3D Printing

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN 3D
PRINTING
A Seminar Report
Submitted By
NAVIN C CHACKO
In partial fulfillment for the award of the
degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
A P J ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
at
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR
DECEMBER 2022
Recent Developments in 3D Printing Semester VII 2022
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report titled Recent Developments in 3D Printing is a
bonafide record of the MEQ413 Seminar presented by Navin C Chacko ADR19ME067
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Mechanical Engineering of APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University
at College of Engineering Adoor during the year 2022-2023.
Oral Presentation held on 28th November 2022.
Seminar Coordinator Head Of Department
Recent Developments in 3D printing i Department of Mechanical Engineering

Recent Developments in 3D printing Semester VII 2022
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First, I thank The Almighty God for blessing and supporting me throughout the
endeavor.
I would like to extend my gratitude to Dr. K. Sunil Kumar, Principal, College of

engineering Adoor for equipping us with all the facilities during the development of
seminar.
I am grateful to Dr Suresh Kumar N, Head of The Department of Mechanical

Engineering for his guidance and inspiration for the successful completion of my
seminar.
I make use of this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to my seminar guide

Assistant Prof. Tony Gim K and coordinators Assistant Prof. Santhosh T, Assistant
Prof. Sanjay, Department of Mechanical Engineering for their valuable suggestions and
guidance in the preparation of this seminar report.
I am also obliged to thank the staff members of the division for their cooperation during
the period of the seminar. Finally, I thank my parents and friends, near and dear ones
who directly and indirectly have contributed to the successful completion of my
seminar.
NAVIN C CHACKO
Department of Mechanical Engineering ii2 College of Engineering Adoor

ABSTRACT
3D printing is a fast emerging and developing technology. 3D printing creates

physical objects from a geometrical representation by successive addition of materials.
Geometrical representation of objects is made with the help of Computer Aided Design
(CAD) software. 3D printing technology can print layer by layer deposition of material
directly from a CAD model. 3D printing is increasingly used for mass customization,
prototype development, production of any types of open-source design in the field of
agriculture, in healthcare, automotive industry, locomotive industry and aviation
industries. In industries, 3D printing helps to manufacture light weight and optimized
parts for increasing the performance and efficiency of machines. This seminar will also
provide an account of working, steps involved, applications of 3D printing, recent
developments and future scopes of 3D printing in industries.
Department of Mechanical Engineering iii

3 College of Engineering Adoor
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................................vi
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Growth of 3D Printing ................................................................................................ 1
LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................ 2
STEPS IN 3D PRINTING...................................................................................................... 3
TYPES OF 3D PRINTING ..................................................................................................... 5
4.1 STEREOLITHOGRAPHY (SLA) ....................................................................................... 5
4.2 MATERIAL JETTING ..................................................................................................... 6
4.3 BINDER JETTING ......................................................................................................... 6
4.4 FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING (FDM) ................................................................... 7
4.5 SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING (SLS) ............................................................................. 8
4.6 LAMINATED OBJECT MANUFACTURING .................................................................... 8
MATERIALS USED ........................................................................................................... 10
5.1 METALS .................................................................................................................... 10
5.2 POLYMER .................................................................................................................. 10
5.3 CERAMICS................................................................................................................. 11
5.4 SMART MATERIALS .................................................................................................. 12
5.5 SPECIALS MATERIALS ............................................................................................... 12
APPLICATIONS OF 3D PRINTING...................................................................................... 13
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF 3D PRINTING ........................................................ 18
7.1 ADVANTAGES ....................................................................................................... 18
7.2 DISADVANTAGES .................................................................................................. 19
3D PRINTING IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY ....................................................................... 21
FUTURE SCOPES ............................................................................................................. 22
CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................ 23
REFERENCES................................................................................................................... 24
Department of Mechanical Engineering 4 College of Engineering Adoor

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABS Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
DLP Digital Light Processing
FDM Fused Deposition Modelling
LOM Laminated Object Manufacturing
PA Polyamide
PC Polycarbonate
PE Polyethylene
PEEK Polyetheretherketone
PLA Polylactic Acid
PMMA Polymethyl methacrylate
PP Polypropylene
SLA Stereolithography
SLCM Stereolithographic Ceramic Manufacturing
SLS Selective Laser Sintering
SMP Shape memory polymer
Department of Mechanical Engineering 5v College of Engineering Adoor

LIST OF FIGURES
3. 1 Printing Procedure 4
4. 1 Schematic diagram of Stereolithography 5
4. 2 Schematic diagram of Material Jetting 6
4. 3 Schematic diagram of Binder Jetting 7
4. 4 Schematic diagram of Fused Deposition Modelling 7
4. 5 Schematic diagram of Selective Laser Sintering 8
4. 6 Schematic diagram of Laminated Object Manufacturing 9
Department of Mechanical Engineering 6vi College of Engineering Adoor

