SCIENCE 8

THIRD QUARTER

PROPERTIES OF MATTER

CHARACTERISTICS THAT DISTINGUISH ONE SUBSTANCE FROM ANOTHER

MATTER UNDERGOES CHANGES, IT CAN BE A PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL CHANGE.

PHYSICAL CHANGE

WHEN MATTER ONLY CHANGE THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LIKE SIZE, SHAPE, WEIGHT OR
FORM OF MATTER.

CHEMICAL CHANGE

NEW SUBSTANCE OR THERE ARE CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION IN A SUBSTANCE.

EXTENSIVE DEPEND ON THE AMOUNT.

 VOLUME
 LENGTH
 MASS

INTENSIVE DO NOT DEPEND ON THE AMOUNT.

 DENSITY
 COLOR
 BRITTLENESS
 MELTING POINT
 BOILING POINT
 FREEZING POINT

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

 FLAMMABILITY
 REACTION WITH ACID
 COMBUSTIBILITY

ENDOTHERMIC

IF HEAT IS ADDED TO A SUBSTANCE, SUCH AS IN MELTING, VAPORIZATION, AND

SUBLIMATION. THE INCREASING HEAT THE SPEED OF THE MOLECULES CAUSING THEM MOVE

EXAMPLES: SOLID TO LIQUID ( MELTING )

LIQUID TO GAS ( EVAPORATION/VAPORIZATION )

SOLID TO GAS ( SUBLIMATION )

EXOTHERMIC

IF HEAT IS REMOVED FROM A SUBSTANCE, SUCH AS IN FREEZING AND CONDENSATION. THE

HEAT IS DECREASING THE SPEED OF THE MOLECULES CAUSING THEM MOVE SLOWER.

LIQUID TO SOLID ( FREEZING )

GAS TO LIQUID ( CONDENSATION )

PHASE CHANGES:

BETWEEN STATES OF MATTER

A PHASE CHANGE IS A PHYSICAL PROCESS IN WHICH A SUBSTANCE GOES FROM ONE PHASE
TO ANOTHER USUALLY THE CHANGE OCCURS WHEN ADDING OR REMOVING HEAT AT A
PARTICULAR TEMPERATURE, KNOWN AS THE MELTING POINT OR BOILING POINT OF THE
SUBSTANCE.

1. MELTING

THE TRANSITION FROM SOLID TO THE LIQUID PHASE

MELTING POINTS OF SOME SUBSTANCE

SUBSTANCE MELTING POINT

ARGON ( Ar ) -190 °
IRON ( Fe ) 1535°
ETHANOL ( C2H5OH ) -117.3°
MERCURY ( Hg ) -39°
SODIUM CHLORIDE ( NaCl ) 800°
ICE ( H2O ) 0°

2. FREEZING

THE TRANSITION FROM LIQUID TO SOLID PHASE

3. EVAPORATING

THE TRANSITION FROM LIQUID TO GAS PHASE

VOLATILE LIQUIDS

LIQUIDS THAT EVAPORATE EASILY AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.

EXAMPLE:

 ACETONE
 PERFUME
 GASOLINE
BOILING POINT OF SOME SUBTANCES

SUBSTANCE BOILING POINT

ARGON -186
IRON 2750
ETHANOL 78
MERCURY 356.73
SODIUM CHLORIDE 1413
ICE 100

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EVAPORATION AND BOILING POINT

EVAPORATION SUBSTANCE MELTING POINT(°C)

OCCURS AT ANY TEMPERATURE OCCURS ONLY AT BOILING
OCCURS ONLY ON THE SURFACE OF THE OCCURS IN THE ENTIRE LIQUID
LIQUID
OCCURS SLOWLY OCCURS RAPIDLY

4. CONDENSATION/CONDENSING OR LIQUEFACTION

THE TRANSITION FROM GAS TO LIQUID PHASE.

5. SUBLIMATION

THE TRANSITION FROM SOLID TO GAS PHASE.

