Name: Ayaan K Grade:​ 9.

1
Date: 12/10/2020 Task: ​Case Study (Unit 1 SA)

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Step 1 Task definition:​ ​describe everything you have to
complete from start to finish. Include the information you are
researching for. ​In the table below.
In this task, I will essentially be analysing the resource management of
Singapore. I have shortlisted the resources to 2 which are petroleum and
water. I chose petroleum due to its abundance and water due to the
measures taken by the government to manage it. I will be researching this
information and gaining knowledge regarding it. Next, I will be using the
research to format my information into the form of a case study. This case
study will have a balance between text, visual and audio. In conclusion, the
two main aspects of my task are researching Singapore's resource
management and then writing a case study using my research.

Step 2 Info Seeking Strategy: ​Digital Action Plan

Steps 3&4 Location & Access: ​Take notes while you
research and keep track of your sources.
Step 5 Synthesis:​ ​State​ ​how will you present this information
in the table below.
I will be presenting my information through an infographic. I will first be
synthesizing my research into a case study and then to make it visual and
interactive I will copy paste it into pages and add visual representations
 and voice overs. My infographic will be around 2 pages big.

Step 6: Evaluation

LINK TO INFOGRAPHIC:
https://www.icloud.com/pages/0FNJFyihp3cPQbSGgd_kvLDZw#Case_Study/_Singapore_
water_management

My Research Plan
Research question(s)​ ​*This may be given by the teacher or you may have to come up with one on your own, refer to
the task sheet.*
● Your research question/thesis statement may change throughout your research but you will write a rough draft
before starting your research
First Draft: How has the Singapore government's attitude towards preserving natural resources impacted the abundance of Petroleum and
Water in Singapore?

Second Draft: How has the Singapore government's attitude towards preserving natural resources impacted the ​accessibility​ of Forests and
Water in Singapore?
Third Draft: How has the Singapore government’s attitude towards recycling timber and water impacted the accessibility of it in Singapore?

Final Question: How has the Singapore government’s attitude towards managing the water of Singapore affected the accessibility of it in
Singapore?

Justify​ why you chose this question.

Answer all prompts in complete sentences and proper grammar.
● Why is it worthy of investigation?
Ans: The reason why I chose this research question is because firstly, water is one of the natural resources that is most conflicted
in Singapore due to the lack of water bodies like lakes. Thirdly, despite the lack of natural water bodies such as lakes, ponds, etc.
Singapore is able to smoothly provide adequate water to all citizens along with industries. Secondly, Singapore is known
worldwide for its technology used in water management. Therefore, in order to understand properly how Singapore can manage
water so well I decided to research into the water management of Singapore.

● How will you use it to explore the statement of inquiry, relate it to the key or related concepts, or the global context of the
current unit?
Ans: Firstly, the main section of my research into Singapore’s water management is into the variety of systems used by them to
manage water which links to my Key Concept which is Systems. Secondly, after researching their management, I will also be able
to ifner multiple factors regarding their attitude as a government which links to my Global Context of Identities and
Relationships.Thirdly, water as we all know is a natural resource that is highly valued around the world due to its importance to
mankind therefore, me researching about water as a natural resource will link to my Related Concept of resources. Lastly, as I
earlier stated, I will be researching how water is managed in Singapore and about its accessibility. Therefore, researching and
gaining knowledge of these factors can help me understand how Singapore's attitude has an impact on the systems used to
manage water in specific. For example, Singapore currently has a treaty with Malaysia for water that ends in 2061. If Singapore
was quite a laid back type government, no actions would be taken by them in the present to prepare for the future. Although
Singapore has already started making its own water provisions will help me infer that SIngapore’s has a very serious attitude to
managing resources in their country.

● What understanding will you develop about the topic because of this question?
Ans: A government’s attitude towards pertinent topics and reliability is highly dependent on the way they manage human
necessities such as water. Therefore when researching Singapore’s attitude and actions taken by them for the management of
water, I will be able to receive a holistic and knowledgeable opinion on the Singapore Government's attitude. Next, the
accessibility of water in Singapore is another thing I will be closely looking into and analysing. This will help me clearly
understand how effective the Singapore government's current attitude towards preserving and smartly providing natural
resources for domestic or industrial use.

