ELECTRICAL DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS

1. ELECTRICAL HT & LT POWER DISTRIBUTION

2. LIGHTING
3. EARTHING & LIGHTNING PROTECTION
4. FIRE DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM
5. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM
6. ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM
7. CCTV SYSTEM & MONITORING SYSTEM
8. BUILDING SECURITY SYSTEM
9. BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 System voltage Vs Types of electrical panel

Voltage by which an installation or part of an installation is designated.

Extra Low voltage (ELV) The voltage which does not normally exceed 50 V.

Low Voltage, (LV) The voltage which normally exceeds 50 V but does not normally exceed 250V.

Medium Voltage,(MV) The voltage which normally exceeds 250 V but does not exceed 650V.

High Voltage,(HV) The voltage which normally exceeds 650 V but less than or equal to 33kV.

Extra High (EHV) voltage, which normally exceeds 33 kV.

1.HT panels (High Tension)

2.MV&LT panels (Medium & Low Tension) 6.MCC (Motor control center)
Types 3.RC Panel (Relay & control panels) 7.DG-Main synchronization panel
4.PDU (Power distribution units) 8.Auto mains failure panel(AMF)
5.PCC Panels (Power control center) 9.ATS Panel(Automatic transfer switch)
 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

TRANSFORMERS LT PANELS

RMU UNIT/ M&C ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DISTRIBUTION

UNIT BOARDS

HT PANELS EARTHING

BUSDUCT/HT CABLE
CABLE CONTAINMENT
EXTERNAL INTERNAL
DG SETS LT CABLING

LIGHTING POWER WIRING

ARRESTORS

SOLAR SYSTEMS LIGHTING WIRING

FLAME PROOF SWITCH/SOCKETS

ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENTS LIGHTING SYSTEM
TYPICAL ELECTRICAL SCHEMATIC

HT INCOMING SUPPLY
HT CABLE

METERING KIOSK
HT CABLE

HT PANEL
HT CABLE

TRANSFORMERS DG SETS
BUS DUCTS / CABLES

LT PANELS
CABLES BUS DUCTS / CABLES

CAPACITOR DISTRIBUTION
UPS
BANKS BOARDS

LIGHTING POWER PROCESS

 TRANSFORMER &NAME PLATE

Generally Capacity can be termed as KVA

DG –DIESEL GENERATOR

IT PROVIDES POWER BACK DURING MAIN POWER FAILURE

 HT PANELS

RMU UNIT METERING CUBICLE UNIT

BUS DUCT
Types based on Voltage:
Voltage is an important factor when designing a cable. Based on the voltage the type of electrical cables varies
as,
•Low tension cables (LT): The cables which are having a voltage level of below 1.1kV called LT cables. Such
cables are used in the application below 1.1kv such as domestic and industrial applications. Mostly PVC or
XLPE insulation are used.
•High Tension Cables (HT): Such cables are operating less than 11kV. They are used in the input of any
transformer/generator which is having 11kV as the input voltage. XLPE insulation is used.
•Super Tension Cable: (ST): It has an operating voltage level of up to 33kV. XLPE and glass insulation are
used. Dielectric stress will be 40kV/cm.
•Extra Super Tension cables (EST): The cables whose operating voltage is more 33kV such cables are called
as Extra super tension cables. Low viscosity mineral oil + XLPE + Glass combined insulation are used. The
main advantage of oil insulation cables is the oil will not ionize at the high voltage. The weight of the cable is
very high. They are preferred to lay underground.
Type-based on the installation:
Cable installation is classified into three categories such as,
•Overhead cables: The cables are laid in open space with the support of the cable tray. The outer part of the
cable is visible in normal eyes. The cable failure is less.
•Under Ground cables: The cables are laid underground. They have many advantages of Higher safety, less
space, less cost and 5% high current carrying capacity.
•Submarine Cable: A waterproof cable will be laid under the water i.e Sea, such cables are called submarine
cables.
Type Based on the Insulation:
Why insulation is important? Insulation is the outer part of
the conductor. It should have high-temperature stability.

