20-Apr-23

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
RAJKOT
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

SEM- 4

FLUID MECHANICS &

HYDRAULICS MACHINES
(4341903)

V.T.SHEKHADA
1

UNIT - 02

Fluid Mechanics
and
Flow Measurement

CO-2
Apply various laws of fluid mechanics
2
to various real-life applications.

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Fluid Statics

At rest
No relative motion
Moving with same velocity

In statics the particles of fluid is at rest or there is no

relative motion between adjacent layers.

Fluid Statics: It is the branch of fluid

mechanics that dealswith the
behavior/response of fluid when they are at
rest.

Pressure, (average pressure intensity):

It is the normal force exerted per unit area.
It is denoted by P and is given by

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Pressure Head

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RELATION BETWEEN PRESSURE AND

PRESSURE HEAD

W=ρgAh

pA=ρgAh
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p=ρgh

PASCAL’S LAW

PASCAL'S LAW STATES THAT PRESSURE

AT ANY POINT IS THE SAME IN ALL
DIRECTIONS.

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Proof of Pascal’s Law

This can be demonstrated by considering a

small wedge- shaped fluid element that was
obtained by removing a small triangular
wedge of fluid from some arbitrary location
within a fluid mass.

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Absolute, Gauge, Atmospheric and Vacuum Pressures

Atmospheric pressure: Pressure exerted by

atmosphere
Gauge pressure: Pressure more than atmospheric
pressure
Vacuum/negative pressure: Pressure less than
atmospheric pressure
Absolute pressure: Pressure measure relative to
absolute zero

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CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE MEASURING

DEVICES
Manometer Mechanical Gauge
1. Piezometer 1. Bourdon tube pressure
2. Simple U tube gauge
3. Differential 2. Diaphragm pressure
manometer gauge
4. Multiple liquid 3. Bellow pressure gauge
manometer 4. Dead weight pressure
5. Inclined tube gauge
manometer
6. Inverted U tube
manometer
7. Micro manometer
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Manometer
Manometers are devices used for
measuring the pressure at a point in a
fluid, by balancing the column of fluid
by the same or another column of fluid.

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Piezometer
• It is used to measure
pressure in pipes or vessels.
In it simplest form, it
consists of a transparent
tube open from other ends
• Piezometers may be
connected to sides or bottom
of pipe

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• It consists of a glass tube inserted in

the wall of the vessel or pipe at the
level of a point at which the intensity
of pressure is to be measured as shown
in Fig. The other end of the
piezometer is exposed to air.
• The height of the liquid in the
piezometer gives the pressure head
from which the intensity of the
pressure can be calculated.
• If at a point A, the height of liquid say
water h in piezometer tube, then
the pressure at point A is given by

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Merits:

1. Simple in construction
2. Economical

Demerits:
1. Not suitable for high pressure intensity.
2. The pressure of gases cannot be measured.
3. It should not be used for high pressure.
4. It can not measure vacuum (-ve) pressure
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SIMPLE U-TUBE MANOMETER

It consists of a U shaped tube,
part of which is filled with mano
metric fluid.
One end of tube is connected
with the pipe whose pressure is
required to be determined.
Due to pressure, level of
manometric fluid rises on one
side while it falls on other side.
The difference in levels is
measured to estimate the
pressure. 20

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ManometricFluids

1. Mercury
2. Oils
3. Salt solution etc

Properties of manometric Fluid

1. Manometric fluid should not be
soluble/intermix with fluid flowing in pipe
whose pressure is required to be determined.
2. Lighter fluid should be used if more
precision is required.
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A) For Gauge Pressure

Pressure above A-A in the left column = + ( 1 × × ℎ1)

Pressure above A-A in the right column = 2 × × ℎ2
+ ( 1 × × ℎ1 ) = 2 × × ℎ2
∴ = 2 ℎ2 − 1 ℎ1
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= S 2 ℎ2 − S 1 ℎ1

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B) For Vacuum Pressure

Pressure above A-A in the left column = Pressure above A-A in the
right column
∴ + 2 ℎ2 + 1 ℎ1 = 0
∴ = −( 2 ℎ2 + 1 ℎ1)

= − (S1ℎ1+ S2ℎ2 )
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DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER
Manometers are particularly
well suited to measure
pressure drops across a
horizontal flow section
between two specified points
due to the presence of a
device such as a valve or
heat exchanger or any
resistance to flow.