Step 2:​ Info Seeking Strategy: Digital Action Plan​(may create your own if you wish)
 Objectives Tasks Success Criteria Time Frame Resources
(Step 3: Locating
(List of Goals) (what you need to (how will you identify (by when you need to sources in the Big 6)
do to achieve the your success?) complete the tasks) (locating what or who can
goals?) help you to complete
tasks)

Meet every deadline In order for me to My first deadline will be The ultimate deadline for In order to meet my
I set for myself achieve this goal of for the basics of the meeting all my goals is deadlines I will need help
mine, I will set investigations sheet such 21st of October at the end from the Digital Logbook
deadlines for as Action Plan and RQ and of the class because that is of ours so I can ensure my
multiple things the deadline date will be my Summative due date. deadlines are in
before starting the 13th of October. I will set a accordance with our SA
SA. My deadlines deadline for completing timeline and I am not
will be for; Criteria B research at the end of the lagging behind my fellow
investigation sheet, day on 16thof October. My classmates.
Research, Case Study deadline for the Case
outline 1 and final Study outline will be on
Case Study. Saturday 17th October.
This will make it possible
for me to start working on
the introduction and
abstract of the case study
and complete it by 18th
October. Next, I will
during class of 19th
October finish the entire
1st body paragraph and in
the rest of class time I will
complete my OPVL and
 citations on Noodle Tools
because by that day I will
have my sources listed.
20th October will be the
day of completion of the
2nd body paragraph and
3rd if I require 3 body
paragraphs. During class
time of 21st October I will
conclude my case study
and proofread and
improve where I can.

Use valid and Using valid and For every bit of research I
reliable sources reliable sources is a use or take note of, I will
key aspect of ensure the source is
submitting an known for being reliable
effective and reliable and will mainly use
case study on the sources like JSTOR,
country. I will only Britannica, EBSCO,
use sources known reuters,etc. If the source is
for being reliable not known but seems
Additionally, I will reliable, I will refer to
also cite my sources other sources to ensure
to ensure reliability that the information is the
and validity of my same. Lastly, I will be
case study. citing every source
immediately after I use as
to not pile on citations for
the end.
As stated above, my
deadline for completing all
my research is 16th of
October and I aim to stick
by it. My final deadline for
citations has been listed as
19th October incase I do
basic research after the
research deadline.
I will need access to
research databases such
as Chrome or Safari. These
research databases will
help me gain access to
reliable sources for
researching. Additionally,
I will require access to a
citation tool called Noodle
Tools in order to cite my
sources.
Filter facts In order to create an In order to ensure my I will be working on my I will require access to my
effectively in Case effective case study points are precise and to case study outline on research in order to filter
Study and communicate the point, I will also Saturday, 17th October the facts. Additionally, I
efficiently, I will include visual therefore I aim to will require access to the
have to filter my representation to help complete this goal by then. Case Study outline so I can
notes from my communicate my message. In the outline I will be understand better about
research properly. This way, there should be including important points which facts to choose.
Filtering properly a balance between text on which I will elaborate
will mean that the and visual in the final case study.
case study is precise representations.
and to the point Additionally, there will not
which is what I aim be too much text which
to achieve. will be a strong point.

Reach strand 7-8 in Criteria B is mainly In order to reach 7-8 in my For Criteria B, the ultimate I will require access to the
Criteria B the research aspect Summative Assessment I deadline should be Criteria B investigation
of my Case Study. will be required to do well Monday because sheet & MYP5 level
Essentially, the in; Task definition, according to my timeline, descriptor in order to
investigation sheet Research Question, Action that is the day I complete achieve this goal of mine.
for Criteria B Plan, Research, OPVL, my OPVL and citations.
contains all MLA8 citations and lastly The only thing I intend to
requirements to task reflection. If I am able leave for after 19th
reach strand 7-8 in to provide enough details October, Monday will be
the Summative and complete the tasks the task reflection which I
Assessment. according to the MYP5 can only complete at the
Research is my level descriptors I should end of the block on 21st
strong point be able to reach a high October.
therefore I feel strand.
having a high target
is acceptable. m
Reach strand 7-8 in Criteria B for this Essentially my quality of My deadline for the Case For doing well in Criteria
Criteria C task in specific is communication will be the Study will be on Monday, C, I will require access to
mainly the final Case main factor for 21st October at the end of my research & the case
Study. The quality of determining my grade. I the block. I will require study outline. My research
my Case Study will need to be able to most of the class time on will include the visual
essentially effectively form a balance 21st to work on the Case representations as well.
determine my grade between audio, visual and Study because I will be
for Criteria C, If the text. This will help me to missing my I and S class
quality is high, I communicate my research on 16th October due to the
should be able to efficiently and can help me PTSM. Therefore, I have
reach strand 7-8 in reach a high grade level. chosen the 21st October
the Summative. In end of the block as my
my FA I had gotten a deadline.
5 for Criteria C.
Although, after
discussing with my
teacher and reading
the comments I feel I
can improve.