The insulation used to protect the conductor from touching foreign particles. The voltage level
of the cable depends on the insulation level only. Based on insulation, cables are classified as
•Vulcanized Indian rubber cables: A small VIR coating of the tinned conductor is called VIR
cables. They are used for house wiring. The main disadvantage of VIR is high Sulphur
content corrode the copper. They are not suitable for industrial applications.
•PVC insulated cables: Poly Vinyl Chloride material is used as insulation. They are suitable
for both domestic and industrial applications. The cable withstands up to 75deg. But they are
not suitable for high voltage and high power applications.
•XLPE cables: A cross-linked polyethylene is called as XLPE cables. They withstand up to
90deg and having a dielectric strength of 20kV/mm. These cables have been found very
suitable for all voltages up to 33 kV.
•Lead sheathed cables: The lead layer is used as insulating material. It is suitable for
instrumentation cables.
•Paper insulated cables: Impregnated paper is used as insulation material and having good
temperature proper as well as dielectric strength of 30kV/mm.
•Oil-filled cables: It used in high voltage applications. Oil is used as an insulation medium.
•External Pressure cables: High-pressure gas+ insulating oil is used as insulation material.
Based On Conductor
A conductor is a current-carrying part of the cable. Also, the type of cable is varied based on the type of
conductor is used. They are
•Aluminium Cable: Aluminum is used as a conductor. They have the advantage of less cost, flexibility,
less weight, etc. power the power loss is high as compared with copper.
•Copper cable: Copper is used as a conducting medium. Less power loss, high current carrying
capacity are the main advantage of copper cable. They are high cost
•Silver Cable: Silver is used as a conducting medium. They are costly, power loss is less and mainly
used in instrument cables.
•Gold cable: Gold is used as a conducting medium. Very high cost, less power loss and mainly used in
satellite communications.
Based on Number of conductors:

Cables can be classified based on the number of conductors is used in it. They are,
•Single Core: Only one conductor is used for internal house wiring, starter wiring, panel wiring, etc.
Example: 1C*2.5sqmm cable
•Two core: Two conductors are used for transferring electricity. They are mainly used to transferring single-
phase supply, DC supply, two-phase supply, etc. Example: 2C*4sqmm cable
•Three core: Three conductors are used to transfer three-phase supply. 3C*6 Sqmm cable
•Three and a half core: Three sold core and one is half of the core is called three and a half core. They are
used for transferring Three-phase + Neutral supply. Example: 3.5C*10sqmm
•Four core: 4 cores are used in a single cable. Example: 4C*120sqmm
Construction point of view the type of cable are,
•Flat cable: All the core in the cable will be placed in the parallel line. They can be laid on the open
ground.
•Flexible cable: The flexible does not come with the protection armored layer.
•Armored cable: The metal armored is used as the protection layer which protects the cable from
physical damage.
Electrical Panel -Introduction

A panelboard is a type of enclosure

for overcurrent protection devices
and the busses and connections
that provide power to these
devices and their associated
circuits. According to the National
Electrical Code(NEC)

• Used to control light, heat, or power

circuits
• Placed in a cabinet or cutout box
• Mounted in or against a wall or
support
• Accessible only from the front
Electrical Panel with example

Electrical Panel Boards is used to perform the Power

Distribution
Commercial and industrial distribution

Power distribution systems used in commercial and industrial

facilities are often complex

The power provided to a commercial or industrial facility is

much greater than that provided to a home.

This power must be divided and safely distributed to various

devices and systems with specific current and voltage
requirements.

Good distribution systems don’t just happen.

Careful engineering is required to ensure that the

distribution system safely and efficiently powers existing
loads

and

has expansion capacity for possible future loads.

