diagrams can be defined on the right side of the GUI. These are: Nonlinear Characteristic stress-strain diagram for considering nonlinear material Ultimate _Design stress-strain diagram for the ultimate load check Wohler Design stress-strain diagram for fatigue checks 5.3 Properites > Groups / Attributes Sets (Reinforcement Properties) Attribute sets are sets of special properties (attributes) of the structural system. The use of attribute sets is currently confined to the definition of reinforcement profiles. The type of the individual reinforcement profiles and the position within the cross-section are described by the so-called reference sets (groups of (cross-section) reference points with common purpose, assigned to one or several cross-sections — see Cross-Sections. [Reference Sets (om page 66)). The exhaustive description of reinforcement profiles in the structural system contains the ‘+ Geometry information (defined by reference sets in the cross-sections), ‘+ Basic parameters, which are identical in all affected elements (input parameters of the attribute set = material, minimum and maximum values of distances and diameters of the rebars, minimum values of reinforcement areas, etc:),and ‘© Result values (result parameters of the attribute set = required reinforcement area in the different result points. The reinforcement area values are related to the different result points (element start, element end, ro subdivision points!), and therefore stored in the element table, They may be displayed by using Structure > Elements > Checks (see Elements Checks (on page 100)). Different types of reinforcement (bending reinforcement, shear reinforcement, point reinforcement, line reinforcement, see Table 17: Types of reference sets (on page 67) yield result values with different meaning, Different attribute sets must therefore essentially be assigned to those reinforcements, The same types of reinforcements may be collected in a common reinforcement profile by assigning the same attribute set to several reference sets (a total reinforcement area for all assigned reference sets of the same cross-section is, calculated), Individual result values are calculated by assigning an individual attribute set to every reference set, ‘The function Properties > Groups/Attribute Sets, described in this section, is provided for defining and modifying the basic parameters of attribute sets. The table of attribute sets contains all existing attribute sets, ‘with the information on the property groups (Group) they belong to, and with their basic parameters. Material Name of the material of the reinforcement profile Typ ‘Type of the assigned reference sets (see Table 5 5) MaxD Maximum rebar diameter to be used (only used for the crack propagation checks) MaxBew Maximal allowed reinforcement area (per point in the case of point reinforcements (assuming a distribution width of 1 m), per length unit in the case of line reinforcements. AM Bridge 62 Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properties > Cross-Sections Min Bew(A) Minimum reinforcement Amin (absolute value) sction area ACS, Min Bew Fakt Minimum reinforcement Amin,fact, related to the concrete cross- The SUM Amin ota! = Amin + Amin oct*ACS is at minimum created in the reinforcement design module UItRein, but only ifa reinforcement is at all required. Note: Minimum reinforcement due to design code or design-enginecring requirements shall always be element- wise specified as predefined reinforcement (in Structure > Elements > Checks). 5.4 Properties > Cross-Sections 5.4.1. General The definition of cross-section properties is essential for any structural model. Three different possibilities of defining cross-sections are provided in the RM Modeler (GP) and RM Bridge package: ‘+The general approach is to describe the geometry of the cross-section in the RM Modeler (GP) by interactive graphic input, and transferring it to RM Bridge as database object of the cross-section table. Any cross-section may consist of several cross-section parts, The cross section geometry is then used to calculate all cross- section values (ifthe calculation option cross section calculation is set in Recale). These cross-sections — respectively cross-section parts— are later assigned to structural elements (Structure > Elements > Cross Sections) by referencing their names and part numbers. This method of cross-section modeling is useful for automatic calculation of cross-section related data and is essentially required for the calculation of stresses and automated design checks. + Across-section library is available in RM Bridge. Templates from this library can be loaded and the default settings for the parameters describing these cross-sections can be modified. ‘+ The cross-section values can also be directly entered (in Structure > Elements > Cross Sections) in order to being subsequently used for the stiffness calculation. This method is sufficient when only internal forces and displacements are required as results. ‘The GUI function Properties > Cross-Sections is provided for defining and managing geometrically fully described sections in accordance with the first two definition possibilities mentioned above. In this case, the required cross-section properties are automatically calculated in RM Bridge. These are area, second moments of, inertia, center of gravity, shear areas in Y- and Z-directions, torsion moment of inertia and shear center. Note that the program uses a consistent approach based on the Finite Element Method, allowing for using the same