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<div><span style="color: #888888;">how do we know that an element has a vacant d-orbital??</span>

</div>
Asked by Sunil Soni | 13 Aug, 2015, 01:49: PM

Expert Answer

Covalency of an element for example hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine is the total number of
unpaired electrons in s or p orbitals.
Hydrogen for example (H®1s1) has only one unpaired electron and shows a covalency of one.
N atom (N→2s22px12py12pz1) has three unpaired electrons and shows a covalency of three.

O atom (O→2s22px22py12pz1) has two unpaired electrons and shows a covalency of two.

F atom (F→2s22px22py22pz1) has one unpaired electrons and shows a covalency of one.
If you observe these elements given above have only s and p orbitals in their valence shells and do
not contain vacant d orbitals.
However elements like P, S, and Cl contain vacant d-orbitals and show different values of covalency in
different covalent compounds.
It is called variable covalency and is due to the presence of vacant d-orbitals in the valency shell of
these elements.
Some examples of elements showing different covalencies in compounds.
Elements Different covalencies Examples of Compounds
Halogens(Other than 1 ICl
fluorine) 3 ICl3
5 ICl5
7 ICl7
Sulphur 2 SCl2
4 SF4
6 SF6
Phosphorus 3 PCl3
5 PCl5
 
Variable covalency of phosphorus of P atom (3,5)
P in Ground state : 3s2 3px1 3py1 3pz1
 

 
Phosphorus in its excited state: 3s1 3px1 3py1 3pz13d1

Answered by Vaibhav Chavan | 14 Aug, 2015, 08:37: AM

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