ASSIGMENT NO 2

Earthquake in Turkey , damages estimated and post disaster

activities."

SUBMITTED TO:

SHAGUFTA AHAHJAHAN

SUBMITTED BY:

MAZHAR ABBAS

SAP ID:

70101515

DATA:

4/28/2023

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

 DISASTER AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

EARTHQUAKE IN TURKEY, DAMAGES ESTIMATED AND POST DISASTER

ACTIVITIES." ............................................................................................................................ 3

Earthquake: ............................................................................................................................... 3

Earthquake in Turkey: ............................................................................................................... 4

Geology: ................................................................................................................................ 5

Earthquake sequence: ............................................................................................................ 6

After shocks: ......................................................................................................................... 7

damages estimated: ................................................................................................................... 9

Destruction in Kahramanmaraş: ...................................................................................... 11

post disaster activities: ............................................................................................................ 13

Support to government-led crisis response and recovery planning : .................................. 13

Restoration of critical infrastructure and protection of cultural heritage: ........................... 13

Supporting livelihoods and socioeconomic recovery: ........................................................ 14

“Leave no one behind” through targeted support to vulnerable groups .............................. 14

2
 DISASTER AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

EARTHQUAKE IN TURKEY, DAMAGES ESTIMATED AND

POST DISASTER ACTIVITIES."
EARTHQUAKE:

Earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through
Earth’s rocks. Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored in Earth’s crust is
suddenly released, usually when masses of rock straining against one another suddenly fracture
and “slip.” Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses
move in relation to one another. The major fault lines of the world are located at the fringes of
the huge tectonic plates that make up Earth’s crust.

Little was understood about earthquakes until the emergence of seismology at the beginning of
the 20th century. Seismology, which involves the scientific study of all aspects of earthquakes,
has yielded answers to such long-standing questions as why and how earthquakes occur.

About 50,000 earthquakes large enough to be noticed without the aid of instruments occur
annually over the entire Earth. Of these, approximately 100 are of sufficient size to produce
substantial damage if their centres are near areas of habitation. Very great earthquakes occur on
average about once per year. Over the centuries they have been responsible for millions of deaths
and an incalculable amount of damage to property.

FIGURE 1 EARTH QUAKE DEMAGES

3
 DISASTER AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

EARTHQUAKE IN TURKEY:

On 6 February 2023, at 04:17 TRT (01:17 UTC), a Mw 7.8 earthquake struck southern and central
Turkey and northern and western Syria. The epicenter was 37 km (23 mi) west–northwest of
Gaziantep. The earthquake had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme) around the
epicenter and in Antakya. It was followed by a Mw 7.7 earthquake at 13:24. This earthquake was
centered 95 km (59 mi) north-northeast from the first. There was widespread damage and tens of
thousands of fatalities.

The Mw 7.8 earthquake is the largest in Turkey since the 1939 Erzincan earthquake of the same
magnitude, and jointly the second-strongest recorded in the history of the country, after the 1668
North Anatolia earthquake. It is also one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in the Levant.
It was felt as far as Egypt and the Black Sea coast of Turkey. There were more than 10,000
aftershocks in the three weeks that followed. The seismic sequence was the result of shallow
strike-slip faulting.

There was widespread damage in an area of about 350,000 km2 (140,000 sq mi) (about the size
of Germany). An estimated 14 million people, or 16 percent of Turkey's population, were
affected. Development experts from the United Nations estimated that about 1.5 million people
were left homeless.

The confirmed death toll stood at 59,259: 50,783 in Turkey, and 8,476 in Syria. It is the deadliest
earthquake in what is now present-day Turkey since the 526 Antioch earthquake, and the
deadliest natural disaster in its modern history. It is also the deadliest in present-day Syria since
the 1822 Aleppo earthquake; the deadliest worldwide since the 2010 Haiti earthquake;[13] and
the fifth-deadliest of the 21st century. Damages were estimated at US$104 billion in Turkey and
US$14.8 billion in Syria, making them the fourth-costliest earthquakes on record.

