Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms that exist on Earth, including the diversity

of species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity within species. Biodiversity is important for
maintaining the functioning of ecosystems, providing essential ecosystem services such
as nutrient cycling, soil formation, and pollination, and for providing resources such as
food, medicine, and raw materials for human use.

Biodiversity is measured at three levels: species diversity, ecosystem diversity, and

genetic diversity. Species diversity refers to the number and variety of species that exist
within a given area or ecosystem. Ecosystem diversity refers to the variety of ecosystems
that exist on Earth, including forests, grasslands, wetlands, and oceans. Genetic diversity
refers to the variation in genetic material within a species, which allows populations to
adapt and evolve over time.

Biodiversity is threatened by a range of human activities, including habitat destruction,

climate change, pollution, overexploitation of natural resources, and the introduction of
non-native species. Loss of biodiversity can have serious consequences for the
functioning of ecosystems and for human well-being, including increased risk of disease,
decreased food security, and loss of cultural heritage. Conservation efforts aimed at
protecting biodiversity include habitat restoration, protected area designation, and
sustainable use of natural resources.