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Self-Esteem and Social Appearance Anxiety of TikTok Users: Appraising Social

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 International Journal of Scientific Research in ___________________________ Research Paper.
Multidisciplinary Studies E-ISSN: 2454-9312
Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.47-51, April (2022) P-ISSN: 2454-6143

Self-Esteem and Social Appearance Anxiety of TikTok Users:

Appraising Social Support as Probable Moderator
M.A. Amoda1, N. Domingo2, L.T. Gasgonia3, C.C.O.Relleve4*
1,2,3
Graduate School of Teacher Education, National Teachers College, Quiapo, Manila, NCR, Philippines
4
Department of Education, City Schools Division of Dasmariῆas, Cavite, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Philippines
*
Corresponding Author: cesarchester.relleve@deped.gov.ph

Available online at: www.isroset.org

Received: 04/Mar/2022, Accepted: 09/Apr/2022, Online: 30/Apr/2022
Abstract— This study intends to find out the influence of Self-Esteem on and Social Appearance of Tik Tok Users, as well
as to see if the aggregate Social Support from Significant Others, Families and Friends could serve as moderator. Fifty-
three TikTok users were the respondent of this study who voluntarily answer through the Google Form link sent to them.
The results revealed that the most watched videos of TikTok users were Dance Covers, level of Self-esteem is Average,
levels of Social Support coming from significant others, families, and friends were all High. Most of the respondents have
Above Average Social Appearance Anxiety. Self-esteem is negatively associated with Social Appearance Anxiety; Social
Support has no direct and indirect effect to Social Appearance Anxiety, nor combining
the Self-esteem influence
Self-esteem andthe anxiety
Social level of
Support.
the respondents nor the combining Self-esteem and Social Support.

Keywords—Self-Esteem, Social Support, Anxiety, TikTok

I. INTRODUCTION involve privacy and settings, mental health inclusive of

The number of Tiktok users has been steadily increasing.
This social media application has been influencing
different people all over the world. One of the most widely
used applications. It was previously known as musica.ly,
and it was introduced in 2014. It swiftly became the most
downloaded app on Apple IOS in 2018, with half of
Tiktok's 500 million users being between the ages of 13
and 18 [1]. Only a few people possibly are not aware of
this controversial application, which has been utilized not
only as a source of entertainment and amusement, but also
as an excellent instrument for disseminating information,
teaching pupils, and advertising political campaigns. [2]. It
also enables the merging of video clips, allowing a 60-
second video clip wherein quick cuts, music samples,
filters, stickers, and other add-ons could be incorporated.
Users can listen to a variety of mainstream songs and
watch videos on other platforms, such as "lipsync videos."
[3]. This can be shared and commented on by their
followers [4]. Despite its inexorable popularity, this
massive user base drew more attention and scrutiny from
several groups as well as plethora of negative outcome[5].
Negative effects include body shaming, trolls, racist, racist
comments about looks, and feedback that are non-
appreciative towards creative skills [5]. With over 41% of
users aged 16 to 24 years old, the app has created a number
of body-related content problems. [1]. As a result of these
concerns, a new set of recommendations has been
published to address misleading and inflated claims in diet
and weight-loss products. [6]. Apart from these, the
primary problems brought by TikTok are those which
cyberbullying and depression, and inappropriate content
[7]. And this could affect the self-esteem of the users [1].
II. RELATED WORK
The massive number of TikTok users reflects the success
of the said application but it does not put to light the
underlying need to determine how TikTok impacts the
psychological well-being of users of the application
specifically in terms of self-esteem, social support, and
social appearance anxiety.
The Use of Tik Tok on the Self-Esteem of the Users
Self-esteem is one's total appraisal of one's thoughts and
feelings about oneself, as well as one's positive or negative
attitude toward oneself. Self-esteem is also part of a trait
that is somewhat consistent through time, with some
people having high self-esteem and others having lower
self-esteem [8]. These levels of self-esteem have also been
related to those individuals who are using social media
such as Instagram, Facebook, and Tiktok. When people
achieve or are accepted by others, their self-esteem (and
affect) rises, and it diminishes when they fail or are
rejected by others[9]. These effects are difficult to control
when everything is accessible online [10]. Preadolescents'
self-esteem rose when their online social media accounts
were approved by others, but it plunged when their profiles
were disliked, according to a Sociometer Theory study.
Younger users nowadays are more likely affected by
negative feedback and comments on social media such as
TikTok [11]. Furthermore, many observers and experts