Damaged roads, winter storms, and disruption to communications hampered the Disaster and
Emergency Management Presidency's rescue and relief effort, which included a 60,000-strong
search-and-rescue force, 5,000 health workers and 30,000 volunteers.[19] Following Turkey's
call for international help, more than 141,000 people from 94 countries joined the

4
 DISASTER AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

GEOLOGY:

Central southern Turkey and northwestern Syria are affected by the interaction between three
tectonic plates; the African Plate, Arabian Plate and Anatolian Plate. The boundary between the
African and Arabian plates is represented by the Dead Sea Transform (DST)—a major zone of
left-lateral strike-slip fault—it accommodates the relative northward movement of Arabia with
respect to Africa. The northern end of the DST truncates at the East Anatolian Fault (EAF)
another major left-lateral strike-slip fault zone that accommodates the overall westward
movement of the Anatolian Plate as it is extruded in that direction by the northward movement
of the Arabian Plate. The DST and EAF meet at the Marash Triple Junction. The EAF continues
west of the triple junction, forming the boundary between the African and Anatolian plates,
linking into the Cyprus arc to the west via the Latakia Ridge.

The 700 km-long (430 mi) EAF is subdivided into seven segments, from the northeast; the
Karlıova, Ilıca, Palu, Pütürge, Erkenek, Pazarcık and Amanos segments. The Amanos segment is
also considered part of the DST by some geologists, or a transitional structure between the EAF
and DST by others. A northern strand to the EAF has also been recognized, including the Sürgü,
Çardak, Savrun, Çokak, Toprakkale, Yumurtalık, Karataş, Yakapınar and Düziçi–İskenderun
segments. The estimated slip rate on the main strand of the EAF system decreases south-
westwards from 10 mm (0.39 in) per year on the Karlıova segment down to 2.9 mm (0.11 in) per
year on the Amanos segment. On the northern strand, slip rates of 2.5 mm (0.098 in) per year
was estimated on the Çardak segment. The Sürgü-Çardak Fault is an east-west striking 160 km
(99 mi) long fault that runs north of the EAF. Comprising two segments; the Sürgü Fault runs 70
km (43 mi) between Çelikhan and Nurhak; the Çardak Fault runs 90 km (56 mi) between Nurhak
and Göksun. Seismicity on the fault is low—the only associated earthquake was a M 6.8 event
in 1544.

The northern part of the DST is subdivided into several segments, although there is some
disagreement between scientists as to which faults should be assigned to the DST and which to
the EAF, at the northernmost end of the structure. Following the 2013 "Active Fault Map of

5
 DISASTER AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

Turkey", seven DST segments are recognized in Turkey and neighbouring parts of Syria; the
Afrin, Sermada, Armanaz, Hacıpaşa, Yesemek, Sakçagöz and Narlı segments.

FIGURE 2 MAP

EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE:

The first and largest earthquake in the sequence struck at 01:17 UTC. The United States
Geological Survey (USGS) and Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) measured it at moment
magnitude Mww 7.8 and Mw 7.8, respectively. GEOSCOPE reported a magnitude of Mw 8.0[34]
and Kandilli Observatory (KOERI) reported a magnitude of Mw 7.7 and ML 7.4. It had an
epicenter at 37.166°N 37.032°E, 34 km (21 mi) west of Gaziantep in Gaziantep Province, which
is near the border with Syria. The earthquake hypocenter was at a depth of 10.0 km (6 mi)
according to USGS and 5 km (3 mi) according to KOERI. The shock had a focal mechanism
corresponding to strike-slip faulting.

6
 DISASTER AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

FIGURE 3 STRONG GROUND MOTION MAP

It is one of the strongest ever recorded in Turkey, equivalent in magnitude to the 1939 Erzincan
earthquake (Mw 7.8).[37][4] These earthquakes are surpassed only by the larger estimates for the
1668 North Anatolia earthquake.[38][39] Globally it was the strongest recorded since August
2021. At 10:24 UTC, an earthquake measuring Mww 7.5 according to USGS, Mw 7.6 according
to KOERI, or Mw 7.7 according to Geoscope and the GCMT,[3] struck with an epicenter near
Ekinözü, 95 km northeast of the M7.8 event. It had a depth of 15 km (9 mi) according to the
USGS, 5 km (3 mi) by KOERI,[44] and 13 km (8 mi) by Geoscope.

A reevaluation of the earthquakes using long-period coda moment magnitude obtained moment
magnitudes of Mw 7.95 ± 0.013 and Mw 7.86 ± 0.012, respectively.[45] These earthquakes were
the largest Turkish earthquakes in over 2,000 years

AFTER SHOCKS:

For a more comprehensive list, see List of aftershocks of the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.

