2OTH CENTURY

THE AIRPLANE
● Invented by the Wright brothers, Wilbur and Orville
● It is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or
propeller first controlled, sustained, powered flight was on December 17, 1903, in Kitty
Hawk, North Carolina. On Jan 1, 1914, St. Petersburg- Tampa Airboat Line became the
world's first scheduled passenger airline service. The use of airplanes was to transport goods,
people, military, and research.
● Commercial Aviation is a massive industry involving the flying of tens of thousands of
passengers daily.
● Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft but some are designed to be
remotely or computer controlled.
● The first jet aircraft was the German Heinkel He 178 in 1939.
● The first airliner, the de Havilland.
● Comet was introduced in 1952. The Boeing 707 was the first widely successful commercial
jet.
COMPUTER
● An electronic machine that accepts information, stores it processes it according to the
instructions provided by a user, and then returns the result.
Charles Babbage
● • The Father of Computers
● Conceived an analytical engine in 1830
● - Which could be programmed with punched cards to carry out calculations
● - It was different from its. predecessors because it was able to make decisions based on its
own computations, such as sequential control, branching and looping.
● Konrad Zuse
- He was often regarded as the Inventor of the Computer.

● Built the very first electronic computers in

● Germany in the period 1935 to 1941.
● The Z3 was the first working, programmable, and fully automatic digital computer.
● The British built the Colossus and the Americans built the Electronic Numerical Integrator
Analyzer and Computer (ENIAC) between 1943 and 1945.
● Both Colossus and ENIAC relied heavily on vacuum tubes, which can act as electronic
switches that can be turned on or off much faster than mechanical switches.
● Computer systems using vacuum tubes are considered the first generation of computers.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

● A non-invasive medical test that physicians use to diagnose medical conditions.

● Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the body uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves
or pulses, and a computer to produce a detailed picture of the inside of your body such as
organs, soft tissues, bone & virtually all other internal body structures
● Physicians use an MR examination to help diagnose and monitor treatment for conditions
such as:
● - tumors of the chest
● - abdomen or pelvis;
● - diseases of the liver, such as cirrhosis, & abnormalities of the bile ducts and pancreas;
● - Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
● - Heart problems, such as congenital heart disease, malformations of the blood vessels &
inflammation of the vessels (VASCULITIS); a fetus in the womb of a pregnant woman.

INTERNET

● A global wide network area that connects computer systems across the world.
● Was the work of dozens of pioneering scientists, programmers & engineers when each
developed new features & technologies that eventually merged to become the "information
superhighway" we know today.
● It started in the early 1900 when Nikola Tesla toyed with the idea of the word "world wireless
system.
● Paul Otlet & Vannevar Bush conceived of mechanized, searchable storage systems of books
and media in the 1930's & 1940's.
● Dr. Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider
● J.C.R Licklider popularized the idea of an "intergalactic computer network"
● These groundbreaking ideas landed him a position as director of the US Department of
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the government agency responsible for
creating a time-sharing network of computers known as ARPANET, the precursor to today's
internet in 1960.
● Leonard Kleinrock
● Invented packet switching, a method for effectively transmitting electronic data that would
later become one of the major building blocks of the internet.
● ARPANET used packet switching to allow multiple computers to communicate on a single
network.
● Robert kahn & Vinton Cerf
● In 1970, developed Transmission Control Protocol & Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP, a
communications model that set standards for how data could be transmitted between
multiple networks.
● RAY TOMLINSON
● In 1972, he introduced network email ARPANET adopted TCP/IP on January 1983, and from
there, researchers began to assemble the network of networks" that became the modern
Internet
● Tim berners-lee
● He invented the World Wide Web in 1990.
● The web served as the most common means of accessing data online in the form of websites
and hyperlinks.
● The web helped popularize, the Internet # among the public, and served as a crucial step in
developing the vast trove of information that most of us now access on a daily basis.
● During the 1980s, the National Science Foundation started to build a nationwide computer
network that included its own supercomputers, called NSFNET.
● ARPANET had grown well beyond the needs of the Department of Defense, and so the NSF
took control of the "civilian nodes."
●
● In 1990, ARPANET was officially decommissioned. Ultimately, the NSF aimed to build a
network that was independent of government funding.
● The NSF lifted all restrictions on commercial use on its network in 1991 & in 1995, the
Internet was officially privatized.
● At the time, the Internet was 50,000 networks strong, spanned seven continents, and
reached into space.

