ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

INSTALLATION, ELECTRICAL HAZARD, AND SAFETY

Alfin Sahrin, S.T., M.T

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 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION & DISTRIBUTION
•Distribution HV / HV with rising and downing voltage transformers

• High voltage cables

- The cables are manufactured with a copper screen on each conductor wire. The
operating voltage is limited to 10 kV for PVC insulations and to 30 KV for the other
insulations (Polyethylene/ethylene-propylene rubber/cross-linked polyethylene)
- The operating voltage of an HV cable consists of 3 parameters, Uo, U and Um
expressed in kilovolts and represented in the cable description (and marked on the
cable) in the form Uo/U(Um). It corresponds to the insulation thickness, the test
conditions (insulation breakdown) and the operating voltage itself

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 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION & DISTRIBUTION

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 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION & DISTRIBUTION
• Low Voltage (LV) links
Transmission bars
- Bars are sometimes used instead of cables for the secondary links between
the transformer and the LV distribution switchboard, particularly for high
currents over short distances
Power Cables:
- From 1 to 5 conductors au maximum (3 Ph + N + T)
- Conductor (wire) in copper (or Alu) section 2.5 mm² up to 500/600
mm²
- The insulation colour green-yellow is for the ground wire and only for
this purpose
- The light blue is for the neutral wire (generally)
- Phases wires have not defined systematically
Impérative : if one conductor is connected t a device, it can be
only a green-yellow, consequently, the ground wire

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 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION & DISTRIBUTION

• Control Cables:
- Section of conductor (wire) from
1.5 to 6 mm²
- Number of wires per cable: from
7 to 37 wires
• Constitution of the core
for either power or control
rigid up to 6 mm² or stranded
(multicore) or flexible

Colours fo rpower cables

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 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION & DISTRIBUTION

• LV operating voltage
▪ The operating voltage of low voltage cables is limited by the ‘U’
(operating voltage) and ‘Um’ (test voltage) values which are
systematically indicated on all the cables, stamped or printed at
regular intervals on the outer insulation

The standards are:

– 300 / 300V corresponding to cables with reference 03
– 300 / 500V corresponding to cables with reference 05 (U
500V)
– 450 / 750V corresponding to cables with reference 07 (H 07
RN-F)
– 0.6 / 1 kV corresponding to cables with reference 1

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 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION & DISTRIBUTION

• Cables HV / LV – accessories
▪ Cable trays (and cables supports)
– They must initially be differentiated:
- each voltage level has its dedicated cable way,
- each electrical discipline (and related disciplines) has its
specific cable way or its specific portion of a cable way.
- each use or discipline has "its own specific cables"
- there must be independent cable ways for each type of cable

– The cable tray covers also provide mechanical protection and

mainly protect the cables from ultraviolet rays which would
eventually deteriorate the outer insulation sheath

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 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION & DISTRIBUTION
– The different cable trays on a site:
- High voltage
- LV power circuits
- LV control circuits
- Control electrical instrumentation
- Low current instrumentation (thermocouples,
etc.)
- Distribution bus electrical instrumentation
- Telephone
- IT systems
- Earthing cables (depending on the case)

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 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION & DISTRIBUTION

Distances between horizontally installed cable trays

HT

• Cable trays
200 mm

BT Puissance
200 mm

BT Commande
200 mm

Instrumentation
200 mm,
etc
Autres
Distances between vertically installed cable ways
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 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION & DISTRIBUTION

• Trenches
▪ Laying cables in trenches is similar to laying cables in cable ways, the
distances between the different voltages must be respected, the burial
depths must also be respected. See Total specifications to confirm the
dimensions

▪ Main specifications:
– Dimensions: bottom of trench a minimum of 800 mm from the
surface, other dimensions depend on the case
– Cable in parallel with a ‘pipe': a minimum of 200 mm away
– Cable crossover: 200 mm minimum at the crossover point
– Road crossings: cables in PVC conduit of 150 mm minimum itself in
a steel conduit or embedded in concrete
– Entry into building: with concrete inspection covers