algorithm for all different cross-section types (see Structural Elements (on page 34)). The input pad for Properties > Cross-Sections shows an upper table (cross-section table) containing the cross sections, Each cross section is part ofa property group as mentioned at the beginning ofthis chapter. The name ofthe cross section is used as reference. The name of the catalogue-origin (in case of a takeover from the cross- section library), the number of parts and a descriptive text are also given in ths table. New cross-sections may be created be taking the over from the cross-section library and appropriately modifying the parameters (see CCross-Sections F® Mesh (on page 70)), Crass-sections, which have been created in the RM Modeler (GP), and cross-sections taken over from other projects, are entered with the standard import functions (see TCL Operations (on page 48) File > Import TCL Project Data and Defaults (on page 49)) AM Bridge 63 Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properties > Cross-Sections The Modify button on top ofthe cross-section table can be used for changing the descriptive text of the respective section. A detaled list ofthe finite element mesh elements and nodes is displayed on selecting the Info button, Using this button allows —in the same manner than with using the function Cross-sections > FE Mesh (see Cross-Section FE Mesh (on page 70))—RM Modeler for modifying the element mesh. The icon Cross-section manipulation (icon with 2 cross-sections sketches )is used for translating or rotating the cross- section with respect to the cross-section coordinate system (see Trarislating and Rotating Cross-Sections (on page 70)). 5.4.2 Graphical Presentation of the Cross-Sections All cross-section data of the selected cross-section is displayed graphically (viewing direction in negative element direction, ie, the z-axis is oriented to the right edge, the y-axis to the top edge) in the right upper part of the GUI pad. The cross-section coordinate system is presented with green dash-dotted lines. The principal inertia planes are presented in white dash-dotted lines if they do not coincide with the cross-section coordinate system, ‘The settings of the graphic view may be changed according to the users demands, Depending on the active contents of the cross-section window the settings made in Graph-Set apply to the whole view and the setting in Part-Set to the view of the active cross-section part. In these settings the visibility of different cross-section parts may be set on or off and the text-size may be changed. In the graphic view, all freehand functions (see The Graphical User Interface (GUI) (on page 13)) are available for navigation, ‘The selection field ShStress allows for the presentation of the shear stress distribution due to shear forces or torsion (unit values). The purple lines indicate the direction of the principal shear forces, the length characterises the absolute size of the stresses. The stress scale may be changed with the factor StrFact. The ‘maximum value of shear stresses is shown in the field Max. A detailed list of these unit shear stresses can be created with using the list action ListSh (see List/plot actions} 5.4.3 Inserting New Cross-Sections (Catalog Cross-Sections) If the cross-sections have not been created in the RM Modeler (GP) and transferred to the RM project database, the user can use the Insert button to define cross-sections directly in RM Bridge. This function is restrained to predefined catalogue cross-section with certain parameters describing the actual dimensions (see Cro: Sections Catalog (on page 70)). These catalogue cross-sections are arranged in groups. After selecting the Insert button, two selective lists will be displayed: the list of groups with catalogue cross-sections top left, and the list of the cross-sections of the selected group bottom left. The graphics window top right contains a schematic view of the selected cross-section, and the bottom right frame contains a button Apply for transferring the selected cross-section into the project database. A group name and cross-section name valid in the RM project database can be assigned, Default values are primarily taken for the parameters describing the actual dimensions, They must be later changed to actual values by ‘modifying the cross-section in Cross-Sections > Catalogue (see (ross-Sections Catalog (on page 70)), RM Bridge 64 Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properties > Cross-Sections 5.4.4 Cross-Sections > Parts Cross-sections may consist of one or more parts. A cross-section part consists either of cross-section elements (eg. classical beam cross-section, partial cross-sections forming the beam cross-sections of plate structures modeled as grillage, parts of a composite cross-section), or up to 8 basic cross-section parts (e.g, composite part = steel part + concrete part). A cross-section part is assigned to every start and end of the structural (beam) elements, The cross-section itself is referenced, if itis not subdivided into parts (classical beam cross-section). Otherwise, the assigned cross- section partis referenced with the part number. A separate cross-section part number must also be created for the total cross-section, if this is assigned to structural elements as a composite cross-section. This is also the case for all intermediate composite states containing some but not all individual parts and being active in any stage of the respective schedule, ‘The function Cross-Sections > Parts is used for handling the definitions