OPTICAL FIBER

● It is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, internet

connection.
● Fiber optic prefer over electrical cabling when high bandwidth, long distance, or immunity to
electromagnetic interference are required.
● Corning Glass Work (Robert Maurer, Donald Kack, Peter Schultz, and Frank Zimer) 1970
● Optical was developed successfully
● Jun-ichi Nischzawa (1963)
● He proposed the used of optical fibers for communication
● Narinder Singh Kapany 1952
● A UK base physicist who invented the 1st actual fiber optical cable
● He based it on John Tyndall's experiment three decades earlier.
● Alexander Graham Bell 1880
● He created the very carly precursor to fiber optic, communications
● The world's first, wireless telephone (Photophone)..

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

● HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
● In the Third Century, Emperor Elagabalu built a mountain of snow, imported from the
mountains via donkey trains.
● 3,000 years ago, Chinese used Hand fans.
● 2nd-century, Chinese inventors has been credited with building the first room-sized rotary
fan.
● In the early 20th-century Nikola Tesla develop of alternating current motors made possible
the invention of oscillating fans.
● In 1902, Engineer Willis Carrier invented first modern air-conditioning system. And in 1922,
he followed up with invention of the centrifugal chiller, which added a central compressor to
reduce the unit's sized.

GENE THERAPY

● Gene Therapy was approved in the Eurpoean Union in 2012.

● The Gene Therapy is successful if it could work by preventing a protein from doing something
cause harm, restoring the normal function of protein, giving proteins new functions, or
enhancing the existing function of protein -
● Gene Therapy relies on finding a dependable delivery system to carry the correct gene to the
affected cell.
● Four year old girl became the first gene therapy patient.
● She has ADA (Adenosine Deaminase) a genetic disease which leave her defenseless against
infections.
● Culver, Anderson and Blaese with Gene Therapy
● The laboratories of Drs. W. French Anderson and Michael Blease in the National Heart, Lung
amd Blood Institute and the National Cancer institute worked together to show that cells
from patients with ADA deficiency can be corrected in tissue culture. They used a retrovirus
to carry the human ADA gene to the cells of a four-years old girl and a nine-years old girl with
ADA deficiency.

3D METAL PRINTING
● One of the advances technology that provide instant metal fabrication.
● It has the ability to create large, intricate metal-structures that could revolutionize
manufacturing.
● It has the ability to make single or small number of metal parts much more cheaply than
using existing mass-production techniques.

ARTIFICIAL EMBRYOS
● Tiny ball-shaped structures that include the beginnings of an amniotic sac and the inner cells
of the embryo (the part that would become a person's limbs, head, and the rest of their
body) though they lack tissues needed to make a placenta.
● Since embryos start with easily manipulated stem cells, labs will be able to employ a full
range of tools, such as gene editing, to investigate them as they grow.

CELL-FREE FATAL DNA TESTING

● Prenatal cfDNA screening is a screening test that can determine if the chance of certain
genetic conditions in a pregnancy is higher or lower.
● Cell-free fetal DNA (cftDNA). is genetic material that is released by the placenta and
circulates in a woman's blood during pregnancy.
● The cffDNA test is a relatively new, non-invasive method of screening that can be performed
as early as the tenth week of pregnancy for women.

CANCER NANOTHERAPY
● A branch of nanomedicine that involves using nanoparticles to deliver a drug to a given
target location in the body so as to treat the disease through a process known as targeting.