 Over 570 aftershocks were recorded within 24 hours of the Mw 7.8 earthquake and
10,000 recorded three weeks later. An aftershock measuring Mww 6.7 occurred about 11

7
 DISASTER AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

minutes after the mainshock. There were 25 aftershocks Mw 4.0 or greater recorded
within six hours of the main tremor, according to the USGS. More than 12 hours later,
the USGS had reported at least 54 aftershocks of 4.3 or greater magnitude, while the
Turkish Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) recorded at least 120
total aftershocks. A Mww 6.3 aftershock struck near Uzunbağ in Hatay Province on 20
February; the earthquake was the result of oblique-normal faulting.
 The Mw 7.7 earthquake triggered its own aftershock sequence, including two mb 6.0
aftershocks. Aftershocks of the second earthquake continued through at least 9 Feb.
Thousands of aftershocks assiciated with this earthquake were distributed along an east-
west trend along the Çardak Fault.

FIGURE 4 MAP OF MAIN AND AFTER SHOCKS

8
 DISASTER AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

DAMAGES ESTIMATED:

There were 50,783 deaths,[100] 297 missing[101] and 107,204 injured across 11 of the 17
affected provinces of Turkey.[102][103] At least 15.73 million people[104] and 4 million
buildings were affected.[105] About 345,000 apartments were destroyed.[106] More than 2
million residents in the affected provinces were evacuated to nearby provinces including Mersin,
Antalya, Mardin, Niğde and Konya.[107] More than 20 percent of Turkey's agriculture
production was affected. The United Nations said crops, livestock, fisheries, aquaculture and
rural infrastructure were heavily damaged.[104] At least 516 university buildings were affected,
of which 106 were heavily damaged.[108]

By 23 February 2023, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change conducted
damage inspections for 1.25 million buildings; revealing 164,000 buildings were either destroyed
or severely damaged.[109] A further 150,000 commercial infrastructure were at least moderately
damaged.[110] The International Organization for Migration estimated about 2.7 million people
were made homeless.[111] A damage assessment by the Turkish government revealed at least
61,722 buildings had to be demolished including 11,900 in Gaziantep Province, 10,900 in Hatay
Province, 10,800 in Kahramanmaraş Province and 28,914 in Malatya Province.[112][113][114]
Broad fissures appeared on roads.[115] During recovery efforts, body parts were often found in
the rubble.[116]

In Adana, 12 buildings collapsed in the city center, 23 were badly damaged and 120 were
moderately damaged.[117] Three apartments were among the buildings that collapsed in the
city.[118] Across Adana Province, damage assessments revealed 59 buildings and 1,274
apartments were destroyed or required demolition.[113]

At least 300 buildings were razed in Malatya. Sixty percent of the city's buildings received
damage. Nearly every neighborhood of the city was affected by collapsed buildings. Out of the
968 mosques in the city, 25 were destroyed and 420 others were damaged.[119] Two hotels
collapsed in Malatya, causing many casualties.[120] The ceiling of Malatya Erhaç Airport
experienced a partial collapse,[121] as did the historic Yeni Camii mosque.[122] Damage was

9
 DISASTER AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

also reported at the Arslantepe Mound.[123] In Akçadağ, 11 people died, including four attributed
to the second earthquake.[124] At least 263 deaths were reported in Doğanşehir.[125]

In Gaziantep, many of the historical sites were severely damaged, such as Gaziantep
Castle,[126][127] Şirvani Mosque[128] and Liberation Mosque.[129] In Nurdağı, nearly 2,500
people died and nearly 50 percent of the town was badly damaged or destroyed. An additional
30 percent of its building stock received moderate damage.[130] Mass graves were created to
bury the overwhelming number of dead.[116] Gaziantep Oğuzeli Airport was forced to restrict
its service to rescue flights.[131] Ninety percent of houses were heavily damaged or destroyed
in Sakçagözü, and 256 people died.[132] In İslahiye, there were 1,368 deaths, over 1,500 injuries
and more than 200 destroyed apartments.[133] There were also over 130 deaths in Sulumağara,
200 deaths in Altınüzüm, and between 300 and 400 fatalities in Keküklü.[134]

In Hatay Province, 13,517 buildings collapsed, 8,162 required demolition and 67,346 were
heavily damaged.[135] At least 70 percent of homes were destroyed.[136] The districts of
Kırıkhan and İskenderun were razed.[137] In Antakya, 6,369 buildings collapsed, 3,734 had to
be demolished and 21,830 were badly damaged. The collapse of the luxury Rönesans Rezidans
apartment trapped an estimated 800 people[138] and killed 750 residents.[139] The runway of
Hatay Airport was split and uplifted, causing flight cancellations.[140] The Ankara Metropolitan
Municipality completed repairs on the airport on 12 February,[141] allowing its reopening.[142]
Two provincial hospitals and a police station were destroyed,[143] and a gas pipeline
exploded.[144] The building that housed the assembly of Hatay State was destroyed,[145] as was
St. Paul's Church[146] and the Habib'i Neccar Mosque, while damage occurred at the Antakya
Synagogueand the Hatay Archaeology Museum. Several dozen buildings in Güzelburç district
and nearly every house in the central and Cebrail districts collapsed. Most of the squad and
coaching staff of the local football club Hatayspor were initially trapped in the collapse of their
headquarters in Antakya before being rescued, with player Christian Atsu and sporting director
Taner Savut dying. The second and third most affected districts, behind Antakya, were Kirikhan
and Hassa; registering 1,886 and 1,046 collapsed buildings, respectively.