Electrical panel space requirement

Panel vs Ceiling Height

Source:
National Building code 2016
Electrical panel GA(General Arrangement)
IEC 61439-1 FORMS
 IP code (Ingress Protection)

Introduction
Protection of people against direct contact and protection of equipment against certain external influences is required
by international standards for electrical installations and products (IEC 60 529).
Knowing the protection index is essential for the specification, installation, operation and quality control of equipment.

Definitions: The protection index is the level of protection provided by an enclosure against access to hazardous parts,
the penetration of solid foreign bodies and water. The IP code is a coding system to indicate the protection index.

The IP rating normally has two (but may have three) numbers:
1.Protection from solid objects or materials
2.Protection from liquids (water)
3.Protection against mechanical impacts (commonly omitted, the third number is not a part of IEC 60529)
 Components of Electrical panel

Panelboards are frequently divided into • Metal Enclosure

two categories: • Form of segregations(Various Compartments)
• Bus bars and supports.
• Lighting and appliance branch-circuit • MCCB
panelboards • MCB
• Relays (Earth leakage Relay, APFC relay (Auto pf correction relay)
• Power panelboards (also called • Multifunction meters
distribution panelboards) • Current transformers
• Voltage transformers
• Capacitors& Capacitor banks
• Contactors &Auxiliary contactors
• Power cables.
• Pushbuttons.
• Rotary/Selector switches.
• Insulating materials(Busbar sleeves,protection sheets,Gasket,etc
• Indicating lamps
• Terminal Blocks
• Earthing busbar
 Calculations Behind electrical panel

• Power Distribution logic.(Sub distribution units )

• Components selection, Types.
• Device Ampere rating calculation.
• Short circuit calculation
• Busbar calculation
• Power factor calculation.
• Earthing calculation
Components of electrical panel
 POWER COMPARISON

DX BASED HVAC SYSTEM CHILLED WATER BASED HVAC SYSTEM

LIGHTING RESTO AREA &KITCHEN (1.7KW to 2.5KW)

UPS POWER&EMERGENCY LIGHTING(4KW to 5KW) LIGHTING RESTO AREA &KITCHEN (1.7KW to 2.5KW)
UPS POWER&EMERGENCY LIGHTING(4KW to 5KW)

RAW POWER(15KW to 27KW)

KITCHEN POWER RAW POWER)
(25KW to 51KW) (15KW to 27KW KITCHEN EXHAUST&
POWER VENTILATION
(25KW to 51KW) (17KW to
22KW)
HVAC POWER
HVAC POWER(55KW to 85KW) EXHAUST (15KW to 20KW)
&VENTILATION
(17KW to 22KW)

1.KITCHEN EQUIPMENTS&EXHAUST SYSTEM PLAYS MAIN ROLE

1.HVAC SYSTEM PLAYS MAIN ROLE IN POWER CONSUMPTION IN POWER CONSUMPTION

Total connected load:100KW to 195KW Total connected load:100KW

SUMMARY: In both the cases HVAC, Exhaust ventilation& Kitchen Equipment's plays main role in power consumption
HUMAN SAFETY DEVICE IN DISTRIBUTION BOARDS

RCD –RESIDUAL CURRENET CIRCUIT BREAKER

ELCB –EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER

RCCB –RESIDUAL CURRENT CIRCUIT BREAKER

RCB0 –RESIDUAL OVER CURRENT CIRCUIT

BREAKER
 TYPICAL RESTAURANT POWER FLOW LAYOUT

Kitchen DB or Panel Power to Kitchen Area

RPDB (Raw Power) Power to FOH Area

M 3KVA UPS 3KVA UPS Power to Server, Cashier,

A Reception desk,Biomatrix,
I UPSDB 1 UPSDB 2 Store Computer, FAS Panel
N
DG AMF PANEL
LDB-1(Resto Lighting DB)
P
A
N LDB-2 (Kitchen & signage)
Common DG Size E
L
100KVA,125KVA, BOHDB