6. DEPOSITION OR DESUBLIMATION

THE TRANSITION FROM GAS TO SOLID PHASE.

ATOM

THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER

MATTER

ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE (VOLUME)

EX:

 A BRICK HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE

 A DESK HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE
 A PENCIL HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE
 AIR HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE

ATOMS

SMALLEST POSSIBLE UNIT INTO WHICH MATTER CAN BE DIVIDED, WHILE STILL MAINTAINING
ITS PROPERTIES.

ATOM IS MADE UP OF PROTON, NEUTRON, ELECTRON

THE SOLAR SYSTEM IS COMMONLY USED AS AN ANALOGY TO DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF

AN ATOM.
ATOMS ARE SO SMALL THAT…

 IT WOULD TAKE A STACK OF ABOUT 50000 ALUMINUM ATOMS TO EQUAL THE

THICKNESS OF A SHEET OF ALUMINUM FOIL FROM YOUR KITCHEN.
 A HUMAN HAIR IS ABOUT 1 MILLION CARBON ATOMS WIDE.
 A TYPICALLY HUMAN CELL CONTAIN ROUGHLY 1 TRILLION ATOMS
 A SPECK OF DUST MIGHT CONTAIN 3X10(12) (3 TRILLION) ATOMS.
 IT WOULD TAKE YOU AROUND 500 YEARS TO COUNT THE NUMBER OF AN ATOM IN A
GRAIN OF SALT.

PROTON (±/P±)

 POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES

 HELP MAKE UP THE NUCLEUS OF THE ATOM
 HELP IDENTIFY THE ATOM
 EQUAL TO THE ATOMIC NUMBER OF THE ATOM
 CONTRIBUTE TO THE ATOMIC MASS
 EQUAL TO THE NUMBER OF ELECTRON

TO FIND THE NUMBER OF ATOMS, LOOK AT THE ATOMIC NUMBER OF A SPECIFIC

SUBSTANCE/ELEMENT.

 ATOMIC NUMBER – PROTON

NEUTRON (0/n°)

 NEUTRAL PARTICLES
 HAVE NO ELECTRIC CHARGE
 HELP MAKE UP THE NUCLEUS OF THE ATOM
 CONTRIBUTE TO THE ATOMIC MASS.

TO FIND THE NUMBER OF NEUTRON, ATOMIC MASS – PROTON IS EQUAL TO NUMBER OF

NEUTRONS.

 NEUTRON- (ATOMIC MASS – PROTON)

ELECTRON (-/e¯)

 NEGATIVELY CHARGE
 FOUND OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS OF THE ATOM, IN THE ELECTRON ORBITS/LEVELS,
EACH ORBIT CAN HOLD A MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ELECTRONS (1ST-2, 2ND-8, 3RD-8 OR
18, ETC)
 MOVE SO RAPIDLY AROUND THE NUCLEUS THAT THEY CREATE AN ELECTRIC CLOUD
 MASS IS INSIGNIFICANT WHEN COMPARED TO PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
 EQUAL TO THE NUMBER OF PROTONS
 INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF CHEMICAL BONDS.
HYDROGEN (H) ATOM

 NOTICE THE ONE ELECTRON IN THE FIRST ORBITAL.

1
PROTON – 1 ±

NEUTRON – 0

ELECTRON – 1

EVEN THOUGH THERE ARE NO NEUTRONS PRESENT; HYDROGEN IS STILL CONSIDERED AN

ATOM.