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making a three-

dimensional solid object of virtually any shape from a digital model. Successive layers
of material are laid down in different shapes. Traditional machining techniques rely on
the removal of material by methods such as cutting or drilling whereas 3D printing
layers are added successively. Thus, it uses a layering technique where an object is
constructed layer by layer until the complete object is manufactured. In this way 3D
printing moves us away from the mass production line to a one-off customizable
production.
1.1 GROWTH OF 3D PRINTING

The initial 3D printers were used in the 1980s where a pattern submerged in a
liquid polymer would be traced by a computer. The traced pattern hardened into a layer,
thanks to the laser, and that was how you built an object out of plastic. Since, then
tremendous progress has been made in additive manufacturing such that material
extrusion is now used. By this method, an object is built out of matter that is pushed
from a mechanical head like the way an inkjet printer extrudes ink onto paper. The cost
of acquiring 3D printers has been decreasing with the advancement of technology.
Domestic usage of 3D printers has been on the rise with the average cost ranging
from a few hundreds of dollars going up. However, one major drawback is that it
requires expertise to print 3D objects. In fact, it requires a competent person to make
both the digital file and the final printing. Commercial usage of 3D printers has been on
the increase too in sectors such as the automotive industry and aerospace engineering.
Spare parts, for example, are being made in the automotive and aero-space industry
leading to improved economies of scale. 3D printing is changing how the production
line in industries works which made some analysts to dub the emergence of 3D printers
as the second Industrial revolution. 3D printing has also had a tremendous usage in the
field of medicine; from the field of Bionics, to Prosthetics to Digital Dentistry.
Inevitably, this is positively affecting and changing every aspect of medicine. Most of
the work is still in its exploratory phase but pundits predict medicine of tomorrow is
going to be revolutionized by the integration of 3D printing as a tool.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
[1] International Journal of Science and Research, Mpofu T, et al. (2014): This journal
talks about the basic steps involved in 3D printing. 3D printers print objects from a
digital template to a physical 3-dimensional physical object. The printing is done layer
by layer (Additive manufacturing) using plastic, metal, nylon, and over a hundred other
materials. It has been found to be a fast and cost-effective solution in whichever field
of use.
[2] Procedia Manufacturing, Shahrubudin N, et al. (2019): This paper presents the
overview of the types of 3D printing technologies, the application of 3D printing
technology and lastly, the materials used for 3D printing technology in manufacturing
industry. 3D printing technology is a fast-emerging technology. Nowadays, 3D Printing
is widely used in the world. 3D printing technology increasingly used for the mass
customization, production of any types of open-source designs in the field of
agriculture, in healthcare, automotive industry, locomotive industry and aviation
industries.
[3] Gokhare V, et al. (2020): This is a research paper on 3D printing and the various
materials used in 3D printing and their properties which become a notable topic in
technological aspects. It also talks about the applications, advantages and disadvantages
of 3D printing
[4] Mechanik, Adamczak S, et al. (2020): Industrial design is an interdisciplinary

activity leading to the development of new products that can be successfully launched
on the market. Generally, the term industrial design is understood as the design process
leading to the determination of various features of the industrial form. The development
of additive manufacturing allowed to quickly create a prototype, a model of the
designed detail. This paper deals about the successful integration of 3D printing
automobile industries and manufacturing industries
[5] Journal of Nanomaterials & Molecular Nanotechnology, K Mills D (2015): This

journal talks about the implementation of 3D printing in the medical industries.
Advances in 3D printing materials, equipment, methods and techniques are already
enabling on-demand, highly customized patient treatments. 3D printing is seeing

tremendous growth in the fabrication of tailored prosthetics, medical implants, novel

drug formulations and the bioprinting of human tissues and organs.
CHAPTER 3
STEPS IN 3D PRINTING
3D printing has become synonymous with manufacturing. It is the most popular

prototyping method used by manufacturing companies. Several steps are undergone for
the successful 3D printing of objects.
3.1 IDEA
As 3D printing is a type of design and manufacturing process, the basic step
involves idea formation. This means developing the full idea about the working and
aesthetics of the product that is going to be 3D printed. This step involves thinking out
of the box for solving the problems in an innovative way.
3.2 MODELLING
From the formation of idea about the product, the next step is to make 3D CAD
model by giving dimensions and tolerances for the proper working of the component.
This is done with the help of computer aided design software (CAD) such as
Solidworks, Catia, Autodesk Inventor, Autodesk Fusion 360, etc. This will help to give
proper visualisation of components and its working. Furthermore, for stress analysis in
component, the model is analysed in software such as Ansys, Altair, etc by giving
proper boundary conditions. It will give information about the practicality of component
in real life conditions.
3.3 SLICING
For giving the input file to 3D printer, the model developed in above step is gone
through the slicing process. In this step, the designed 3D model is exported to a specific
slicing software such as IdeaMaker to slice the model. The purpose of slicing is to allow
the 3D printer to calculate the route and the amount of filament required when printing
the model. The software will generate G-Code file which is essentially a long list of
instructions, and then the 3D printer will read the G-Code instruction to build the model.
The 3D printer will move according to the instructions provided in the G-Code file.