140KVA, 160KVA, 180KVA VFD PANEL

LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEMS

1. FIRE DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM

2. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM

3. ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM

4. CCTV SYSTEM & MONITORING SYSTEM

PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM

5. BUILDING SECURITY SYSTEM FIRE DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM
ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM
CCTV SYSTEM & MONITORING SYSTEM
6. BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 CCTV & MONITORING SYSTEM

• CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV), ALSO KNOWN AS VIDEO

SURVEILLANCE, IS THE USE OF VIDEO CAMERAS TO TRANSMIT A

SIGNAL TO A SPECIFIC PLACE, ON A LIMITED SET OF MONITORS

• IN INDUSTRIAL PLANTS, CCTV EQUIPMENT MAY BE USED TO OBSERVE

PARTS OF A PROCESS FROM A CENTRAL CONTROL ROOM, FOR

EXAMPLE WHEN THE ENVIRONMENT IS NOT SUITABLE FOR HUMANS.

• CCTV SYSTEMS MAY OPERATE CONTINUOUSLY OR ONLY AS REQUIRED CCTV SYSTEM & MONITORING SYSTEM

TO MONITOR A PARTICULAR EVENT.

SCHEMATIC – CCTV & SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

VIDEO WALL 4x2 CONFG.

CONTROL ROOM

LAN/ OFC NETWORK POE SWITCHES

HIGH CONFIGURATION JOYSTICK
CLIENT WORKSTATIONS CONTROLLER

FIXED DOME
BULLET CAMERA BOX CAMERA PTZ DOME CAMERA
CAMERA
HIGH CONFIGURATION SERVER WITH
STORAGE

VIDEO MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE &

CAMERA LICENSES
IBMS SYSTEM

• A Building Management System (BMS) or Building Automation

System (BAS) is a computer-based control system installed in
buildings that controls and monitors the building’s mechanical and
electrical equipment

• They help you plan operations and assess performance; make

operation easier; improve building comfort, enhance safety, improve
efficiency, save energy, and protect your assets.

• Their function is to control, monitor and optimize building services,

such as heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, alarm systems
and certain electrical appliances. BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
SCHEMATIC – IBMS SYSTEM

BMS SEVER WITH BMS SOFTWARE &

BMS DISPALY LASER PRINTER
LICENSE

TCP/IP NETWORK

DDC CONTROLER DDC CONTROLER DDC CONTROLER DDC CONTROLER DDC CONTROLER
WITH 3RD PARTY WITH 3RD PARTY WITH 3RD PARTY WITH 3RD PARTY WITH 3RD PARTY
INTEGRATION INTEGRATION INTEGRATION INTEGRATION INTEGRATION

HVAC SYSTEM
VENTILATION & EXHUST SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FIELD DEVICES
FIRE FIGHTING SYTEMS
PHE SYSTEMS
ELEVATOR SYSTEMS
 ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM

• IN THE FIELDS OF PHYSICAL SECURITY AND INFORMATION

SECURITY, ACCESS CONTROL IS THE SELECTIVE RESTRICTION
OF ACCESS TO A PLACE OR OTHER RESOURCE

• ACCESS CONTROL REFERS TO SECURITY FEATURES THAT

CONTROL WHO CAN ACCESS RESOURCES IN THE OPERATING
SYSTEM. APPLICATIONS CALL ACCESS CONTROL FUNCTIONS
TO SET WHO CAN ACCESS SPECIFIC RESOURCES OR CONTROL
ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM
ACCESS TO RESOURCES PROVIDED BY THE APPLICATION.
SCHEMATIC – ACCESS CONTROL
ACCESSSYSTEM
CONTROL SYSTEM

ELECTROMAGNETIC DOOR LOCK

LAN CONNECTION EML EML

EMERGENCY DOOR RELEASE
FIRE INTEGRATION EXIT PUSH BUTTON
ENTRY EXIT
ENTRY READER WITH CONTROLLER DOOR DOOR EXIT READER

CONTROL ROOM
WORK STATION WITH ACS SOFTWARE

LAN NETWORK

READER CUM CONTROLLER-1 READER CUM CONTROLLER-2 READER CUM CONTROLLER-3