OXYGEN (o) ATOM

 NOTICE THAT 2 ELECTRONS IN THE FIRST ORBITALS AND 6 IN THE SECOND. OO

PROTON- 8

NEUTRON- 8

ELECTRON- 8

SODIUM (Na) ATOM

 NOTICE THAT 2 ELECTRONS IN THE FIRST ORBITAL, 8 IN THE SECOND AND 1 IN THIRD

PROTON- 11

NEUTRON- 12

ELECTRON- 11

DESCRIBING AN ATOM

 PROTON=ELECTRON- ATOMIC NUMBER

 PROTON + ELECTRON = ATOMIC MASS

OXYGEN

 NUMBER OR PROTONS – 8
 NUMBER OF NEUTRONS – 8
 NUMBER OF ELECTRONS – 8
 ATOMIC NUMBER – 8
 ATOMIC MASS – 15.99 OR 16

SODIUM

 NUMBER OF PROTONS – 11
 NUMBER OF NEUTRONS – 12
 NUMBER OF ELECTRONS – 11
 ATOMIC NUMBER – 11
 ATOMIC MASS – 22.99 OR 23
 THE HISTORY OF PERIODIC TABLE
THE PERIODIC TABLE

THE ANCIENT GREEKS

IN PARTICULAR EMPEDOCLES 490 – 435 BCE, HAD THE IDEA THAT THERE WERE FOUR
BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS (ELEMENTS) FROM WHICH EVERYTHING WAS MADE.

 EARTH
 FIRE
 WATER
 AIR

IDEA THAT MATTER IS COMPOSED OF ELEMENTS AND THAT DIFFERENT ELEMENTS COMBINE
TO MAKE NEW THINGS.

THE ANCIENT GREEKS

DEMOCRITUS AROUND 2500 YEARS AGO

EVENTUALLY I END UP WITH SOMETHING WHICH CANNOT BE BROKEN UP – CALLED AN

ELEMENT.

ROBERT BOYLE

17TH CENTURY

IRISH SCIENTIST, ROBERT BOYLE, LATER DEFINED WHAT AN ELEMENT WAS:

AN ELEMENT IS A SUBSTANCE THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO ANY SIMPLER

SUBSTANCE.

HUMPHREY DAVY/HUMPHRY DAVY

DAVY WAS AN ENGLISH CHEMIST WHO STARTED OUT HIS RESEARCH EXAMINING THE
MEDICINAL EFFECT OF VARIOUS GASES.

19TH CENTURY

DAVY USED ELECTRICITY TO SPLIT UP COMPOUNDS TO FORM ELEMENTS.

DAVY’S ELEMENTAL DISCOVERIES

1807

 K – POTASSIUM

1808

 Ca – Calcium
 Sr – Strontium
 Mg – Magnesium
 Ba – Barium
NAMING ELEMENTS

 AFTER A PLANET
 EUROPEAN MYTHOLOGICAL FIGURES
 AFTER IT’S COLOR
 AFTER A PHYSICAL PROPERTY
 AFTER A COUNTRY
 AFTER YOURSELF
 AFTER A SCIENTIST

THE PERIODIC TABLE

ARRANGEMENT OF THE ELEMENTS

ALL OF THE KNOWN ELEMENTS OF TODAY ARE ARRANGED ON BASED ON THEIR ATOMIC
NUMBERS. THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

SCIENTIST INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

1. ALEXANDRE-EMILE BEGUYER DE CHANCOURTOIS

 1862 – FIRST TO ARRANGE ELEMENTS BASED ON THEIR ATOMIC WEIGHTS.
 HE IS A FRENCH GEOLOGIST MINERALOGIST.
 VIS TELLURIQUE/TELLURIC HELIX – THE SPIRAL GRAPH IN ARRANGING THE ELEMENTS.

2. JOHN ALEXANDER REINA NEWLANDS

FORMULATED THE “LAW OF OCTAVES”

HE IS AN ENGLISH CHEMIST WHO DISCOVERED THE ATOMIC NUMBER BASED ON THE ATOMIC
WEIGHT.

LAW OF OCTAVES

HE ARRANGED THE ELEMENTS IN ORDER OF INCREASING ATOMIC WEIGHT.

H Li Be B C N O
F Na Mg Al Si P S

EVERY 8TH KNOWN ELEMENT HAD SIMILAR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ELEMENTS.