of the parts of the cross-sections. All existing parts of the active cross-section are listed in the left lower table (table of cross-section parts). Depending, ‘on the Type of each part (Static or Weight) active cross-section parts may be indicated as being used for the stiffness calculation or only for applying the self-weight. For special applications, three reduction factors may be defined, reducing the shear related cross-section values (R-Mx, R-Qy, R-Qz), The torsion inertia Ix, and the shear areas Ay and Az are multiplied by these reduction factors in the calculation function for the cross-section values, and the reduced values are stored and displayed in the table of cross-section values, ‘The different cross-section parts may have different reference points (columns x, y of the table of cross-section parts), which are used for calculating the cross-section internal eccentricities when the eccentricity type YIZL has been selected (see llements Cross Sections (an page 94)). These reference points are specified in the RM Modeler (formerly GP) when the cross-section geometry is defined, Different reference points are required, ifthe different cross-section parts are allocated to different element sequences not being directly compound (e.g, the different longitudinal girders ofa girder grid model). Ifthe different parts form a composite cross-section, they will usually be allocated to the same reference point. In this, case, the geometric relations (positions of the different cross-section parts in space) are automatically preserved, because the structural elements representing the different composite states are usually assigned to the same system line (same allocated nodal points), ‘The Info-Text is used as description for each cross-section part. ‘The right lower table (table of cross-section values) displays the cross-section values for the active cross-section, part, Besides the basic values Ax, Ay, Az, x, ly, [z presented on selecting the option Bending, the option Shear allows for presenting the reduced bending inertia terms Iyxsy, J2xsz calculated with taking into account the shear lag effects, and the warping resistance 1, The option Eccentricity allows for presenting the position of the center of gravity and the shear center as well as the angles of principal inertia axes and principal shear stress directions in the cross-section coordinate system. The option Geometry is finally used for displaying the perimeter lengths (inside and outside) and the relevant distances for calculating the section modulus of the cross-section part (see also 6.3.4). ‘The cross-section values of composite or multi-part cross-sections must be related to the material properties of the composite element for allowing a correct stiffness calculation, RM Bridge automatically searches in the element table for the appropriate material and generates the related cross-section values, Variants of the cross sections parts are automatically created if the same partis assigned to elements with different allocated materials, The cross-section value sets of the different variants may be displayed by selecting the appropriate variant in the selection field above the presentation table, Naturally, cross-section properties will differ in AM Bridge 65 Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properties > Cross-Sections variants only for composite sections, because only values of inhomogeneous cross sections depend on the zmaterial values of their single parts 5.4.5 Cross-Sections > Reference Sets Reference sets are collectives of (cross-section) reference points (formerly called additional points) and lines for describing special cross-section properties or geometric entities, such as: ‘+ Groups of points, where longitudinal stresses shall be calculated + Diagrams for describing nonlinear temperature distributions over the cross-section + Geometric data of different reinforcement groups (bending reinforcement, shear reinforcement, etc.) ‘The particular purpose is defined with the type of the reference set, Points being used for several different purposes must be multiply specified in different reference sets, even i they have the same position in the section, Table 17: Types of reference sets (on page 67) lists the types of reference sets available in RM Bridge together with their specific purpose, Both, the position and the number of reference points of a reference set may be different in different cross- sections. This allows for instance for defining a reinforcement profile, which follows the curved soffit of a structure, or a profile, which is horizontal, Ina structure with variable cross-section itis also possible to e.g, define a reference set “Lower bending rein”, which contains four points in the mid-span region, and only two points in the border area, This is however not possible in the case of a constant cross-section over the whole span, except if different (geometrically identical) cross-section types are used. 5.4.5.1 Definition and Modification of Reference Sets in RM Bridge Reference sets are mostly already defined in the RM Modeler (formerly GP). The function Cross-Sections > Reference Sets may be used for viewing and if necessary modifying the reference sets of the active cross-section part. The reference sets of the selected cross-section part are displayed in the left lower table. Each reference set Contains one ore more points, which are listed in the right lower table for the active reference set, together with the point type and the position in the cross-section. The Modify