© 2022, IJSRMS All Rights Reserved 47

 Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies
believe that people have suffered from poorer self-esteem
and self-growth as a result of increased use of social
networking sites. On the other hand, how people view
themselves is a relevant matter because of the strong
relationship between how one feels about himself and his
social media usage [12]. The TikTok application can help
increase self-confidence by frequently making videos and
uploading them, so said users can garner appreciation from
other people as viewers [13]. Users of the TikTok app can
express themselves freely, test their creativity, and present
themselves to alleviate humiliation and boost self-
confidence. [14].
The Use of TikTok as a means of Social Support to the
Users
Many internet communities were formed which leads to
the formation of social support because of personal and
social integration. Some of the billion users of TikTok use
this app to get sympathy and support from other users.
TikTok is one of the most popular sites which may prove
this formation of social support [15]. The comments and
positive feedback and reactions they receive bring positive
feelings to the uploaders [16]. TikTok is particularly
important for young people's identity building and self-
feedback since how young person joins and positions
themselves in a peer group can provide social support.
TikTok is a reflection of youth culture[17]. User profiles,
followers, customizable usernames, user-generated
material, and user engagement (e.g., likes, comments, and
features like "duets" that allow one to duplicate and
interact with others' content) are all characteristics that it
shares with other social media sites [18]. These likes and
comments in TikTok are important ways to communicate
and support the uploader of the videos. Such supportive
communication via verbal and nonverbal messages was
designed to provide assistance to individuals in need, and
as such applies to an online communication situation [19].
Genuine or honestly grateful and supporting comments on
TikTok help users connect with others who share similar
interests and experiences, making them feel less alone and
that many others can relate to them [20]. As such it helps
ease and overcome social appearance anxiety [15]. Social
Appearance Anxiety, on the other hand, is a form of social
anxiety that is conceptualized by tension and distress
because of the perception of negative social evaluations of
one’s physical appearance. It has a positive relationship
with social anxiety and a negative body image, but there is
no overlap with other constructs [21]. Studies have shown
that the use of Social Media apps like Tiktok causes
anxiety in some users, particularly adolescents [22].
Because of their needs for identity formation and social
contact, adolescent groups are more active on the app [23].
According to certain studies, TikTok users' motivations are
linked to self-expression and user satisfaction. Tiktok has
evolved into a platform for young people to express
themselves in a variety of ways, ranging from lip sync
videos to wild dance routines [24]. The platform's culture
and structure encourage users to imitate one another and
participate in trending topics. These social platforms
consisted of unrealistic ideal images e.g. bodies of men and
© 2022, IJSRMS All Rights Reserved
Vol.8, Issue.4, Apr 2022
women that are more attractive than their normal bodies
[25].
The purpose of the study is to determine if Self-esteem has
an influence on Social Appearance Anxiety among TikTok
users and investigate if the level of Social Support they
received could moderate the possible association. The
research aimed to answer the following questions in
particular:
1. What are the general themes of videos that the
respondents watched on Tiktok?
2. How can the respondents be described in terms of
the frequency of usage of TikTok?
3. What is the level of Self-esteem of the
respondents?
4. What is the Perceived Social Support of the
respondents in terms of:
3.1 Significant Other
3.2 Family
3.3 Friends
5. What is the level of the Social Appearance
Anxiety of the respondents?
6. Can Self-esteem significantly influence the
Social Appearance Anxiety of the respondents
and be significantly moderated by Social
Support?
III. METHODOLOGY
This study utilized a descriptive quantitative research
design, and simple moderation approaches.
Participants
Originally, 71 respondents answered the questionnaires,
but 18 of them were not TikTok users so they were
eliminated and not counted. Only 53 respondents remained
and part of this study: 33 or 62.26% are females, 19 or
35.85% are males and 1 or 1.89% is a member of the
LGBT community. There are 28 or 52.83% respondents
who are uploading their content, while the 25 or 47.17%
were mere users. A convenience sampling technique was
used to select the participants. Researchers opted to do this
sampling method for it is the most practical but still fits the
needs of the research topic.
Research Instruments
The following tools were used to gather data:
Demographic Profile questionnaire, Rosenberg’s Self-
Esteem Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social
Support, and Social Appearance Anxiety Scale.
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) is a ten-item
questionnaire that uses a four-point Likert scale to assess
self-esteem. Internal consistency was 0.77, and the lowest
Coefficient of Reproducibility was 0.90, indicating that the
Scale had a good level of dependability. Independent
studies using a variety of groups, including parents, men
over 60, high school students, and public workers, showed
alpha coefficients ranging from 0.72 to 0.87. (all fairly
high). The test-retest reliability for the 2-week interval was
0.85, and for the 7-month period it was 0.63.
48
 Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies Vol.8, Issue.4, Apr 2022