Steps 3&4:​ Use of information, Your research goes here.

Water:
Recognize one major Firstly, due to Singapore being an island nation, it is surrounded by water with Indian Ocean and the South China sea
being the major water bodies surrounding Singapore. Additionally, the Singapore port at the Indian Ocean has
biome that exists in
helped extensively for trade with the Singapore port being the largest port on the Indian Ocean in South-East Asia.
your chosen country Next, there is a lot of marine variety and biodiversity present in Singapore. Secondly, there are 3 main ways water is
conserved and supplied in Singapore that is rainwater harvesting, Desalination and water recycling. Singapore also
imports water from Malaysia although we will not be discussing that. Explanation of these processes in detail will
take place further on although just note that the oceans around singapore are the biggest factors in the process of
rainwater harvesting and desalination.

Classify the resource The natural resource that I have chosen to analyse about is water. Water is classified as a renewable resource due to
the water cycle and the way it functions. Water in oceans, lakes, ponds, etc. is continuously evaporated into the
into renewable or
clouds due to the heat of the sun. Following evaporation, water is then brought back down on land due to the rain.
non-renewable and This cycle is continuous and never stops. Therefore, since water is continually moving in the cycle, it is renewable.
explain how. Although there are chances of water running out but the Energy Information Administration stated renewable
sources are “​Fuels that can be easily made or 'renewed'." Due to water fitting this criteria it is termed as a renewable
resource.

Dividing your Used sustainably:

research into how is - Regardless of Singapore having only 2500mm of rainfall every year at an average, it is able to effectively
provide adequate water supply to its 4 million citizens
the natural resource
- A key factor that has helped Singapore government to provide water is due to the treaty Singapore has with
exploited and used Malaysia regarding water trade until 2061
sustainably giving - Despite the trade agreement Malaysian government has been proactive and has already made provisions in
real-time order to provide water for domestic and industrial use
examples(2-3) - Rainwater harvesting
- Singapore’s rainwater harvesting started in 1867 under British rule.
- With the Singapore independence in 1965, Singapore’s focus on rainwater harvesting
increased
- Singapore has the following water measures
- 19 fresh water reservoirs
- 9 water treatment plants
 - 17 reservoirs for purified water
- Singapore first transfers rainwater using canals and reservoirs. Next, the water is treated at
water treatment plants before being transferred into homes or industries using canals.
- Desalination
- 30% of Singapore’s water supply is provided by 5 desalination plants that were built after
2005
- SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT:
- Singapore has a goal of:
- 55% water from recycling
- 30% of water from desalination by end of 2020
- 10% of water from rainwater harvesting
- Total is 90%
- Water recycling
- Singapore follows 4 steps for water recycling that include conventional treatment, micro
filtration, reverse osmosis and UV treatment in order. After this process water is ready for
drinking although most of this water is used for industrial purposes and not drinking.
Exploited:
- Land reclamation
- Land reclamation is a popular measure benign taken in Singapore that has negatively impacted its
marine life and corals
- Land reclamation is the act of forming new land from natural water bodies such as lakes, oceans,
rivers, etc.
- Due to the extensive land reclamation in Singapore, about 60% of the coral life of Singapore has been
completely destroyed
- Coastal modifications
- The country of Singapore in the recent past has seen high amounts of industrial work mainly
construction being taken place on coastal areas