10
 DISASTER AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

In İskenderun, an industrial city in Hatay Province, a large fire at the port was reported on 6
February at 17:00, believed to have originated from a container carrying flammable industrial
oil, forcing the port's closure and the diversion of many ships. It was extinguished on 6 and 8
February, only for it to reignite the next day each time. It was finally extinguished on 10 February.
A total of 3,670 containers were destroyed by the fire and the port managing authority said it
would take three months for operations to resume. The city saw 534 buildings collapse, 337
requiring demolition and 4,622 severely damaged. Flooding occurred along the city shoreline,
inundating streets up to 200 m (660 ft) inland.[159] The Cathedral of the Annunciation, seat of
the Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Anatolia, was almost completely destroyed.At least
3,109 people died in the city and over 12,000 were injured. There were no collapses or major
damage in Erzin despite being closer to the epicenter than other areas of Hatay Province. Multiple
factors including strict building codes prevented destruction. An estimated 20,000 people fled to
Erzin, increasing its population by about 50 percent. In Erzin District, 31 buildings collapsed and
897 were heavily damaged or had to be demolished. In Samandağ, 670 buildings collapsed, 9,212
were badly damaged or required demolition and 7,850 people died.

Mass burials occurred in Kahramanmaraş for more than 5,000 bodies. A city official said the
mass grave would eventually be the burial ground for 10,000 bodies. The Interior Ministry later
confirmed 941 buildings were totally collapsed. In Elbistan, 924 people died and 1,825 were
injured. An estimated 2,000 buildings were destroyed. At Ordekdede, a village in Pazarcik
District, almost all single-story buildings were decimated. None of the 140 houses in the village
were structurally stable. Thirty-four people died in the village. At least 11 people died, 107 houses
were destroyed and 70 percent of the building stock were damaged in Ekinözü. In Afşin, at least
180 people died. At least 335 buildings including 90 in the city center were destroyed. The Afşin-
Elbistan Thermal Power Plant was also damaged. In Ericek, a village in Göksun, 95 percent of
homes were affected and 152 died. In Nurhak, there were around 200 deaths and all houses were
severely damaged. In Türkoğlu, 1,171 buildings collapsed and 4,500 others required demolition.

DESTRUCTION IN KAHRAMANMARAŞ:

In Adıyaman Province, over 20,000 buildings and 56,600 apartments were destroyed. In the city
of Adıyaman, four neighborhoods were razed. Many buildings along Atatürk Boulevard
11
 DISASTER AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

collapsed. The city hall, a 6th-century mosque and Gölbaşı District's state hospital were also
destroyed. Isias Hotel, the largest hotel in the city, also collapsed, killing 65 people. Up to 10
percent of Adıyaman's population perished. The mayor of Kömür said the Karapınar and
Bahçelievler neighborhoods were nearly destroyed. Destruction was also observed in Barbaros,
Çelikhan, Sümerevler and Karapınar districts. In Harmanlı, a village in Gölbaşı District, 80–90
percent of it was destroyed. The second earthquake destroyed three buildings in the province. In
Gölbaşı, 71 percent of the town's infrastructure was damaged or destroyed and 695 people were
killed with over 400 injured, including 286 deaths in the town center. There were also 410 deaths
in Besni District, about 90 percent of them in the town itself. In Kâhta, at least 55 people died.

In Diyarbakir Province, 8,086 buildings were damaged, required demolition or were

destroyed.[113] Diyarbakır Fortress, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was also partly
destroyed.[160] The adjacent World Heritage Site of Hevsel Gardens was also damaged. Part of
the Galeria complex in Yenişehir, which included a shopping mall and dozens of apartments
collapsed, killing 89 and injuring 22.