3.4 MATERIAL SELECTION

3D printing technology is capable to produce fully functional parts in a wide
range of materials including ceramic, metallic, polymers and their combinations in form
of hybrid, composites or functionally graded materials. According to design need, the
correct type of material is chosen in this step.
3.5 3D PRINTING
The file is uploaded to the 3D printer and the printer is calibrated to prepare for
printing.
3.6 POST PROCESSING

It is the final stage of 3d printing. The post processing of material is done in
various methods such as:
Removing Supports
Colouring
Polishing
Assembly
And at last, the 3D printed object is ready to use. Figure 3.1 shows a schematic diagram
of steps involved in 3D printing.
Figure 3. 1: Printing Procedure

CHAPTER 4
TYPES OF 3D PRINTING
Varieties of 3D printing technologies have been developed with the different

function. According to ASTM Standard F2792, ASTM catalogued 3D printing
technologies into several groups. There are no debates about which machine or
technology function better because each of them has its targeted applications.
Nowadays, 3D printing technologies are no longer limited to prototyping usage but are
increasingly also being used for making variety of products. Some of the 3D printing
methods are discussed below.
4.1 STEREOLITHOGRAPHY (SLA)

In SLA process, an ultra-violet sensitive resin is kept inside a translucent tank
and a build platform is submerged inside the tank filled with liquid resin, a laser source
builds the object to be printed layer by layer from bottom of the tank and solidifies the
material. After the layer has been mapped and solidified by the light source, the platform
lifts up and lets a new layer of resin flow beneath the layer of the object printed. This
process is repeated layer by layer until the desired object has been completed. Another
method very similar to Stereolithography is Digital light processing [DLP], it differs
from SLA only in the aspect that DLP uses traditional light sources such as arc lamps
or projectors to solidify the resin. Figure 4.1 shows the schematic diagram of
stereolithography.
Figure 4. 1: Schematic diagram of Stereolithography

4.2 MATERIAL JETTING

In this process, material is applied in droplets through nozzle layer-by-layer to
a build platform making a 3D object and then hardened by UV light. The printer jets
the liquid material into the build tray. The jets are followed by UV light, which instantly
cures the tiny droplets of liquid photopolymer. As the process is repeated, these thin
layers accumulate on the build tray to create a precise object. Where complex shapes
require support, the printer jets a removable gel-like support material which can be
removed after the printing is completed. Opaque plastic, wax, acrylics are the materials
used in material jetting process. Figure 4.2 shows the schematic diagram of material
jetting.
Figure 4. 2: Schematic diagram of Material Jetting
4.3 BINDER JETTING

In this method, the powder material is spread on the build platform with the help
of a roller, the print-head of the printer deposits the adhesive or the binding material on
the powdered built platform, Binder Jetting [BJ] then the build platform is lowered and
another layer of binding material is applied on the build platform, the object is formed
where the powder is bounded by the liquid. Stainless steel, ABS, PA, PC, glass are the
common materials used with binder jetting process The binder jetting process uses two
materials; a powder material and a binder. The binder acts as an adhesive between
powdered layers. The binder is in liquid form and the build material in powder form. A
print head moves in both X and Y direction and deposits alternating layers of the build
material and the binding material. After each layer, the object being printed is lowered
on its build platform. Figure 4.3 shows the schematic diagram of binder jetting.

Figure 4. 3: Schematic diagram of Binder Jetting
4.4 FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING (FDM)

A fused deposition modelling machine melts a plastic wire or filament and
extrudes it through a nozzle. The melted material is laid down on the build platform,
where it cools and solidifies. By laying down layer on layer the part is built. Fused
deposition modelling requires support structure which supports the parts on the build
platform and overhanging structures. Through the use of a second nozzle, the support
structure can be built in a different material. Standard plastics such as ABS, PLA, PC
are commonly used materials for FDM. Figure 4.4 shows the schematic diagram of the
fused deposition modelling.
Figure 4. 4: Schematic diagram of Fused Deposition Modelling

4.5 SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING (SLS)

In laser sintering process, a layer of plastic powder is placed on a build platform,
which is melted by a laser. The build platform will then be lowered and the next layer
of plastic powder will be laid out on top. By repeating the process of laying out powder
and melting where needed, the parts are built up in the powder bed.
Laser Sintering does not require any support structures. The built parts are
sustained by the loose plastic powder. The process chamber is preheated and under a
protective gas environment. Composite, plastics, sand and metal powders are the
commonly used materials for SLS process. Figure 4.5 shows the schematic diagram of
selective laser sintering.
Figure 4. 5: Schematic diagram of Selective Laser Sintering
4.6 LAMINATED OBJECT MANUFACTURING

