Elliptic Functions: Addition Formulas | Paramanand's Math Notes

Elliptic Functions: Addition Formulas

After having dealt with the basic properties of elliptic functions in the previous post we shall
now focus on the addition formulas for them. These are used to express the functions of sum of
two arguments in terms of functions of each argument separately. The additions formulas are
algebraic in nature and in fact, in general any function with an algebraic addition formula is
necessarily an elliptic function or a limiting case of it. We will not prove this general result here
as it requires the use of theory of functions, but we shall be content to derive the formulas for
the specific elliptic function which we are considering here.

Addition Formula
Let us assume that the variables u1 and u2 vary in such a way that their sum u1 + u2 is a
constant. And we set:

s1 = sn(u1 , k), c1 = cn(u1 , k), d1 = dn(u1 , k)

s2 = sn(u2 , k), c2 = cn(u2 , k), d2 = dn(u2 , k)
u1 + u2 = a

so that

du2
= −1
du1

Then we have

d
(s1 + s2 ) = c1 d1 − c2 d2
du1
d
(s1 c2 + s2 c1 ) = s1 s2 d2 + c1 d1 c2 − s2 s1 d1 − c2 d2 c1
du1
= (d1 − d2 )(c1 c2 − s1 s2 )
d
(d1 + d2 ) = −k2 (s1 c1 − s2 c2 )
du1
= −k2 s1 c1 (c22 + s22 ) + k2 s2 c2 (c21 + s21 )
= −k2 (c1 c2 − s1 s2 )(s1 c2 − s2 c1 )

Since we have

−k2 (s21 c22 − s22 c21 ) = −k2 (s21 (1 − s22 ) − s22 (1 − s21 ))
= −k2 (s21 − s22 )
= d12 − d22

It therefore follows that

d d
(d1 + d2 ) (s1 c2 + s2 c1 ) = (s1 c2 + s2 c1 ) (d1 + d2 )
du1 du1

From the above it is clear that the ratio (s1 c2 + s2 c1 )/(d1 + d2 ) is a constant independent of
u1 as long as the sum u1 + u2 = a is a constant. Therefore value of this ratio is obtained by
putting u1 = 0 and u2 = a and we have

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 Elliptic Functions: Addition Formulas | Paramanand's Math Notes

s1 c2 + s2 c1 sn(a, k) sn(u1 + u2 , k)
= =
d1 + d2 1 + dn(a, k) 1 + dn(u1 + u2 , k)

Again we can see that

s1 c2 − s2 c1 1 d1 + d2
=− 2 ⋅ = a constant independent of u1
d1 − d2 k s1 c2 + s2 c1
sn(a, k)
= by putting u1 = a, u2 = 0
dn(a, k) − 1
sn(u1 + u2 , k)
=
dn(u1 + u2 , k) − 1

We therefore have the following results:

dn(u1 + u2 , k) + 1 d1 + d2
= (A)
sn(u1 + u2 , k) s1 c2 + s2 c1
dn(u1 + u2 , k) − 1 d1 − d2
= (B)
sn(u1 + u2 , k) s1 c2 − s2 c1

Subtracting the above equations we get

2 d1 + d2 d1 − d2 2(s1 c2 d2 − s2 c1 d1 )
= − =
sn(u1 + u2 , k) s1 c2 + s2 c1 s1 c2 − s2 c1 s21 c22 − s22 c21

and therefore

s21 − s22
sn(u1 + u2 , k) =
s1 c2 d2 − s2 c1 d1

Adding the equations (A) and (B) we get

d1 + d2 d1 − d2 2(s1 c2 d1 − s2 c1 d2 )
2ds(u1 + u2 , k) = + =
s1 c2 + s2 c1 s1 c2 − s2 c1 s21 − s22

and therefore

s1 c2 d1 − s2 c1 d2
dn(u1 + u2 , k) =
s1 c2 d2 − s2 c1 d1

In similar fashion one can obtain the following formulas:

cn(u1 + u2 , k) + 1 c1 + c2
=
sn(u1 + u2 , k) s1 d2 + s2 d1
cn(u1 + u2 , k) − 1 c1 − c2
=
sn(u1 + u2 , k) s1 d2 − s2 d1