The MSPSS (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Fandom Stuff 1 1.9%

Support) is a 12-item questionnaire organized into three Online Games 1 1.9%
categories: family, friends, and significant other. On a Pageant 1 1.9%
seven-point Likert scale, 1 = very strongly disagree; 7 =
very strongly agree, each response option is given a score. Respondents were able to select one or more among the
A total score is calculated by summing the outcomes of all presented themes of videos they watched on TikTok. As
items. The range of possible ratings is 12 to 84, with higher presented in Table 1, the highest is Dance Cover with 34 or
scores indicating more felt social support. This scale has 64.20% respondents. Memes are also being patronized by
good to excellent internal consistency and test-retest the users, second to the highest with 33 or 62.3% of the
reliability [3, 5, 7, 10], with Cronbach's alpha ranging from participants.
0.81 to 0.98 in non-clinical samples and 0.92 to 0.94 in
Table 2: Time spent using TikTok
clinical samples.
Time Counts % of Total
Less than 2 hours a
The 16-item Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) 13 24.5 %
week
was developed to assess fear of being judged unfavorably
2 to 4 hours a week 13 24.5 %
by others due to one's overall appearance, including body
shape. For each item, there are five response options 4 to 6 hours a week 9 17.0 %
ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very) (extremely). After More than 6 hours a
14 26.4 %
reverse coding the first item, the overall score is computed week
by adding all of the elements together. The scale runs from Not Sure 4 7.5 %
16 to 80, with higher scores indicating higher levels of
anxiety. A study of people with SSc discovered substantial It can be gleaned in table 2 that 14 or 24.5% of the
support for a one-dimensional component structure, respondents spent more than 6 hours a week using TikTok,
internal consistency reliability, and convergent validity in this may imply that they were allotting time daily for less
the overall sample and when analyzed individually among than an hour or more using this application, but there are 4
persons with limited and diffuse SSc. This is the SAAS or 7.5% who were not certain in the number hours.
scores' proposed degree of variance:
Table 3: Levels of Self-esteem of TikTok users
Range Description Levels Counts % of Total
Low Self-Esteem 12 22.6 %
16 24 Very Low Average Self-Esteem 39 73.6 %
25 33 Low Above Normal Self-
2 3.8 %
34 42 Below Average Esteem

43 51 Average
Apparently, in table 3, the level of Self-esteem of 39 or
52 60 Above Average 73.6% of the TikTok users was on Average. Which could
61 69 High be a good indicator.
70 80 Very High
Table 4: Levels of Social Support from Significant Others
Data Gathering/Procedure Levels Counts % of Total
First Step: The respondents were asked to answer the Low Support 4 7.5 %
Google Form Link containing the research Moderate Support 19 35.8 %
High Support 30 56.6 %
tools/questionnaires.
Second Step: The questionnaires were collated, computed,
and interpreted. The level of support from significant others that received
by the respondents is High with 30 or 56.6% as shown in
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 4, these participants have special persons that they
can depend on in time of needs, whom they can also share
Table 1: General Themes of Videos Watched their happiness and disappointments, could comfort them
Themes Counts % when they need it most and care about their feelings. While
Lifestyle 21 39.6% 4 or 7.5% of the respondents claimed to have a low level of
Fashion 20 37.7% support coming from their partners.
Memes 33 62.3%
Music Content 24 45.3% Table 5: Levels of Social Support from Family
Dance Cover 34 64.2%
Levels Counts % of Total
Food 31 58.5%
Low Support 7 13.2 %
Life Hacks 24 45.3%
Average Support 20 37.7 %
Prominent Personalities 26 49.1%
High Support 26 49.1 %
Not Applicable 18 34.0%
Others 6 11.3%
Funny Videos 1 1.9% Twenty-six of 49.1% of the respondents have a High level
Animals 2 3.8% of support from their families. This is usual for Filipinos