An LOM apparatus uses a continuous sheet of material such as plastic, paper or
metal which is drawn across a build platform by a system of feed rollers. The build
materials are coated with an adhesive. A heated roller is passed over the sheet of
material on the build platform, melting its adhesive and pressing it onto the platform. A
computer-controlled laser cuts the material into the desired pattern. The build platform
is lowered once a layer is finished with printing. New material is then pulled across the
platform and the heated roller again passes over the material, binding the new layer to
the one beneath it. This process is repeated until the entire object has been formed. Once
an object is done "printing," it is removed from the build platform, and any excess

material is cut away. Figure 4.6 shows the schematic diagram of laminated object
manufacturing.
Figure 4. 6: Schematic diagram of Laminated Object Manufacturing

CHAPTER 5
MATERIALS USED
Like any manufacturing process, 3D printing needs high quality materials that
meet consistent specifications to build consistent high-quality devices. To ensure this,
procedures, requirements, and agreements of material controls are established between
the suppliers, purchasers, and end-users of the material. 3D printing technology is
capable to produce fully functional parts in a wide range of materials including ceramic,
metallic, polymers and their combinations in form of hybrid, composites or functionally
graded materials.
5.1 METALS
Metal 3D printing technology gai n many attentions in aerospace, automobile,
medical application and manufacturing industry because the advantages existing by this
process. The materials of metal have the excellent physical properties and this material
can be used to complex manufacturer from printing human organs to aerospace parts.
The examples of this materials are aluminium alloys, cobalt-based alloys, nickel-based
alloys, stainless steels, and titanium alloys. Cobalt-based alloy is suitable to use in the
3D printed dental application. This is because, it has high specific stiffness, resilience,
high recovery capacity, elongation and heat-treated conditions. Furthermore, 3D
printing technology has capability to produce aerospace parts by using nickel base
alloys. 3D-printed object produces using nickel base alloys can be used in dangerous
environments. This is because, it has high corrosion resistance and the heat temperature
can resistant up to 1200 °C. Lastly, 3D printing technology also can print out the object
by using titanium alloys. Titanium alloy with have very exclusive properties, such as
ductility, good corrosion, oxidation resistance and low density. It is used in high stresses
and high operating temperatures and high stresses, for example in aerospace
components and biomedical industry.
5.2 POLYMER
3D printing technologies are widely used for the production of polymer
components from prototypes to functional structures with difficult geometries. By using
fused deposition modelling (FDM), it can form a 3D printed through the deposition of
successive layers of extruded thermoplastic filament, such as polylactic acid (PLA),
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE). Lately,

thermoplastics filaments with higher melting temperatures such as PEEK and PMMA
can already be used as materials for 3D printing technology. 3D printing polymer
materials in liquid state or with low melting point are widely used in 3D printing
industry due to their low cost, low weight and processing flexibility. Mostly, the
materials of polymers played important role in biomaterials and medical device
products often as inert materials, by contributing to the efficient functioning of the
devices as well as providing mechanical support in many orthopaedic implants.
5.3 CERAMICS
Nowadays, 3D printing technology can produce 3D printed object by using
ceramics and concrete without large pores or any cracks through optimization of the
parameters and setup the good mechanical properties. Ceramic is strong, durable and
fire resistant. Due to its fluid state before setting, ceramics can be applied in practically
any geometry and shape and very suitable on the creation of future construction and
building. According to, they said ceramics materials is useful in the dental and
aerospace application. The examples of this materials are alumina, bioactive glasses and
zirconia. Alumina powder for instance has the potential to be processes by 3D Printing
technology. Alumina is an excellent ceramic oxide with a very wide range of
applications, including catalyst, adsorbents, microelectronics, chemicals, aerospace
industry and another high-technology industry. Alumina has great curing complexity.
By using 3D printing technology, complex-shaped alumina parts which have a high
density after sintering and also has high green density can be printed. Furthermore, in
successive experiment, Stereolithographic (SLA) machine was used to process glass-
ceramic and bioactive glass into dance part. It significantly improves the bending
strength of this materials. The increasing of the mechanical strength will open up the
potential for applying bioactive glass in relevant clinical structure such as scaffolds and
bone. By using Stereolithographic Ceramic Manufacturing (SLCM), it is probable to
produce solid bulk ceramics with high densities, very homogeneous microstructure,
high compression strength and bending. Meanwhile, zirconia are the main construction
materials in nuclear power sectors, using for element tubing. Hafnium-free zirconium
is very suitable for this application because it has low susceptibility to radiation and
also has low thermal neutron absorption.