- Inundation (flooding)
Assess different ways
that your country is
working to manage
the natural resource,
from extraction to
finished product or
exportation.
- This has negatively impacted the sedimentation and clarity of water along with the marine
biodiversity present. Additionally, mangrove forests which are habitat for multiple species have also
been destroyed
- Coastal modifications include canalifcations damming of rivers, coastal erosion
- There has been claims that coastal areas including mangroves have been facing inundation due to
rising sea levels
- Singapore is a city-state with a population of approximately 4.5 million people that reside on a land
of 700sq km.
- SIngapore has no access to groundwater of any sort
- No natural aquifers are also present
- Water demand in Singapore stands currently at 430million gallons per day with this water being
enough to fill 782 Olympic sized swimming pools
- Homes consume 45% of this
- Industries consume 55% of this amount
- Strategy includes following 3 steps
- Collect every drop of water
- Reuse water endlessly
- Desalinate seawater
- Anticipation stands at this water consumption doubling by 2060 with domestic consumption to soon
consume 70%
- Due to the lack of of freshwater lakes, Singapore is forced to effectively managed its water in
order to provide it for everyone
- Singapore has managed water extremely well due to the efficiency of the award
winning work of its utilities agency
- Singapore is known worldwide for its advanced technology of managing water that
also helps reduce floods
 - PUB which is the Singapore national water agency has successfully made it possible for every citizen
to have access to purified drinking water
- The PUB strategy used is termed Four National Taps
- Imported water
- Reclaimed water
- Local catchments
- Desalinated
- Entire of Singapore has a sewer throughout the city which has drastically helped SIngapore to treat
the water at international levels
- This treatment is taken place before the water being channelled for purification
- ACCESS POINTS INCLUDE:
- Rainwater which accounts for 10%
- Recycled water which accounts for 40%
- Desalination which accounts for 30% by end of 2020
- Additionally, import agreements for water have been made with Malaysia
- First contract from the British colonial era expired in 2011
- Next agreement ends in 2061 and was made without any foreign intervention
- Due to the dispute between Singapore and Malaysia, has already started intensifying its
water management to ensure in 2061 enough water management methods are in place.
- RAINWATER HARVESTING:
- Singapore started focussing on rainwater harvesting since 1867 with the British building the
MacRitchie Reservoir
- Following Singapore’s independence in 1965, rainwater harvesting increased and became more
efficient with big projects being implemented
- Big projects include huge scale reservoirs & catchments
- Singapore has categorised ⅔ rd of it’s surface area as land allocated to facilities for rainwater
collection
- Singapore has the following water measures
- 19 fresh water reservoirs
 - Marina Bay which opened in 2008 is the largest and is constructed in an estuary that
has been closed off using a dam to ensure no salt water enters.
- 9 water treatment plants
- 17 reservoirs for purified water
- Process followed for rainwater harvesting by Singapore
- Rainwater is transferred using canals into reservoir
- This water is treated at water-treatment plants of Singapore to become Potable water
- RECYCLED WATER:
- 2001 saw the Singapore Public Utilities Agency take charge of the drainage system in Singapore
which further resulted in a more efficient water management system.
- 2002 saw the first production plant open for water recycling which along with 3 others are currently
providing 40% of Singapore’s water
- Singapore has developed and is implementing a 4 step strategy that includes conventional treatment,
micro filtration, reverse osmosis and UV treatment
- Following this 4 step process, the water is recycled and can be used for drinking
- Although most of recycled water is directed towards industries and not for drinking
- DESALINATION & SPILLAGE:
- In the year 2005, Singapore opened its desalination plant which is now one of the largest in the
world.
- This plant along with 4 others will supply Singapore with 30% of it’s water by the end of
2020
- Another 2 of these plants are set to be ready by the end of 2020.
- Combined, the 5 plants will be able for Singapore to receive 30% of its future water demands
- Experts have called Singapore the hub for technology and science regarding water management
- Singapore has already begun to spread their knowledge into China and is responsible for water
projects in China
- SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT:
- Singapore has a goal of:
- 55% water from recycling
 - 30% of water from desalination
- 10% of water from rainwater harvesting
- Total is 95%
- Singapore’s public utilities agency in 2007 received the Stockholm Industry Water award due to its
“​holistic approach to water resources management which made water use sustainable for different
sectors of society in a unique and challenging urban island environment”.

Comment on the Australia:

- General facts:
sustainable solutions
- Australia is a continent that has the lowest rainfall after Antarctica with an annual average of 470mm
used to manage which is not evenly distributed in the continent.
natural resources - Preserved:
- Currently, the water demands in Australia are met by the use of traditional rain filled dams and
and compare them
reservoirs
by giving examples of - Australia has started moving towards using technology to manage its water and is moving towards
other countries. (2-3) the use of desalination plants
- The problem with desalination plants being that they are costly with Sydney’s plant costing 500,000$
per day while not even working.
- January of 2019 saw Sydney to start using the plant for the first time and now it is expected to
provide 15% of the city’s water supply.
- This plant is to provide an estimate of 674 gigalitres of additionally freshwater
- Exploited:

