Introduction of Geographic

Information System

Dr. B.K. Durai

Dr. A. Mohan Rao
Central Road Research Institute
New Delhi-110 020
 What is GIS?
Definition:

Geographic Information system (GIS) is a

computer based information system used to
digitally represent and analysis the
geographic features present on the earth
surface and the events (non-spatial
attributes linked to the geography under
study) that taking place on it.
 A computer system for
- collecting,
- storing,
- manipulating,
- analyzing,
- displaying, and
- Querying
geographically related
information.
 What is GIS?
Where ?
Why ? With locational information in mind
How ?
Geographic
 GIS primarily dealt with ‘geographic’ or ‘spatial’ or ‘graphical’ features.
 Symbols, colors and line styles are used to represent the spatial features
 Maps are in different dimensions or scales
 Mapping process through automated cartography (map making) and
computer aided design (CAD).
Information
 Every graphical object has particular set of data, which can be
represented details
Systems
 Computer aided mapping technology
Components of GIS
 How is data stored in GIS?
 A GIS stores a representation of the World in the form
of layers connected by a common geographical frame of
reference.
 Each of the features on a layer has a unique identifier
and stores relevant information in external databases,
etc.
 GIS allows us to capture only those elements of the
World that are of interest to us.
 It provides different views and data about the World and
stores the data as we like, e.g., streets, soils, pipes,
cables, vegetation, etc. can be captured and stored in the
 GIS over time to accommodate the needs of various
different users and to reflect changes in the landscape
over time.
 Data Models
 All geographical features on the earth can be represented by
only three identities that are line, point and polygon.
 The layers of data are stored in the GIS are known as raster
and vector.
Geographic Information System
 Process for Preparation of GIS Database for Rural Roads

GIS DATABASE

Spatial (Map layers) Attribute Database Operational Database

Database  Villages: -Census  Traffic data (AADT)
 Boundaries details, socioeconomic  Soil characteristics
 Location of facilities  Environmental data
villages  Road details: - inventory such as rainfall etc.
 Road network and condition data  Pavement condition
 Landuse pattern  Administrative set-up
and natural bodies

E- map for Rural

Raster and Vectorisation Attachment of Road Network
of maps the data Planning
What can one do using GIS?
Various functionalities:
 Query and Display

 Editing and updating

 Thematic mapping
 Buffer and overlay analysis
 Territory management and site location
 Location and allocation of infrastructure facilities
 Network and route analysis
 ETC……
Applications in Roads and Transportation

• GIS based road/highways information system

• Road network analysis – shortest path, etc.
• Transportation planning
• Travel demand modeling
• Vehicles routing and logistics
• Intelligent transport system, etc.
• Web Enabled GIS
Digital Base Map Planning and rural roads and
location of Urban facilities in rural areas

Laksar
Villages - its population size
distribution – 2001 census

Laksar

Democratic details
Total No of villages 117
Inhabited villages 86
Uninhabited villages 31
Total population = 156378
Total Area = 283.6 sq.km
Rural = 138136
Urban = 18242
Population size distribution - 2001
 Laksar

Updated road network map using the PWD map

All villages are provided with all weather road facility in the Block
Location of educational facilities - 2001
Location of medical facilities - 2001
Bus and rail facilities - 2005
Road Information System
Converting DPR Data in GIS System
 Spatial Data
LEGEND

BASE MAP OF STUDY AREA

Attribute Data
Road Information
 Map Layers
TESTPITS
NH
Layer Thickness
500

250
125

WBM
Bsg
Bm/mss
0 2 4 6
Kilometers

Pavement layer Thickness

Cracked Area (%) grater than 40 and Pothole Area (%) grater than 10
Percentage of Patched Area Greater than 25%
Damage Index
 GIS-BASED ANALYSIS
Buffer analysis: A buffer is an area of a specified
width that surrounds one or more map feature. It is
often used in social and economic effects.
Barrier analysis: Barrier analysis involves the
creation of a barrier such as a road construction zone
or a road that prohibits non-motorized travel across it.
The analysis estimates the change in level of access
that has occurred due to the creation of the barrier.
Overlay analysis: Overlay analysis involves the
integration of discrete data layers. Overlays, or spatial
joins, can integrate spatial data on concentrations of
different population groups with the incidence of one or
more types of effect.
 APPLICATION OF BUFFER ANALYSIS
Buffer zones are created through ‘bands’ to examine the
areas that are influenced by a facility located in a rural
area on the map features.
Steps
1. Select the map feature(s) to be buffered. Map features
may include locations, road network links, for an
established areas viz., block/ districts.
2. Determine the distance (s) necessary to buffer the
selected map feature.
3. Using a GIS buffer tool, create the buffer and overlay
it on appropriate demographic or socio-economic
database,
4. Observe the resultant map and determine whether
potential social or economic issues related to
accessibility.
Map of Rupauli Block
 Shows the accessibility of villages to
growth centres
Distance from No. of Population SC
Growth Centres Villages Covered Population
(km) Covered
0.0-0.5 2 2760 298

0.5-2.0 25 47442 4704

2.0-3.0 11 24159 4290

above 3.0 7 17352 1923

The buffer zones for rural growth centres
The buffer zones of all weather roads
 Details of the village accessibility to all-
weather roads

Population
Distance (km) No. of villages SC Population
covered

0-1 22 71391 7192

1-2 17 40744 5316

2-3 10 26945 2205

3 & above 2 2734 324

Pollution Profile Map
Route Analysis
Churu District
Rajgarh Block

Selected frame with all available

links and cluster of unconnected
villages

Shortest route links connecting

the cluster of villages with the
nearest major centre

Figure Typical Frame Showing the shortest Routes Connecting a Cluster of Villages
Other GIS Applications:
The use of GIS for transportation applications is widespread.
 Highway maintenance
 Traffic modeling
 Accident analysis
 Route planning and environmental assessment of road schemes
 Executive information system.
 Pavement management system.
 Bridge management.
 Maintenance management.
 Safety management.
 Transportation system management (TSM)
 Travel demand forecasting
 Construction management
 Land side economic impact and value-capture analysis
 Natural disaster hazards management including land slides etc in road
sector
Thank You