button is used for changing the position of. existent reference points, the Insert buttons may be used for inserting new reference points in the active reference set. ‘The definition of the point type is only relevant for points describing a reinforcement profile. The point type describes the possible geometry. The type POINT is a standard point describing individual points in the cross- section or start points of reference lines. The type LINETO defines the end of a straight line, the type CURVTO the end ofa curved line. Longitudinal reinforcements containing only points of the type POINT are called point reinforcements, The reinforcement design procedure assumes that the total reinforcement area is equally distributed to all points of the reference set. Longitudinal reinforcements being uniformly distributed along a line, a polygon or a curve, are called line reinforcements, They are described by assigning the type POINT to the first reference point, and the types LINETO or CURVTO to all subsequent points. Mixing the two reinforcement types (more than one point with type POINT before or after a point with the type LINETO or CURVTO) is not allowed, AM Bridge 66 Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properties > Cross-Sections Table 17: Types of reference sets Reference Set Type Description Connection points Points, used for the connectivity to Piers, used only internally in the Modeler (GP) ‘Stress check point Stress calculation in RM Bridge. The points are named. ‘They are directly referenced by this name (no assignment of an attribute set required). The calculation of stresses is always performed for the material ofthe allocated structural element (the material definition of any assigned attribute set is ignored!) Geometry point Geometry definitions of tendons in RM Bridge. No attribute set assignment required Temperature point Nonlinear temperature distribution in RM Bridge. No attribute set assignment required. The temperature values are directly assigned to the reference points. Only a 2D-curve depending on the local y-coordinate can be specified. The point must be entered in the right order from top to bottom. Bending reinforcement Cracking reinforcement Robustness reinforcement Torsion reinforcement Shear longitudinal reinforcement Shear reinforcement for web Shear reinforcement for flange (Qy) Shear reinforcement for flange (Qz) Definition of different reinforcement types and groups for the reinforcement design in RM Bridge. By assigning an attribute set describing the relevant, properties (material, etc), the reinforcement will, become a part of the cross-section. Steel slender parts Slender metal sheets for checking the local buckling. hazard in steel design check. Unlike the longitudinal reinforcement types, where the position of the reinforcement is directly defined with the reference points, shear reinforcements require additional geometry data being not directly related to the position of the reinforcement itself. These are in principal ‘+ for torsion the definition ofa closed polygon characterising the relevant perimeter line, + for reinforcement due to shear force the definition of the center line of each web with 2 reference points, ‘+ for longitudinal reinforcement due to shear force the definition of the web region with 2 border lines and ‘+ for shear transfer into the flanges the definition of the respective flange area with 2 border lines, the first line being the investigated section line. Details on the required geometry definitions in the reference sets for describing for shear reinforcements (torsion and shear force stirrups, longitudinal reinforcement for shear) are given in chapter 15, Design Code Checks (on page 851) (Shear Capacity Check (on page 372). AM Bridge Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properties > Cross-Sections ‘The symbols on top of the table of reference sets may be used for inserting new reference sets or modifying the ‘ype and the ateribuee set assignment (details on attribute sets see Stress-Strain Diagrams (on page 62)). In order to ease the interpretation of the reinforcement results, which are printed In the appropriate list files and stored as element results under the related attribute set name, itis recommended to use in the same or a similar name for the reference sets and assigned attribute sets. 5.4.5.2 Definition of Reference Points in the RM Modeler Reference sets are defined in the RM Modeler (GP) within the cross-section window. A list of reference sets is ‘opened and new reference sets may be inserted, ‘The type of reference is chosen from known types given in ‘able 17: Types of reference sets (on page 67). For any selected reference set, geometry is defined as points or combination of points for lines and curves. To assign reference sets to common attribute sets, itis selected from the list of existing attribute sets or a new attribute set is generated automatically ifa new name is entered. The RM Modeler will not transfer un-used attribute sets to RM Bridge. Material data may be defined for attribute sets by choosing from the RM Bridge material catalogue. Further data of the attribute set is defined in RM Bridge (see Properites Groups / Attributes Sets (Reinforcement Properties) (on page 62), Properties > Groups / Attribute Sets (Reinforcement Properties) 5.4.5.3 Example for the Use of Reference Sets Fora better understanding of the preceeding topics, consider a composite cross-section The following figure shows the cross section, which consists of two concrete parts, Longitudinal