India:
- General facts
- 40% or 600 million people of India are expected to have no access to drinking water by the year
2030
- 40% of India’s water supply is from groundwater
- About 21 major cities are expected to lose groundwater completely by the end of 2020
- Citizens of rural areas are only able to drink 8 litres of water every week
- Preserved
 - Rainwater harvesting is a key aspect that fuels water conservation in India
- Johad is widely used in India as a system to conserve and recharge ground water.
- They are essentially dams made with compressed earth materials to store rainwater for use
- On many occasions multiple of these Johads are interconnected with the use of canals to
ensure there is water available around huge areas of land.
- Step wells or Jhalraas are a system used for community use or royal ceremonies.
- These step wells are used to collect water from underground seepages from nearby
reservoirs or lakes.
- Exploited
- About 35% of the official water supply per day is lot due to leakages in the water system for
pipelines
- Water population is still persistent besides multiple measures being taken by the Government
- Approximately 160 million public toilets along with septic tanks contribute to 80% of the water
pollution on water bodies of India
- Groundwater which is heavily depended on in India is also exploited
Switzerland:
- General Facts:
- Each citizen annually receives approximately 5,560m cube water
- 44% of water is used for cooling water
- 24% of water is used for agriculture
- 21% is used for public water supply
- 11% is used for industrial purposes
- Preserved:
- 80% of water demand in Switzerland is met due to the presence and use of Switzerland groundwater
- Approximately 40% of groundwater is extracted using wells
- Remaining 40% is extracted from water springs
- 150km cube of the Switzerland sub surface is groundwater
- This makes groundwater the largest reservoir of Switzerland
- 10% of this is renewable making it extractable sustainably
SYNTHESIZED Abstract
VERSION OF EACH With the global population growing, so is the importance and demand of water. Singapore alone consumes 450
million gallons of water every single day with the domestic consumption standing at 45% and the industrial
sector consumption standing at 55%. This value is anticipated to double by 2060 with the domestic consumption
being responsible for a whopping 70% of this. In response, the Singapore government has already started work to
meet these demands by already carrying out rainwater harvesting, water recycling and desalination at huge
scales. At the moment, water recycling accounts for 40% of the water supply, desalination at 30% and rainwater
harvesting at 10%. The rest of the water is being supplied by a water treaty between Singapore and Malaysia.
The Singapore government has been taking proactive actions to supply water with ease and the benefits are being
reaped by the government now. The following case study will be looking into the water conservation and
Singapore government and will also shed light on the way the Singapore government is exploiting water.
Additionally, there will also be information that will compare the Singapore water management with foreign
nations such as India, Australia and Switzerland.

Desalination:
September of 2005 saw the first Desalination Plant to open in Singapore. Following this, 2 more plants have been
opened and another 2 are set to be ready by the end of 2020. These plants were an initiative of a Government
body known as the Public Utilities Agency of Singapore. With the help of canals or sewers around the entire
nation, the Singapore government is able to transport water from the ocean into these plants and from the plants
to the homes with ease. At the moment, Singapore has 3 desalination plants completely up and running and by
the end of 2020, 2 more are anticipated to contribute to supplying water. In the near future, these 5 desalination
plants collectively will be able to supply 30% of Singapore’s water.

Rainwater harvesting:
Rainwater harvesting is currently the 2nd biggest water supplier of Singapore with 20% of Singapore’s water
supply from rainwater harvesting. Following Singapore’s independence in 1965, the focus on rainwater
harvesting has been increasing with huge scale reservoirs and water catchments being built. As of now,
Singapore has 19 freshwater reservoirs, 9 water treatment plants and 17 purified water reservoirs. The largest
freshwater reservoir is the Marina Bay which opened in 2008 and is constructed in an estuary. As earlier stated,
Singapore has an effective canal system that runs through the entire country. Therefore, multiple of these canals
are used to transfer rainwater to reservoirs, from reservoirs to treatment plants and then to the freshwater
reservoirs. The water from the freshwater reservoirs are then transferred to homes or industrial locations. The
Singapore government has allocated a whopping 2/3​rd ​of their surface area only for rainwater collection.

Water recycling
The year 2001 saw the Public Utilities Agency take charge of the entire canal and drainage system of Singapore
which has now resulted in a more efficient water management system than before. Following this change in
authority, in 2002 the Public Utilities Agency of Singapore built the first water recycling plant. This plant along
with 3 others that have been built since 2002 are responsible for supplying Singapore with 40% of their water.
These plants follow a 4 step strategy in order to recycle the water. Firstly, there is conventional treatment of
water. Then this step is followed by microfiltration, then reverse osmosis and then the last step is UV treatment
of the water. After the UV treatment, the water is now ready to be transferred to homes or industries. Due to
health and safety reasons, nearly all recycled water is transferred to industries for use in factories rather than to
homes for drinking.