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 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION & DISTRIBUTION

•Connecting HV cables
• You will not connect them yourself, this is a specific technique requiring
specific training
•Special tools and equipment are required in the different high voltage
ranges
•All the single pole or three-pole HV cable terminals have an earth bonding
strap for connection to the earth system

• Different types of HV cables to be • Different types of HV cable head

connected
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 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION & DISTRIBUTION

▪ Connecting LV cables

▪ The aim here is not the connection technology in the cubicles, the
junction boxes or the cable markings but simply to talk about the
accessories like cable glands and cable grommets. You will
encounter these on the sites, particularly on oil industry sites

▪ An incorrectly connected cable, or an incorrectly fitted or unsuitable

cable gland can easily result in a serious incident in an explosive
area. So if you detect a problem, inform your supervisor

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 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION & DISTRIBUTION

Different types of electrical devices with terminal blocks

and cable gland

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 Precautions against the electrical hazards

• Electrical hazards
• Physiological effects of electricity

• Electric shock designates the injuries inflicted on the human body when
an electric current passes through it

• The severity of these injuries depends on the current and on the time
during which the organism is subjected to the current

• These injuries are mainly cardiovascular (cardiac arrest, heart attack),

respiratory (suffocation), muscular (burns, necrosis), skin-related or
neurological

• Electrocution is death by electric shock

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 Precautions against the electrical hazards

• Electrical hazards
▪ From 1 to 10 mA, the current causes only
contractions which are not dangerous

▪ From 10 to 25 mA, the current can only be

dangerous when applied for several minutes

▪ From 25 to 75 mA, the current can cause

cardiac arrest; it is fatal after 30 seconds

▪ The most serious heart attacks arise for

currents over 75 mA, even for a short
duration of less than 1 second

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 Precautions against the electrical hazards

• Electrical hazards
– In the diagram below, zones 1 and 2 are without danger,
zones 3 and 4 are fatal:

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 Precautions against the electrical hazards
• Voltage classifications:
▪ VLV: Very Low Voltage in AC
– From 0 to 50V in alternating current (AC) and 0 to 120V in
direct current (DC)
– Value decided according to the safety voltage shown above.
Safety portable tools must have a maximum operating voltage
of 50V AC
▪ LV: Low Voltage in AC
– BTA from 50 to 500V
– BTB from 500 to 1,000V. BTA is the category commonly used:
220/230V and 380/400V
▪ HV: High Voltage in AC
– HTA from 1 kV to 50 kV
– HTB above 50 kV

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 Precautions against the electrical hazards

• Electrical risks for persons and equipment

• The electrocution or electric shock hazard

may come from anywhere
• Do not forget the consequences of a short
circuit: burns, electric arc (for the eyes),
smoke hazards, effect of induction on a
non-connected cable, etc …

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 Precautions against the electrical hazards

• Earthing / grounding

▪ A person working in the electrical domain considers the earth

conductor to be the most important "wire" in the electrical
distribution system.
▪ Also, most electric circuit protection systems cannot and/or must
not operate without an earth circuit

▪ Let us see hereafter types (or systems) for distribution and

connection with different methods of earthing

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 Precautions against the electrical hazards

▪ Neutral point arrangements

– You are not required to master this principle like an
electrician, but you must be familiar with the different terms
and understand the different applications

– The neutral point arrangements are applied to the LV

distribution networks

– The LV windings of energy sources like generators and

transformers (almost always) have a Y (star) configuration
and therefore have a neutral point

– For HV, there is also a neutral / earth protection system, but

which is different, and it can be seen in the HV chapter

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 Precautions against the electrical hazards

• Neutral point arrangement principle:

▪ Since the metal parts of an installation are interconnected and
connected to a general earth system, any fault current passes
through this earth circuit to return to the source which generated it
via the neutral conductor

▪ The different neutral point arrangements:

– 1st letter: condition for connecting the neutral to the earth

- T: neutral connected directly to the earth
- I: for Isolated (not connected, "floating") or for Impedance (connected
to the earth through an impedance

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 Precautions against the electrical hazards
– 2nd letter: concerns the metal parts of the installation
- T: the metal parts are interconnected to a system independent of that of
the earth of the neutral.
- N: the metal parts of the installation are interconnected and connected
to the earth of the neutral
– 3rd letter: indicates the relationship between the earth of the
metal frame grounds and the earth of the neutral
- S: for Separated, the earth systems of the metal frame grounds and
earth of the neutral are two different systems but connected together at
generation level.
- C: for Common, a single system distributes both the earth of the metal
frame grounds and the neutral conductor at the same time on a single
conductor
– There are 5 combinations of these letters: TT, TN-C, TN-S,
TN-C-S, IT

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 Precautions against the electrical hazards
•TT arrangement • IT arrangement

• TN-C arrangement

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 Precautions against the electrical hazards

• TN-S arrangement

• TN-C-S arrangement

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 Electrical Safety

• ATEX Equipment

• The electrical equipment and instrumentation for areas with explosive

atmospheres (Hazardous Areas) are classified Ex (ATEX) and their
installation in these areas is mandatory. A device which is not specified
Ex (ATEX) must never be installed in an explosive area.

• No energised "Ex" equipment must be open in areas with

explosive atmospheres:
▪ The electrician must not replace the lamps with the voltage present, he
must not open an energised electrical box or cabinet
▪ One single exception, circuits protected by fail-safe barriers, under low
current (4-20 mA et 24V DC)

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 Electrical Safety

• Power sockets on site (industrial sockets)

A voltage = one colour

A number of poles = a typical

plugging + ‘x’ amperes

A dimension = a number of amperes

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 Electrical Safety
• Colour codes for industrial sockets

For plugging codes, refer to the main course

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 Electrical Safety
•Current range for each voltage range
▪ IEC 309-11 / 2 standard, giving the number of poles and ratings in Amps
available in each voltage

Consequently, what is shown in the table under and nothing else

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 Electrical Safety

Current range by voltage range

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 Electrical Safety
• Protection of sockets
• Whether they are industrial or domestic (in the home), power sockets only come
in 4 versions: 16, 32, 63 and 125 Amps (although domestic power sockets are
limited to 16 and 32 Amps)

- Thermal Protection :
Range of socket = maximum rating (in amp’s) for protection

- Differential Protection : socket = 30 mA

- Earth connection :
All the power sockets (without exception, even in the home) must have an
earth contact
This earth contact is connected to the main earth system by the earth
conductor (green-yellow) incorporated in the power cable

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 Electrical Safety

•Power supply cables (fixed or permanent power sockets):

▪ No flexible cable, supply must be with a rigid or semi-rigid core cable
- A number of amperes = a minimum cross section for the cable

…
- Also, in the home, the conventional 10/16 Amp power socket must be
supplied by 2.5 mm² conductors, the 32A oven socket by 6 mm²
conductors, the 20Amp socket by 4 mm² conductors and the lighting
circuits by 1.5 mm² conductors minimum

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 Electrical Safety

• Plugging in / unplugging current industrial sockets:

• All power sockets on site must have a disconnection system with
mechanical locking allowing the plug to be plugged in and unplugged with
the switch in "power off’" position
As per international regulations and standards………

Power socket with disconnection system

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 Electrical Safety
• Portable / temporary electrical connections

▪ A "standard" power socket as shown in the above

paragraph with a "standard" plug. It requires a flexible
cable with the appropriate cross-sectional area (x mm²)
for the current carried

▪ Extensions: always with "standard" equipment

+ +

+ +

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 Thank You

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