stresses shall be evaluated for two points, the top and bottom edges of the section. Further, a load case “nonlinear temperature distribution” must be investigated, Finally, the required bending reinforcement on the bottom of the web part must be determined, ‘The reference sets ‘Fib1’,‘Fib2’, containing two reference points (type Stress point) each, are defined for evaluating the required longitudinal stresses. These reference sets are defined on the two cross-section parts, because the stress evaluation shall be performed for the partial elements. The reference set ‘TmpI' is created for describing the temperature distribution over the composite cross-section. It contains the necessary points (type ‘Temperature point) and the related temperature values. tis assigned to the composite cross-section, because the load case is acting on the final system. The reference set ‘Reil’ (type Bending reinforcement) is defined in order to allow for performing the reinforcement design. It contains two points (point type POINT and point type LINETO) describing a reinforcement uniformly distributed along the connection line. This reference set is allocated to both, the cross- section part 1 and the part 3 (total cross-section), because the reinforcement design shall be performed for the construction stage (only part 1 active) and the final stage (composite cross-section active). The attribute set, ‘RBOT is assigned to the reference set for describing the reinforcement properties. AM Bridge 68 Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properties > Cross-Sections Cross Section Zz Zh, Composite Part 3 ( Part 4 + Part 2) Y, Reference Sets | “Ret” bt rae “io Attribute pots "RBOT = "TID" "TMP" Figure 21: Definition of Reference Sets and assignment of Attribute Sets ‘The individual reference sets are ~ as mentioned above - usually defined with the same name in different cross- sections, if they characterise the same entity. Our example has one cross-section, which is constant over the complete structural system. The reference sets ‘Reil’,‘Fib1’,‘Fib2’ and ‘Temp are therefore defined in all points of the girder. Consequently, the attribute set ‘RBOT’ assigned to the reference set ‘Reil’ is also valid for all cross- sections of the structural system, as shown in the following figure. Attribute Sets "RBOT” Figure 22: Assignment of reference sets to one common attribute set RM Bridge 69 Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properties > Cross-Sections 5.4.6 Cross-Sections > Catalog ‘This function is related to cross-sections, which have been taken over from the intrinsic cross-section library with using the Insert-button. The basic geometric parameters (default values) for automatically creating the finite element mesh are displayed in the lower table. These values may be modified with using the Modify button, ‘When calculating the cross-section values, the program automatically creates a finite-element mesh with taking into account the updated dimensions. This mesh is used in the calculation process, Most catalogue cross-section types also contain reference sets describing the most common reinforcement groups (e.g. top and bottom bending reinforcement) or geometric entities for performing design code checks (eg. the perimeter line for calculating the torsion reinforcement). The relevant dimensions for describing these reference sets (eg, edge distances) are parameters of these catalogue types and may be modified as the other relevant values describing the cross-section geometry. A detailed description of the different catalogue types and the respectively required parameters is given in the Appendix of this user manual. Note that attribute sets describing the physical properties of the reinforcement cannot be directly assigned to reference sets of catalogue cross-sections described by a few geometric parameters. Therefore, RM Bridge offers the possibility to create a “true RM cross-section” with the finite element mesh stored in the database. This is performed with using the icon Catalogue | Internal CS in the cross-section modification pad, However, this transformation should only be adopted after the cross-section geometry has been definitely defined, because the original geometric parameters for creating the mesh will get lost. After this transformation, catalogue cross- sections can be used for all checking and reinforcement design actions without any restriction, 5.4.7 Cross-Sections > FE Mesh ‘This function has been provided for viewing, checking and modifying the Finite Element mesh, being used for calculating the section values of the current cross-section part. The current element mesh is graphically presented in the graphics window, if specified with element and node numbers. The cross-section element table is displayed below the graphics window, showing the 9 nodal points of each element and further element parameters, The cross-section node table with the node coordinates in the cross-section coordinate system is shown on the right side. Amodification of the values isin principal possible, and performed with using the respective icons on top of these tables. However, itis tedious and seldom meaningful, Preferably, changes are made in the RM Modeler (GP) and afterwards again transferred to RM Bridge, Note that cross-sections from the cross-section library can only be changed via modifying the geometric parameters of the respective template. Direct changes in the FE~ mesh are overwritten in the cross-section value calculation function, because the template is again evaluated for creating the related FE mesh (see Cross-Sections Catalog (on page 70). AM Bridge 70 Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properties > Cross-Sections 5.4.8 Translating and Rotating Cross-Sections ‘The functions Cross-sections > Catalogue and Cross-sections > FE Mesh offer a special tool Cross-section manipulation> (icon with a box girder cross-section and a flash above the cross-section table) in addition to the standard table manipulation icons. This icon has been provided for moving or rotating a cross-section in the cross-section coordinate system. 