Government Attitude
Firstly, the Singapore government is one of the leading governments for their water management system.
Singapore’s public utilities agency in 2007 lso received the Stockholm Industry Water award due to its
“​holistic approach to water resources management which made water use sustainable for different sectors
of society in a unique and challenging urban island environment”. Additionally, due to ther seriousness of
the Singapore Government for water management,​ the government has categorised ⅔ rd of it’s surface area
as land allocated to facilities for rainwater collection such as reservoirs and canals. Additionally, due to the
proactive nature of the Singapore Government, water provisions for the time when the export treaty ends
in 2061 has already begun. These few points clearly show how the Singapore Government is quite
proactive in managing and conserving water. To sum up, the Singapore Government has an overall
positive management of water

Exploitation
Unfortunately along with the effective conservation by Singapore, there is also ineffective exploitation of
water in Singapore. The 3 main ways water is exploited is by land reclamation, coastal modifications and
also inundations. Land reclamation is essentially the act of forming new land using natural water bodies
such as lakes, oceans, rivers, etc. This is being conducted on huge scales in Singapore which has destroyed
a whopping 60% of the coral life that once existed. The second way water is exploited is through coastal
modifications. Coastal modifications are being conducted by canalifications and damming of rivers. These
two have mainly caused coastal erosion which has further resulted in negatively impacting the
sedimentation and clarity of water of natural water bodies. Mangrove forests are also victims of these
coastal modifications. The last form of exploitation that is taking place on coastal regions of Singapore is
inundation which is essentially flooding. The Mangrove forest is also victim to rising sea levels due to the
inundation. To sum up, there are actions being taken of exploiting the water mainly next to coastal regions
by the Singapore Government.

India
Unfortunately in the country of India, the amount of water exploited outweighs the amount of water conserved.
There are 3 main ways water is supplied in India which is through rainwater harvesting, Johads and step wells.
Similar to Singapore, rainwater harvesting is a key supplier for water in India. In India, approximately 66,000
litres of water is from rainwater harvesting which is a huge proportion. The next main way of water collection is
via Johads which are essentially dams that are made with natural earth materials. The last way is step wells which
is essentially a way to store groundwater and makes it easy to access. Another similar point with Singapore is
that India as well as a vast network of canals that have helped conserve and transport water easily. Next, there are
also 3 main ways through which water is exploited; Pipeline leakages, waste from public toilets and chemicals
being transferred into rivers by industries. Firstly, pipeline leakages are responsible for the loss of approximately
35% of the daily water supply. Secondly, the 160million public toilets around India are responsible for a
whopping 80% of the entire water pollution of India. Lastly Groundwater, which is heavily dependent on in India
is exploited due to leakages in Septic Tanks. In conclusion, India and SIngapore are similar in terms of rainwater
harvesting and network of canals although they differ in the ways water is epxloited and conserved.

Switzerland
Switzerland on the other hand is a country where water conservation completely outweighs the exploitation.
Switzerland has 1 main water supplier which is Groundwater. Groundwater contributes to 80% of the
Switzerland water supply with 40% of groundwater being extracted from wells and the remaining 40% being
accessed via water springs. Additionally, 150km Cube of Switzerland's sub surface is used for groundwater
making Switzerland have the largest groundwater reservoir in the world. In conclusion, Switzerland and
Singapore are both known for water conservation although they are unique in the ways they supply and conserve
water due to varied geographical factors.

Australia
Australia is a country which has a balance between exploitation and conservation in their country. Australia
mainly supplies water through rainwater harvesting & is now moving towards using technology such as
Desalination to supply water. The problem Australia is facing for desalination is that the expense is quite high
with each plant costing 500,000USD per day. The single Desalination plant in Sydney is currently supplying 674
gigalitres of water each day is 15% of Australia’s water demands. At the same time, water is also being exploited
 around Australia. Each person uses 130KG of plastic each year which causes approximately 130,000tonnes of
plastic each year to reach into the oceans every year due to the Australian public and tourists. In conclusion,
Australia is quite similar to Singapore in the way they supply water to their citizens due to both of them being
Island nations although the way water is exploited differs between these 2 Island Nations.

Step 6: Evaluation: ​OPVL Table -​ must use 3 different kinds of sources

First Source: ​Website

Primary or secondary?: ​Secondary because the author of the article did not go to Singapore and neither were they witness
to the water conservation in Singapore. Additionally, at the bottom of the article there are links to from the author got his
information.
MLA8 Citation: ​Jacobson, Martin. "Singapore Water Management." ​World Wildlife Fund​, 1 Mar.2012,
wwf.panda.org/?204587/Singapore. Accessed 16 Oct. 2020.

Origin This website was found by me on the Google Chrome database. It was published on 1st
March 2012 by the World Wildlife Fund and was written by Martin Jacobson. The
credentials of Martin Jacobson are not present on the web page with the information.

Purpose The purpose of this text is to inform us about the water management in Singapore and
this has been conveyed through the use of facts. Due to the evident use of facts
throughout the entire article, the purpose of informing the audience is clear.
Additionally, there has not been the use of the letter “I” throughout the article which
shows the author is providing an objective perspective and not his own perspective on
 the matter.