Adding the above equations we get

2(s1 c1 d2 − s2 c2 d1 )
2cs(u1 + u2 , k) =
s21 − s22

and finally we have

s1 c1 d2 − s2 c2 d1
cn(u1 + u2 , k) =
s1 c2 d2 − s2 c1 d1

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 Elliptic Functions: Addition Formulas | Paramanand's Math Notes

To summarize we have the following addition formulas:

s21 − s22
sn(u1 + u2 , k) = (1)
s1 c2 d2 − s2 c1 d1
s1 c1 d2 − s2 c2 d1
cn(u1 + u2 , k) = (2)
s1 c2 d2 − s2 c1 d1
s1 c2 d1 − s2 c1 d2
dn(u1 + u2 , k) = (3)
s1 c2 d2 − s2 c1 d1

The above forms are hard to remember and don't look similar to addition formulas for circular
functions. However they can be transformed by algebraic manipulations into a form which is
similar to those of circular functions. This we will do in the next post. For the time being we
can use these results to obtain expressions for sn(u + K, k), cn(u + K, k), dn(u + K, k).
Putting u1 = u and u2 = K we get

cn(u, k)
sn(u + K, k) = = cd(u, k) (4)
dn(u, k)
−k′ sn(u, k)
cn(u + K, k) = = −k′ sd(u, k) (5)
dn(u, k)
k′
dn(u + K, k) = = k′ nd(u, k) (6)
dn(u, k)

We can now put u1 + K in place of u1 in the addition formulas to get

c21
− s22
d12
sn(u1 + K + u2 , k) =
c1 c2 d2 k′2 s1 s2
+
d1 d12
cn(u1 + u2 , k) c21 − d12 s22
⇒ =
dn(u1 + u2 , k) c1 c2 d1 d2 + k′2 s1 s2

and

k′ c1 c2 s1 s2 d2
2
+ k′
d1 d1
dn(u1 + K + u2 , k) =
c1 c2 d2 k′2 s1 s2
+
d1 d12
′ ′ ′
k k c1 c2 + k s1 s2 d1 d2
⇒ =
dn(u1 + u2 , k) c1 c2 d1 d2 + k′2 s1 s2
c1 c2 d1 d2 + k′2 s1 s2
⇒ dn(u1 + u2 , k) =
c1 c2 + s1 s2 d1 d2
c21 − d12 s22 1 − s21 − s22 + k2 s21 s22
⇒ cn(u1 + u2 , k) = =
c1 c2 + s1 s2 d1 d2 c1 c2 + s1 s2 d1 d2

Again

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 Elliptic Functions: Addition Formulas | Paramanand's Math Notes

k′ s1 c1 d2 k′ s2 c2
− −
d12 d1
cn(u1 + K + u2 , k) =
c1 c2 d2 k′2 s1 s2
+
d1 d12
sn(u1 + u2 , k) s1 c1 d2 + s2 c2 d1
⇒ =
dn(u1 + u2 , k) c1 c2 d1 d2 + k′2 s1 s2

Thus we can now write the addition formulas in a different form:

s1 c1 d2 + s2 c2 d1
sn(u1 + u2 , k) = (7)
c1 c2 + s1 s2 d1 d2
1 − s21 − s22 + k2 s21 s22
cn(u1 + u2 , k) = (8)
c1 c2 + s1 s2 d1 d2
c1 c2 d1 d2 + k′2 s1 s2
dn(u1 + u2 , k) = (9)
c1 c2 + s1 s2 d1 d2

We have so far developed the addition formulas in two different forms and we note that in
each of the forms the formulas have a common denominator. Using them we have also
obtained the expressions for sn(u + K, k) etc.

By Paramanand Singh Labels: Elliptic Functions , Mathematical Analysis

Friday, January 7, 2011

Paramanand's Math Notes

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