5.4 SMART MATERIALS

Smart materials are defined as this material have the potential to alter the
geometry and shape of object, influence by external condition such as heat and water.
The example of 3D printed object produces by using smart materials are self-evolving
structure and soft robotics system. Smart materials also can be classified as 4D printing
materials. The examples of group smart materials are shape memory alloys and shape
memory polymers. Some shape-memory alloys like nickel-titanium can be used in
biomedical implants to micro - electromechanical devices application. In the production
of 3D printed products by using nickel-titanium, transformation temperatures,
reproducibility of microstructure and density is the important issue. Meanwhile, Shape
memory polymer (SMP) is a kind of functional material that responds to a stimulus like
light, electricity heat, some types of chemical and so on. By using 3D printing
technology, the complicated shape of shape memory polymer could be easily and
conveniently to produce. The quality evaluation of this material is performed based on
the dimensional accuracy, surface roughness and part density.
5.5 SPECIALS MATERIALS

The examples of special materials are:
5.5.1 Food
3D printing technology can process and produce the desired shape and geometry
by using food materials like the chocolate, meat, candy, pizza, spaghetti, sauce and so
on. 3D- food printing can produce healthy food because this process allows customers
to adjust the ingredients of materials without reducing the nutrients and taste of the
ingredients.
5.5.2 Lumar dust

3D printing process has the capability to directly produce multi-layered parts
out of lunar dust, which has potential applicability to future moon colonization.
5.5.3 Textile
With 3D printing technology, jewellery and clothing industry will be shine with
the development on 3D - textile printing. Some advantage of 3D printing technology in
fashion industry are short processing time to make the product, reduced costs related
with the packaging and reduce supply chain cost.

CHAPTER 6
APPLICATIONS OF 3D PRINTING
The potential of 3D printing (3DP) has captured the popular imagination. From
jet engine parts to custom made dental implants, the technology is being hailed as a
revolution in how products are manufactured. Some of the examples of 3D printing is
listed below.
6.1 CONSTRUCTION
3D printing technology can be considered as environmentally friendly

derivative and it give unlimited possibilities for geometric complexity realization. In
the construction industry, 3D printing technology can be used to print entire building or
can create construction components. The emergence of the Building Information
Modelling (BIM) will facilitate better use of 3D printing technology. Building
Information Modelling is a digital representation of functional and physical
characteristics, can share an information and knowledge about 3D building. It can form
a reliable source for decision during its life cycle, from initial conception to demolition
for construct or design the building. This innovative and collaborative technology will
support more efficient method to designing, creating and maintaining the built
environment.
With 3D printing technology, companies can design and create the visual of the
building in the fast time and inexpensively as well as avoid delays and help pinpoint
problem areas. At the same time, with 3D printing technology, construction-engineer
and their clients can communicate more efficiently and clearly. Much of a customer's
expectations come from an idea, and 3D printing makes it simple to appear that idea
beyond the dated method of paper and pencil. The examples of 3D printed building are
Apis Cor Printed House in Russia and Canal House in Amsterdam.
6.2 MEDICAL FIELD
Orthopaedic surgeons, partnered with device manufacturers, can use medical

imaging in conjunction with advanced computation design and 3D printing technologies
to improve upon preoperative planning and operative techniques for difficult surgeries.
Today, this technology provides orthopaedic surgeons with the capabilities to treat
complex pathologies involving deformity, segmental bone loss, and joint articulations.

Like all new technologies, 3D printing cannot be considered a solution for all
orthopaedic dilemmas and should be utilized with caution. Some of the examples of
how 3D printing is integrated in the medical field is listed below.
6.2.1 Prosthetics
A multitude of people are in need of surrogate body parts from people born
without limbs to accident victims. The cost of getting surrogate body parts used to be
extremely expensive but thanks to 3D printing; the cost has been significantly reduced.
Prosthetics has really done wonders to disabled people with the likes of Paralympics
champion Oscar Pistorious being a world-famous example. Oscar Pistorious had his
legs cut off as a child, but that did not stop him from running, let alone in the Olympics.
6.2.2 Dental industry

People are getting 3D printed teeth customised for the individual. Dental
Implants are being made on a commercial level and making the whole process faster
and more efficient. Before fake teeth used to be a one- size- fits -all depending with age.
Now, people of the same age can have different sized teeth resulting in people getting
discomfort with ill-fitting fake teeth. Thus, customised implants have really brought a
sigh of relief to the consumers as they are now able to receive teeth suited for them.
Dental labs can accurately and rapidly produce crowns, bridges, stone models and a
range of orthodontic appliances with reduction in fabrication times and increase output
per technician.
6.2.3 Bio Printers

Organ printing or body part printing is being printed and some parts being used
as implants of actual body parts. Body parts such as titanium pelvic, plastic tracheal
splint, titanium jaws to mention but a few have been printed.
New bio printers actually print human tissue for both pharmaceutical testing and
eventually entire organs and bones. Tissue engineering has made tremendous strides as
they have been able to print 3D blood vessels. This was achieved by combining
advances in 3D bio-printing technology and biomaterials through vascularisation of
hydrogel constructs.