Value This article is extremely useful and has helped me to receive a wider perspective on the
topic I am researching about. This article talks about how Singapore is effectively
managing water and with this being one of my requirements to research on, I will be
able to use it for my task. Even though this source has not been officially reviewed or
referred, I am able to find similar information on another website which is the official
Public Utilities Agency of Singapore.
(​https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/singaporewaterstory​)

Limitation Firstly, this source is completely reliable because the article is from an internationally
known organisation called World Wildlife Fund. Secondly, as I stated earlier there is no
use of personal pronouns throughout the article and only facts have been given which
makes it clear that there is no form of bias.

Second Source: ​Image

Primary or secondary?: ​Primary because the image is regarding how the Singapore government is managing water and it is
from the government website itself.
MLA8 Citation: ​Water Loop​. 28 May 2020. ​Singapore Water Story​, Singapore's National Water Agency, 28 May 2020,
www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/singaporewaterstory​. Accessed 17 Oct. 2020.

Origin This website was found on the Google Chrome database and was last updated on 28th
May, 2020. There is no author provided of this article although since it is a Government
website, the authors should be government employees. There are no credentials given
either.

Purpose This article has the purpose of informing the audience of the process of water recycling
 followed by the Singapore government. There is only use of facts throughout the
website due to it being from the government. Additionally, there is no form of bias
either and there is a completely objective perspective given.

Value This website is extremely useful for my task because it provides me a detailed
understanding and explanation of how water is recycled in Singapore. This information
has not been reviewed or referred officially but I can find similar information on the
World Wildlife Fund website. (​https://wwf.panda.org/?204587/Singapore​)

Limitation Due to this source belonging to the Singapore government, there was some bias by
omission present although there were no incorrect facts and statistics. Therefore,
excluding the bias by omission, this source is unbiased in what it has included

Third Source: ​Digital Book

Primary or secondary?:​ Secondary because the author of the book did not witness the events described himself and
conducted research to reach the conclusions.
MLA8 Citation: ​Goh, Kim Chuan. “Water Supply in Singapore: Challenges and Choices.” ​Greener Management International​,
no. 42, 2003, pp. 77–86. ​JSTOR,​ www.jstor.org/stable/greemanainte.42.77. Accessed 16 Oct. 2020.

Origin I found this digital book on the JSTOR database. This book is written by Kim Chuan and
was published in the year 2003 by Greenleaf Publishing. The author is a professor for
geography at the National Institute of Education in Nanyang. The author had a 12 year
teaching experience as of 2003.

Purpose The purpose of this book is clear which is to inform the audience regarding the water
supply and conservation of Singapore. The author is evidently trying to inform the
 readers about the water management in Singapore and he has done so without any
form of bias. There is clear use of facts and statistics as well because there are exact
numbers written.

Value This specific book is extremely helpful to my task. Firstly, it provides an unbiased
perspective and detailed information about how Singapore is both preserving and
exploiting water. Secondly, this source helps me have a variety of sources for my
project which shows my research in various different databases. I am able to find
similar information on another article.
(​https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=sg​)

Limitation Due to this source being written by an experienced educator and credible author, there
are no forms of bias present. Additionally, this book includes both the negative aspect
and positive aspect of Singapore’s water management which helps promote the
unbiased aspects.

Bibliography in MLA8 format: Make sure yours is compatible given your grade level.
Title goes here
 WORKS CITED