© 2022, IJSRMS All Rights Reserved 49

 Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies Vol.8, Issue.4, Apr 2022

where kinship is being valued, that is why regardless of the A negative association between Self-esteem and Social
hardship or challenging situation Filipinos were always Anxiety Appearance, thus in every one unit increase in
persistent in life because the family and relatedness are Self-esteem there is an estimated decrease of 1.978 in the
strong. Social Anxiety Appearance of the respondents, but neither
is the main effect of the Overall Social Support nor the
Table 6: Levels of Social Support from Friends interaction Self-esteem*Overall Social Support are
Levels Counts % of Total significant.
Low Support 2 3.8 %
Moderate Support 16 30.2 % V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
High Support 35 66.0 %
In light of the findings of the study the following
Most respondents have a higher level of support coming conclusions were drawn: TikTok users mostly watched
from friends as depicted by 35 or 66.0% in table 6. This is Dance Covers, though Memes were closely patronized,
a reflection wherein the respondents have friends that time spent in watching videos is more than 6 hours a week,
could help and depend on. level of Self-esteem is Average, Social Support coming
from significant others, families, and friends were all High,
Table 7: Overall Social Support
most of the respondents have Above Average Social
Levels Counts % of Total Appearance Anxiety, Self-esteem is negatively associated
Low Support 3 5.7 % with Social Appearance Anxiety, thus, implying that
Moderate Support 16 30.2 % improving Self-esteem will help to lower Anxiety
High Support 34 64.2 %
appearance. Social Support does not influence the anxiety
level of the respondents nor the combining Self-esteem and
The overall level of Social Support of the respondents is Social Support, hence strong support coming from others
High as presented in Table 6 which comprises 34 or 64.2% are not factors to be considered in lowering anxiety level
TikTok users. over appearance level nor boosting it.
Table 8: Level of the Social Appearance Anxiety
Limitations in the number of the respondents and sampling
Range Counts % Description
are being acknowledged in this study. Other possible
16 to 24 4 7.5% Very Low variables maybe considered by the future researcher like
25 to 33 10 18.9% Low personality, self-concept, body image satisfaction or
34 to 42 5 9.4% Below Average dissatisfaction, social mishap and other possible
43 to 51 10 18.9% Average demographic profile.
52 to 60 12 22.6% Above Average
61 to 69 7 13.2% High ACKNOWLEDGMENT
70 to 80 5 9.4% Very High We would like to offer this endeavor to our Almighty God
for strength and wisdom he bestowed upon us to finish this
Most of the respondents have Above Average Social research. We want to express our gratitude to our families
Appearance Anxiety, as reflected in table 8 there are 12 or for the uplifting words of encouragement and unending
22.6% with scores that range from 52 to 60. This is an support.
implication of the feeling of the respondents’ anxiety about
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AUTHORS PROFILE
Mark Anthony A. Amoda finished his undergraduate
degree Bachelor of Science in Psychology at San Pablo
Colleges in San Pablo City, Laguna. He took and passed
the Board Licensure Examination for Psychometricians in
the year 2017. He is currently studying his graduate
degree Master of Arts in Counseling at The National
Teachers College Manila. He is currently connected with
Nazareth School of National University as a School
Psychometrician and Level Facilitator of the Guidance
and Counseling Office.
Fr. Narciso M. Domingo finished his Bachelor’s degree in
Business Administration major in Accounting at Lyceum
of the Philippines. He is a candidate for Masters in Pastoral
Ministry at Maryhill School of Theology. Currently, he is
taking his Master’s degree major in Counseling at The
National Teachers College and Masteral class in
Educational Management major in Family and Marriage
under De La Salle de Bacolod program of John Paul
II Institute. At present, Fr. Domingo is a Roman Catholic
Priest under the protectorship of Most Rev. Emmanuel
Trance, D.D. Bishop of Catarman and a bonafide priest
member of the Secular Institute of the Oblates of the Holy
Family and concurrently the Vocation Director and
Administrator of Oratory of St. Charbel in Diocese of
Antipolo. He has been a regular priest for 3 years in Our
Lady of Mt. Carmel, Holy Spirit Parish and St.
Gabriel Parish. He is also a lecturer in Social Science and
Humanities at Centro Escolar University.
Lowelyn T. Gasgonia finished her degree Bachelor of
Sciencemajor in Psychology at Manila Doctors College
(now Manila Tytana College), and took her Professional
Education at Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila. She was
an English as Second Language Teacher for Korean
students for 9 years. She is now taking her Master’s degree
major in Guidance and Counseling at The National
Teachers College, and is currently working at the Arellano
University School of Law designated at the Guidance and
Counseling Center.
Cesar Chester O. Relleve obtained his Doctor of Education
major in Educational Leadership and Master of Arts in
Education major in Guidance and Counseling at The
National Teachers College, where he also took his
Professional Education units. He has a baccalaureate
degree in Psychology from Manuel L. Quezon University,
and a two-year Computer Education major in Computer
Programming from Marinduque State College. He is also
pursuing his Doctor of Philosophy major in Clinical
Psychology at De Lasalle University-Manila.
51