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INVERTED U-TUBE DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER

• It consists of an inverted U-
tube, containing a light
liquid. The two ends of the
tube are connected to the
points whose difference of
pressure is to be measured.

• It is used for measuring

difference of low
pressures.

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Let
ℎ1 = ℎ
ℎ2 = ℎ ℎ
ℎ= ℎ
1=
2=
= ℎ
=
=

Taking X–X as datum line.

Applying pascal’s law, then

Pressure in the left limb below X–X = Pressure in the left limb below X–X
∴ − 1 ℎ1 = − 2 ℎ2 − ℎ
∴ − = 1 ℎ1 − 2 ℎ2 − s ℎ
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INCLINED TUBE MANOMETER

This manometer is more sensitive. Due to

inclination the distance moved by the heavy liquid
in the right limb will be more.
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Let
= ℎ ℎ ℎ −
= ℎ ! ℎℎ "
ℎ2 = # ℎ ℎ − = × sin

= 2 ℎ2 − 1 ℎ1
Substituting the value of h2, we get
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= L sin × 2 − 1 ℎ1

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MICRO MANOMETER
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATION
MANOMETERS
Advantages Limitations
Easy to fabricate
Less expansive
Good accuracy
High sensitivity
Require little maintenance
Not affected by vibration
Specially suitable for low
pressure and low
differential pressure
Easy to change sensitivity
by changing
manometricfluid
20-Apr-23
• It is used for small
pressure Difference
• Three different
manometric fluids
are used
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OF
Usually bulky and large in
size
Being fragile, get broken
easily
Reading of manometer is
get affected by
temperature, altitude and
gravity
Capillary action is created
due to surface action
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NUMERICAL

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Ex.1
A simple U tube mercury manometer is being used for
measuring pressure of fluid of specific gravity 0.75 flowing
through a pipe. Center of pipe is 30 cm below the level of
mercury in right Limb. If the difference of mercury level
between right and left limb is 60 cm, determine pressure
of flowing fluid. (SUMMER 2019) 04 Marks
Given

ℎ1 = 30 CM
ℎ2 = 60 CM
S1= 0.75
S2=13.6

CALCULATE

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Pa=?

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a = S 2 ℎ2 − S 1 ℎ1

= (13.6*0.6)-(0.75*0.3)
= 7.935 M of water
Pa = 7.935*1000*9.81

Pa = 77.842 kPa

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EX-2
A simple U-tube manometer containing mercury
connected to a pipe in which a fluid of specific gravity
0.83 of vacuum pressure. The other end of the
manometer is open to atmosphere. Find the vacuum
pressure in pipe if the difference of mercury level in the
two limb is 50 cm and the height of the fluid in the left
from the center of pipe is 15 cm below. (SUMMER 2018)
Given

ℎ1 = 15 CM
ℎ2 = 50 CM
S1 = 0.83
S2 =13.6
CALCULATE 36

Pa=?

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= − (S1ℎ1+ S2ℎ2 )

= − (0.83*0.15+ 13.6*0.5 )
= -6.9242

Pa = - 67929.345 N/M2

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EX-3
A liquid possess specific gravity=1.1,pressure head =3.0
meter. Convert it into kilopascal. (SUMMER- 2017 ) 03 MARKS
Given
SOLUTION
S = 1.1
ℎ = 3.0 M = Sℎ
CALCULATE

P =?
P=1.1*3.0*1000*9.81

P= 32373 Pa

P=32.373 kPa 38

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EX-4
A simple u-tube mercury manometer is used to measure
pressure of oil having specific gravity =0.9 Level of oil in
left end of manometer is 20cm below centre line and level
of mercury is 50cm above centre line in right end, which
is opened to atmosphere. Find pressure of oil in bar.

Given

ℎ1 = 20 CM
ℎ2 = 70 CM
S1= 0.9
S2=13.6

CALCULATE

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Pa=?

SOLUTION

a = S 2 ℎ2 − S 1 ℎ1

= (13.6*0.7)-(0.9*0.2)
= 9.34 M of water
Pa = 9.34*1000*9.81

Pa = 91625 Pa

Pa = 0.91625 bar

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