Websites:
- Jacobson, Martin. "Singapore Water Management." ​World Wildlife Fund​, 1 Mar.2012, wwf.panda.org/?204587/Singapore.
Accessed 16 Oct. 2020.
 - Yap, Kheng Guan. "Sustainable Water Management- the Singapore Water Story."​Water Conditioning and Purification Magazine,​ 17
Aug. 2007,wcponline.com/2017/08/17/sustainable-water-management-singapore-water-story/. Accessed 16 Oct. 2020.
- Bliss, Heather. "SCIENCING." ​How Is Water a Renewable Resource​, 9 Jan. 2018,
sciencing.com/about-5251373-water-renewable-resource-.html. Accessed 17 Oct. 2020.
- Water Management Policy and Legislation​. Australia Government| Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, 4 Nov.
2019, ​www.agriculture.gov.au/
water/policy#:~:text=Australia%20is%20at%20the%20leading,best%20practice%20water%20resource%20management.
Accessed 16 Oct. 2020.
- Singapore​. Nations Encyclopedia, 15 Apr. 2003, ​www.nationsencyclopedia.com/
geography/Morocco-to-Slovakia/Singapore.html#:~:text=Singapore%20is%20located%20between%20the%20Indian%20Ocea
n%20and%20the%20South%20China%20Sea. Accessed 16 Oct. 2020.
- Making Every Drop Count: How Australia is Securing its Water Future.​
NationalGeographic,2020,www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/partner-content-how-australia-is-securing-its-
water-future/. Accessed 17Oct. 2020.
- Brikké, François. "WaterWorld." ​Urban Water Management in India​,
WaterWorld,12June2015,www.waterworld.com/international/wastewater/article/16201696/urban-water-management-in-ind
ia#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Ministry%20of,proper%20water%20and%20wastewater%20management.&text=Ther
e%20is%20also%20major%20groundwater,on%20groundwater%20for%20their%20supply. Accessed 17 Oct. 2020.
- "FOEN."​GroundwaterResources,​ FOEN,9July2019,www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/topics/water/info-specialists/state-of-wate
rbodies/state-of-groundwater/groundwater-resources.html#:~:text=Switzerland%20relies%20on%20groundwater%20for,the
%20other%20half%20from%20springs. Accessed 16 Oct. 2020.
- https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/desalinatedwater#:~:text=Currently%2C%20we%20have%20three%2
0desalination%20plants%20with%20a%20combined%20capacity,future%20water%20needs%20by%202060​.
Images:
- Water Loop​. 28 May 2020. ​Singapore Water Story​, Singapore's National Water Agency, 28 May 2020,
www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/singaporewaterstory​. Accessed 17 Oct. 2020.
 - Singapore’s Dual-Mode Desalination Plant Operational​, 15 July 2020,
dutchwatersector.com/news/singapores-dual-mode-desalination-plant-operational.​https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/
singapores-dual-mode-desalination-plant-operational
- “Harnessing Reservoirs and Rivers.” ​Water from Local Catchment​, Public Utilities Agency-Singapore , 2 Sept. 2019,
www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/localcatchmentwater​.

Articles:

- Unit, Biosafety. “Main Details.” ​Convention on Biological Diversity,​ Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity,
www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=sg​.
- Pal, Sanchari. "Modern India Can Learn a Lot from These 20 Traditional WaterConservation
Systems."​TheBetterIndia​,15July2016,​www.thebetterindia.com/61757/traditional-water-conservation-systems-india/​#:~:text=J
ohads%2C%20one%20of%20the%20oldest,wall%20on%20the%20fourth%20side Accessed 16 Oct. 2020.

Videos:
- "The Water Loop." ​YouTube​, sgPUB, 22 Sept. 2019, youtu.be/ZeG5dwZpOT0. Accessed 17 Oct. 2020.
https://youtu.be/ZeG5dwZpOT0
- "India's Water Crisis." ​YouTube​, Stefair, 22 June 2020, youtu.be/SHVxNjnNdMY.Accessed 17 Oct. 2020.
https://youtu.be/SHVxNjnNdMY
Books:
- Goh, Kim Chuan. “Water Supply in Singapore: Challenges and Choices.” ​Greener Management International​, no. 42, 2003, pp.
77–86. ​JSTOR,​ www.jstor.org/stable/greemanainte.42.77. Accessed 16 Oct. 2020.

Step 6 cont. Evaluation: ​Reflect on the research process, your methodology and
conclusion.
At the start of this task, I started by creating my Action Plan and added deadlines of different subsections of my SA such as the
research, OPVL etc. Throughout the entire SA, I continuously referred back to the deadlines I set and this helped me to complete all my
tasks. Noting down my deadlines in my Action Plan also was a form of self-motivation that helped me meet the deadlines. One key
problem that I faced during my Research aspect of the SA was to shortlist 2 resources that are evidently preserved or exploited in
Singapore. I conducted detailed research on Singapore’s natural resources and how they are managed but I was able only to find
sufficient information to analyse Resource Management of water. Therefore, I chose to go in further detail for water rather than
having the way 2 resources are managed in Singapore but without too much detail. One of the toughest things to find information on
was how water is exploited in Singapore. Singapore has been given multiple awards for water management therefore, nearly all
websites talk about how Singapore has managed water effectively. Therefore, in order to tackle this problem I started to research on
different databases such as YouTube, JSTOR, Britannica, etc. After researching extensively on JSTOR, I was able to find a book that
spoke about how Singapore exploited water. I read through the entire 10 page book and was able to find sufficient information on
how water is exploited in Singapore. If doing this SA again, one mina thing I would do differently is to research on multiple databases
such as YouTube, JSTOR, Britannica, etc. at the same time so I can have a variety of sources and I will able to finish my research earlier.
FINISHED!