5.4.8.1 Cross-section modification in Cross-sections > FE Mesh ‘The tool Cross-section manipulation used in Cross-sections > FE Mesh allows for moving or rotating a single cross-section by a certain user-defined amount. Multiple actions are possible, ie the cross-section may be first translated and afterwards rotated, Attention is to be paid to the fact, that the sequence influences the final position. If any cross-section variants exist (see Inserting New Cross-Sections (Catalog Cross-Sections) (on page 64)) then the variant to be manipulated has to be selected, ie, every variant has to be manipulated separately, However, when modifying a composite cross- section the individual parts will also be modilied. ‘The main application of this function is adapting the local axes of the beams to the directions of the principal inertia axes of the cross-sections. As given in, the moments of inertia used for the calculation of the stiffness ‘matrices are in RM Bridge always calculated around parallels to the axes of the cross-section coordinate system. Itis therefore necessary to define un-symmetric cross-sections in a coordinate system with axes parallel to the principal inertia axes, ifthe direction deviation is not restrained and must not be neglected. This is however {edious, because the principal axis directions are usually not known a priori (except in the case of inclined symmetric cross-sections, where an inclined cross-section coordinate system with a z-axis parallel to the slabs may have advantages in the cross-section geometry definition process}. ‘The following process is therefore often appropriate: the cross-section geometry is defined in a coordinate system, whose axis directions correspond to the default axes of the elements (Yqs=y' for Deck elements). A first partial analysis gives the cross-section values together with the directions af the principal inertia planes (B- angles). The above function is then used to rotate the cross-section in the opposite direction, such that the principal inertia axes are parallel to the cross-section coordinate system. This modified cross-section is used to calculate the new moments of inertia, which are now the principal values. The original B-angle is introduced as element--angle in the element table, in order to re-establish the right orientation of the cross-section in space. ‘The sign convention for the rotation angle to be entered, is —related to the graphic presentation on the screen— clockwise, ie, related to the element axis left-hand rotating like the element f-angle, The first calculated principal inertia angle (taken from cross..1st) has therefore to be entered with the inverse sign, The input of the B-angles in the element table has to be done with the calculated sign, The entry of the f-angles in the element table is performed automatically when the option Update element beta is selected. 5.4.8.2 Cross-section modification in Cross-sections > Catalog The previously described procedure for adapting the principal inertia directions may be a labored process — especially if many different cross-sections must be manipulated— because the f-angles have to be calculated for all cross-sections, before the rotations may be performed individually for the different cross-sections. The tool Cross-section manipulation has been provided also in Cross-sections > Catalogue in order to ease this, process. AM Bridge n Analysis Users GuideProperties Menu Properties > Cross-Sections Using this tool performs the procedure described above in closed sequence for all previously marked cross- sections in the cross-section table. The principal inertia planes are automatically calculated and entered in the element table as f-angles, and the principal moments of inertia are entered as relevant cross-section values in the element table. 5.4.9 Un-symmetric Cross-sections In order to calculate correctly the stresses for cross-sections with inclined principal axis, the program requires the rotation of the local element axis to the direction of principal axis, as referred in the previous section 5.4.8, ‘Translating and Rotating Cross-Sections. ‘After checking structure in Analyzer and in case of receiving the following warning, User should start the cross- section rotation process, before proceeding with the sequential structural analysis, BE crorFie o x + WARNING: Crose cection Z-zection:00" with BETA nat0, CS rotstion should be done in Analyzer Figure 23: Warning in case of Un-symmetrical cross-sections In fact, after rotating the cross-section to match with the principal axis, the correct cross-section mechanical properties will be addressed and used in the stiffness matrix calculation, for obtaining the correct forces results and consequentially stress results, The cross-section rotation should be done by the User. In Analyzer > Properties > Cross-sections > Catalogue and by selecting the icon with a box girder, will have access to the following commands: User AM Bridge n Analysis Users Guide