6.2.4 Artificial Organs

Additive manufacturing of stem cells has also led to various possibilities in
printing artificial organs, although most of the work is still in the experimental stage.
For instance, through 3D printing Heriot-Watt University scientists were able to
produce clusters of embryonic stem cells. An endless world of possibilities awaits this
world with the prospects of printing actual functioning artificial organs. The
combination of Stem cell research and 3D printing will result in transplantable body
parts in the future. Real functional body parts will be able to be 3D printed.
6.3 FABRIC INDUSTRIES
When 3D printing technology enters the retail industry, 3D printed shoes,

jewellery, consumer goods and clothing are emergence into the market. The
combination of fashion and 3D printing may not seem like the most natural fit, but it is
starting to become an everyday reality all over the world. For instance, big companies
like Nike, New Balance and Adidas are striving to development the mass production of
3D printed shoes. Nowadays, 3D printed shoes are produced for athlete's shoes, custom-
made shoes and sneakers. Besides, 3D printing technology can spread creative
possibilities for fashion design. Indeed, it makes it possible to makes shapes without
moulds. In fashion industry, by using 3D printing technology, it can design and produce
garments by using mesh system and also can print ornaments for traditional textile.
Moreover, the application of 3D printing technology not limited to the fashion industry,
but also can print leather goods and accessories. For instances, jewellery, watchmaking,
accessories and so on.
The retailers and designers believe the purpose of creating fashion products by
using 3D printing technology is not to duplicate current products, but to improve
product design by offering personalised and unique products to customers. The
advantages of the product development by using 3D printing technology are the product
is on - demand custom fit and styling. At the meantime, by using 3D printing
technology, it can reduce the supply chain cost. Lastly, 3D printing technology can
create and deliver products in small quantities in the fast time.
6.4 FOOD INDUSTRY
3D printing technology open the doors not only for aerospace industry, but also
for food industry. At present, there is a growing demand for the development of

customized food for specialized dietary needs, such as athletes, children, pregnant
woman, patient and so on which requires a different amount of nutrients by reducing
the amount of unnecessary ingredients and enhancing the presence of healthy
ingredients. However, the development of customized foods must be conducted in a
very detailed and inventive way, which is where the adoption of 3D-food printing
appears. Food layer manufacture also known as 3D-food printing fabricated through the
deposition of successive layers by layer derived directly from computer-aided design
data. By using 3D printing technology, specific materials can be mixed and processes
into various complicated structures and shape. Sugar, chocolate, pureed food and flat
food such as pasta, pizza and crackers can be used to create new food items with
complex and interesting designs and shape.
3D printing technology is a high-energy efficiency technology for food

production with environmentally friendly, good quality control and low cost. 3D-food
printing can be healthy and give benefit for human because it creates new process for
food customization and can adjust with individual preferences and needs. By allowing
food preparation and ingredients to be automatically adjusted to the consumer’s
information, it would be possible to have diets which enforce themselves without need
to exercise.
6.5 ACADEMIA
3D printing is now being integrated in the learning curriculum. With

applications from printed molecule models to plastic gears. Students are now able to
print their prototype models in 3D and it helps in the learning process of the students.
Students are better able to understand concepts as it can be practically shown to them.
6.6 ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY
As 3D printing becomes more and more accessible to sciences, technology and

manufacturing fields, the manufacturers are starting to see its potential realized in all
sorts of interesting ways. Nowadays, various 3D printing technologies have already
been used broadly for structural electronic devices like active electronic materials,
electrode and devices with mass customization and adaptive design through embedding
the conductors into 3D printed devices.

The production process for the 3D electrode by utilizing the Fused Deposition
Modelling of 3D printing technique provides low-cost and a time efficient approach to
mass producing electrode materials. Compared to commercial electrodes such as
aluminium, copper and carbon electrodes, the design and surface area of the 3D
electrode can be easily customized to suit a particular application. Furthermore, 3D
printing process for the 3D electrode is fully automated, with a high degree of precision,
made it possible to complete the printing process for eight 8 electrodes in just 30
minutes. In addition, active electronic components are any electronic devices or
components capable of amplifying and controlling the flow charges of electric. Besides,
active devices also include those that can generate power. Examples of active electronic
components include silicon-controlled rectifiers, transistors, diodes, operational
amplifiers, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), batteries and so on. These components
normally require highly elaborate fabrication processes compared to those used for
passive components due to their complex functionalities. 3D printing technology
provides advantages for processing of product along with its electronics.

CHAPTER 7
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF 3D PRINTING
7.1 ADVANTAGES
3D printing production process offers a range of advantages compared to traditional

manufacturing methods. These advantages include those related to design, time and
cost.
7.1.1 Time-to-market
3D printing allows ideas to develop faster. Being able to print a concept on the
same day it was designed shrinks a development process from what might have been
months to a number of days, helping companies stay one step ahead of the other.
7.1.2 Save money

Prototyping injection mould tools and production runs are expensive
investments. The 3D printing process allows the creation of parts and/or tools through
additive manufacturing at rates much lower than traditional machining.
7.1.3 Mitigate risk

Being able to verify a design before investing in an expensive moulding tool is
worth its weight in 3D printed plastic, and then some. It is far cheaper to 3D print a test
prototype than to redesign or alter an existing mould.
7.1.4 Feedback
With a prototype, you can test the market by unveiling it at a tradeshow, showing
it to buyers or raising capital by pre-selling on Indigo or Kick-starter. Getting buyer's
response to the product before it actually goes into production is a valuable way to verify
the product has market potential.
7.1.5 Get the feel

One thing you can't get a picture or virtual prototype on the computer screen is
the way something feels in your hand. If you want to ensure the ergonomics and fit of
a product are just right, you must actually hold it, use it and test it.