NEWLANDS – 1864

NEWLANDS ARRANGED ALL OF THE KNOWN ELEMENTS IN ORDER OF INCREASING ATOMIC

WEIGHT AND HE NOTICED THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS
REPEATED WITH EVERY 8TH ELEMENT.

NEWLANDS OCTAVES

THE PROBLEM IS THAT AFTER CALCIUM THE PATTERN STARTS TO BREAK DOWN.

ALTHOUGH NEWLAND HAD THE RIGHT IDEA, SOME OF THE ELEMENTS HADN’T BEEN
DISCOVERED YET AND..
H Li Be B C N O
F Na Mg Al Si P S
Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe

3. DMITRY IVANOVICH MENDELEYVE/DMITRI MENDELEEV

HE IS A RUSSIAN CHEMIST.

101 (MENDELEVIUM) ELEMENT WAS NAME AFTER HIM.

1863 – HE DREW UP THE FIRST PERIODIC TABLE OF KNOWN ELEMENTS OF HIS TIME BY
ARRANGING THE ELEMENTS IN ORDER OF INCREASING ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

FIRST WHO FORMULATED THE PERIODIC LAW.

HE NOTICED REPEATING PATTERNS WHICH LEAD HIM TO MAKE VERY ACCURATE

PREDICTIONS ABOUT UNDISCOVERED ELEMENTS.

THE DIFFERENCE IN MENDELEEV’S TABLE AND THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE.

 MENDELEEV’S TABLE WAS ARRANGED IN ORDER OF INCREASING ATOMIC MASS.

MODERN TABLE IS ARRANGED IN ORDER OF INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER.
 IN MENDELEEV’S TABLE THE NOBLE GASES ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE MODERN
TABLE THEY ARE.
 THERE ARE GAPS IN MENDELEEV’S TABLE BUT THERE ARE NONE IN THE PERIODIC
TABLE AS THEY HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED.

4. JULIUS LOTHAR MEYER

COMPLIED A PERIODIC TABLE OF 56 ELEMENTS BASED ON A REGULAR REPEATING PATTERN

OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SUCH AS MOLAR VOLUME.

HE ARRANGE THE ELEMENTS IN INCREASING ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

HE IS AWARDED OF THE DAVY MEDAL WORK ALONG WITH MENDELEEV.

5. WILLIAM RAMSAY

SCOTTISH CHEMIST WHO DISCOVERED THE NOBLE GASES AND RECEIVED A NOBLE PRIZE IN
CHEMISTRY 1904.

DURING 1894-98 HE DISCOVERED ARGON, HELIUM, NEON, KRYPTON AND XENON.

6. HENRY GWYN JEFFREY MOSELEY

ENGLISH PHYSICIST THAT SUGGESTED THAT IF THE ELEMENTS WERE ARRANGED BASED ON
ITS ATOMIC NUMBER RATHER THAT ATOMIC WEIGHT, IT WILL BE BETTER FIT WITHIN THE
PERIODIC TABLE.

1913- HENRY MOSELEY DISCOVERED THAT THE POSITIVE CHARGE IN THE NUCLEUS, IF AN
ATOM OF ANY ELEMENT IS OF DEFINITE ELEMENTS.
THESE UNITS OF POSITIVE CHARGE, BECAME KNOWN AS PROTONS. THE PERIODIC TABLE IS
NOW ARRANGED IN ORDER OF INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER.

7. GLENN THEODORE SEABORG

AMERICAN CHEMIST THAT RECEIVED A NOBLE PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY IN 1951.

CO-DISCOVER OF TEN ELEMENT

 PLUTONIUM
 AMERICIUM
 CURIUM
 BERKELIUM
 CALIFORNIUM
 EINSTEINIUM
 MENDELEVIUM
 NOBELIUM

AND THESE ELEMENTS A PART OF THE ACTINIDE BLOCK 106 ELEMENT (SEABORGIUM) WAS
NAMED AFTER HIM WHEN HE WAS STILL ALIVE.