At least 466 buildings were heavily damaged in Şanlıurfa Province; 201 were destroyed.
Structures around the Pool of Abraham were damaged. The minaret at the religious shrine
partially collapsed, sending rubble into the pools below and discoloring the water, which was
also contaminated by seeping sewage. In Eyyübiye District, the minaret of the Eyüp Prophet
Mosque was damaged and removed. Thirty-three people were killed in the collapse of the Osman
Ağan Apartment.

In Osmaniye Province, of the 22,841 buildings surveyed, 1,739 were heavily damaged, destroyed
or required urgent demolision. At least 1,088 of the 13,667 buildings examined in Merkez District
were destroyed, seriously damaged or needed to be demolished.

In Kilis Province, 119 buildings were destroyed and 138 others were heavily damaged. In Batman
Province, 218 buildings were damaged, and an additional 15 were completely destroyed. In
Mardin Province, 59 buildings were heavily damaged and another 190 were slightly damaged
and a heart attack death occurred in Kızıltepe District. In Bingöl Province, several houses cracked
and some livestock were killed by collapsing barns. In Samsun, damage occurred in Samsun
12
 DISASTER AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

Stadium. In Kayseri Province, 48 houses, 11 barns and a school were affected, while 73 buildings
were severely damaged. Several houses were damaged and a barn collapsed in Muş Province. In
Sivas Province, the second earthquake destroyed a few houses. In Giresun Province, a five-story
building was damaged and evacuated. An unoccupied apartment in Elazığ was damaged and later
collapsed during the second earthquake.

Among the dead included member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey for Adıyaman
Yakup Taş,[201] Yeni Malatyaspor goalkeeper Ahmet Eyüp Türkaslan,[ former Turkish national
handball team player Cemal Kütahya and his five-year-old son, and Saul Cenudioğlu, leader of
the Jewish community in Antakya, who died along with his wife. Former MP for Kahramanmaraş
Sıtkı Güvenç died from earthquake injuries on 9 February. Three Turkish soldiers died during
rescue operations. Twenty-six local journalists, four doctors, 120 police officers and 32
gendarmeries were among the dead.

POST DISASTER ACTIVITIES:

SUPPORT TO GOVERNMENT-LED CRISIS RESPONSE AND RECOVERY

PLANNING :

UNDP will apply internationally recognised methodologies and approaches to support a

nationally-led rapid recovery and reconstruction needs assessment in coordination with other UN
agencies and international partners. This will assess the earthquake’s impact and generate a
prioritised and costed catalogue of recovery needs. Building on these components, UNDP will
support national and local partners in developing and implementing strategies and action plans
in line with agreed priorities.

RESTORATION OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND PROTECTION OF

CULTURAL HERITAGE:

At least 156,000 buildings collapsed during the earthquakes or will need to be demolished. To
address this massive destruction, UNDP will provide global expertise in safe demolition, debris
and rubble management, and the recycling of debris material. In addition to removing unsafe
structures that could collapse in aftershocks, it is paramount that waste and rubble are disposed

13
 DISASTER AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

of and managed in an environmentally sound way. This includes recycling and reusing materials
in reconstruction when possible, and also safe disposal and handling of hazardous materials such
as the asbestos used in older buildings. UNDP can help to apply proper debrishandling practices
to preventing secondary deaths caused by vector-borne, zoonotic and communicable diseases,
and the planning and management needed to prevent dumping of rubble in areas of nature
protection; near sensitive drinking-water sources; and in spaces that may seem empty – dry
riverbeds, for example – but can pose new threats.

SUPPORTING LIVELIHOODS AND SOCIOECONOMIC RECOVERY:

Building on ongoing refugee response programmes in the Southeast, UNDP will support affected
people and communities to restore livelihoods and provide incomegenerating opportunities. This
will include emergency livelihoods programmes; promotion of local economic recovery,
including through start-up grants and access to finance to small businesses; incomegenerating
solutions, including cash-for-work programmes; and psychosocial counselling and training for
employers and employees. UNDP will also work with partners to initiate skills development and
short- and long-term employment generation, focused initially on waste and debris management,
and later on the construction sector.

“LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND” THROUGH TARGETED SUPPORT TO VULNERABLE

GROUPS

The “leave no one behind” commitment of the Sustainable Development Goals is essential to
earthquake and disaster response, as the most vulnerable suffer the most. Building on its
longstanding work with vulnerable groups, including refugees, persons with disabilities (PwDs)
and the elderly, UNDP will support the inclusiveness of recovery efforts by ensuring their needs
are addressed in a targeted approach. UNDP’s approach will be participatory, designing
communitybased solutions through consultation with representatives not only of service
providers but also the groups affected.

14