7.1.6 Personalize it
With standard mass-production, all parts come off the assembly line or out of
the mould the same. With 3D printing, one can personalize, customize a part to uniquely
fit their needs, which allows for custom fits in the medical industries and helps set
people to elaborate their idea in new world.
7.1.7 Build your imagination

In the modern boom of digital art and design, the possibilities are not only
accelerating but limitless. One can now 3D print almost everything they imagine after
drawing it up virtually or by other. In a relatively short time, an idea, concept, dream or
invention can go from a simple thought to a produced part.
7.1.8 Able to produce any hole shapes

The limitations of standard machining have constrained product design for
years. With the improvements in AM, now the possibilities are endless. Geometry that
has been historically difficult to build; like holes that change direction, unrealistic
overhangs is now possible and actually simple to construct.
7.1.9 Fail fast, fail cheap

3D printing allows a product developer to make breakthroughs at early stages
that are relatively inexpensive leading to better products and less expensive dead-ends.
7.2 DISADVANTAGES
Apart from all the advantages provided by 3D printing, there are some
disadvantages related to it. They are clearly discussed in below sections
7.2.1 Intellectual property issues

The ease with which replicas can be created using 3D technology raises issues
over intellectual property rights. The availability of blueprints online free of cost may
change with for-profit organizations wanting to generate profits from this new
technology.
7.2.2 Limitations of size

3D printing technology is currently limited by size constraints. Very large
objects are still not feasible when built using 3D printers.

7.2.3 Limitations of raw material

At present, 3D printers can work with approximately 100 different raw
materials. This is insignificant when compared with the enormous range of raw
materials used in traditional manufacturing. More research is required to devise
methods to enable 3D printed products to be more durable and robust.
7.2.4 Cost of printers

The cost of buying a 3D printer still does not make its purchase by the average
householder feasible. Also, different 3D printers are required in order to print different
types of objects. Also, printers that can manufacture in colour are costlier than those
that print monochrome objects.
7.2.5 Fewer manufacturing jobs

As with all new technologies, manufacturing jobs will decrease. This
disadvantage can have a large impact to the economies of third world countries
especially China, that depend on a large number of low skill jobs.
7.2.6 Unchecked production of danger items

Liberator, the world’s first 3D printed functional gun, showed how easy it was
to produce one’s own weapons, provided one had access to the design and a 3D printer.
Governments will need to devise ways and means to check this dangerous tendency.

CHAPTER 8
3D PRINTING IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
Nowadays, 3D printing technology have rapidly changed our industry to design,

develop and manufacture new things. In the automotive industry, 3D Printing technique
have made phenomena to bring new shines, allowing for lighter and more complex
structures in the fast time. For instance, Local Motor had printed the first 3D-printed
electric car in 2014. Not only cars, Local Motors also extended the wide range
application of 3D printing technology by manufacturer a 3D-printed bus called OLLI.
OLLI is a driverless, electric, recyclable and extremely smart 3D printed bus.
Furthermore, Ford is the leader in the use of 3D printing technology also apply 3D
printing technology to produce prototype and engine parts. In addition, BMW uses 3D
printing technology to produce hand-tools for automotive testing and assembly.
Meanwhile, in 2017, AUDI was collaborated with SLM Solution Group AG to produce
spare parts and prototypes.
Consequently, by using 3D printing technology in automotive industry enable

company to try various alternatives and emphasize right in the improvement stages,
prompting ideal and effective automotive design. At the same time, 3D printing
technology can reduce the wastage and consumption of the materials. Moreover, 3D
printing technology can reduce costs and time, therefore, it allows to test new designs
in a very fast time.

CHAPTER 9
FUTURE SCOPES
The future looks bright in the field of 3D printing. Several researches and studies are
ongoing to successfully integrate the 3D printing in large and complex manufacturing
processes and also in medical industries. Some f the future scopes of 3D printing is
discussed below.
9.1 SKIN GRAFTING

In skin grafting healthy skin from a part of the body is used to cover a damaged part of
the body. The procedure is very well known to be a painful procedure. University of
Toronto researchers have developed a method of skin grafting by loading skin cells and
various polymers into 3D printer to artificially create layers of skin. Institute of
Regenerative Medicine scientists at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North
Carolina, inspired by war victims aim to print skin directly onto burn wounds. They
observed that most of the casualties of war were burn victims which had to go the
gruesome operation of skin grafting. Hopefully in the near future all this research will
turn into reality.
9.2 3D PRINTED ORGANS

The combination of Stem cell research and 3D printing will result in transplantable
body parts in the future. Real functional body parts will be able to be 3D printed.
9.3 COMMERCE
Amazon set up a 3D printer store. They envision selling digital 3D design files and the
customer then prints the product on their own. This is going to revolutionise the supply
side of products as consumers will be able to print whatever products they want.

CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSIONS
In this review, the successful integration of 3D printing in various industries is

discussed. At present, 3D printing technology is beginning in the manufacturing
industries, it offers many benefits to the people, company and government. Therefore,
more information is needed to progress on ways to enhance the adoption of 3D printing
technology. The more information about 3D printing technology will help the company
and government to upgrade and improve the infrastructure of 3D printing technology.
Thus, this paper is to overview the steps followed in 3D printing, types of 3D printing
technologies, materials used for 3D printing technology in manufacturing industry,
advantages, disadvantages, future scopes of 3D printing and lastly, the applications of
3D printing technology. In the future, researchers can do some study on the type of 3D
printing machines and the suitable materials to be used by every type of machine.

CHAPTER 11
REFERENCES
[1] Mpofu, T. P., Mawere, C., and Mukosera, M., 2014, “The Impact and
Application of 3D Printing Technology,” International Journal of Science and
Research.
[2] Shahrubudin, N., Lee, T. C., and Ramlan, R., 2019, “An Overview on 3D
Printing Technology: Technological, Materials, and Applications,” Procedia
Manufacturing, Elsevier B.V., pp. 1286–1296.
[3] Gokhare, V. G., Raut, D. N., and Shinde, D. K., A Review Paper on 3D-
Printing Aspects and Various Processes Used in the 3D-Printing.
[4] Adamczak, S., and Graba, M., 2020, “The 3D Printing in Industrial Design,”
Mechanik, 93(1), pp. 21–26.
[5] K Mills, D., 2015, “Future Medicine: The Impact of 3D Printing,” Journal of
Nanomaterials & Molecular Nanotechnology, 04(03).

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN 3D

In partial fulfillment for the award of the

A P J ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

Oral Presentation held on 28th November 2022.

Seminar Coordinator Head Of Department

Recent Developments in 3D printing i Department of Mechanical Engineering

I would like to extend my gratitude to Dr. K. Sunil Kumar, Principal, College of

I am grateful to Dr Suresh Kumar N, Head of The Department of Mechanical

I make use of this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to my seminar guide

Department of Mechanical Engineering ii2 College of Engineering Adoor

3D printing is a fast emerging and developing technology. 3D printing creates

Department of Mechanical Engineering iii

Department of Mechanical Engineering 4 College of Engineering Adoor

ABS Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

DLP Digital Light Processing

FDM Fused Deposition Modelling

LOM Laminated Object Manufacturing

PLA Polylactic Acid

PMMA Polymethyl methacrylate

SLCM Stereolithographic Ceramic Manufacturing

SLS Selective Laser Sintering

SMP Shape memory polymer

Department of Mechanical Engineering 5v College of Engineering Adoor

4. 1 Schematic diagram of Stereolithography 5

4. 2 Schematic diagram of Material Jetting 6

4. 3 Schematic diagram of Binder Jetting 7

4. 4 Schematic diagram of Fused Deposition Modelling 7

4. 5 Schematic diagram of Selective Laser Sintering 8

4. 6 Schematic diagram of Laminated Object Manufacturing 9

Department of Mechanical Engineering 6vi College of Engineering Adoor

3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making a three-

1.1 GROWTH OF 3D PRINTING

Department of Mechanical Engineering 1 College of Engineering Adoor

[4] Mechanik, Adamczak S, et al. (2020): Industrial design is an interdisciplinary

[5] Journal of Nanomaterials & Molecular Nanotechnology, K Mills D (2015): This

Department of Mechanical Engineering 2 College of Engineering Adoor

tremendous growth in the fabrication of tailored prosthetics, medical implants, novel

3D printing has become synonymous with manufacturing. It is the most popular

Department of Mechanical Engineering 3 College of Engineering Adoor

3.4 MATERIAL SELECTION

3.6 POST PROCESSING

Figure 3. 1: Printing Procedure

Department of Mechanical Engineering 4 College of Engineering Adoor

Varieties of 3D printing technologies have been developed with the different

4.1 STEREOLITHOGRAPHY (SLA)

Figure 4. 1: Schematic diagram of Stereolithography

Department of Mechanical Engineering 5 College of Engineering Adoor

4.2 MATERIAL JETTING

Figure 4. 2: Schematic diagram of Material Jetting

4.3 BINDER JETTING

Department of Mechanical Engineering 6 College of Engineering Adoor

Figure 4. 3: Schematic diagram of Binder Jetting

4.4 FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING (FDM)

Figure 4. 4: Schematic diagram of Fused Deposition Modelling

Department of Mechanical Engineering 7 College of Engineering Adoor

4.5 SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING (SLS)

Figure 4. 5: Schematic diagram of Selective Laser Sintering

4.6 LAMINATED OBJECT MANUFACTURING

Department of Mechanical Engineering 8 College of Engineering Adoor

Figure 4. 6: Schematic diagram of Laminated Object Manufacturing

Department of Mechanical Engineering 9 College of Engineering Adoor