SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY

-LAB SAFETY.
- RULES. PROTECTION. CLEAN UP.
-WHMIS – WORKPLACE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INFORMATION SYSTEM
- SYMBOLS

BIOHAZARD CORROSIVE FLAMMABLE COMPRESSED

GAS

OXIDIZING POISONOUS DANGEROUSLY TOXIC

MATERIAL (IMMEDIATE) REACTIVE (LONGTERM)
 SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY
-PROPERTIES OF MATTER.
- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
- BOILING POINT, MELTING, COLOUR, STATE,
SOLUBILITY, CONDUCTIVE, MAGNETIC,
DUCTILITY
- CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
- FLAMMABLE, REACTION WITH WATER, ACIDS,
HEAT
-SEPARATION METHODS:
- PHYSICAL – FILTER, DECANT, DISTILLATION,
MAGNET, PICKING
- CHEMICAL – ELECTROLYSIS, REACTIONS
 SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY
MATTER

PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES

ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS

SOLUTIONS

MECHANICAL SUSPENSION COLOIDS

MIXTURE
 SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY
-EVIDENCE OF CHEMICAL REACTION.
- PRECIPITATE, GAS FORMED, COLOUR CHANGE,
CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE

- DEAD GUYS:

BOHR DALTON RUTHERFORD JJ THOMSON

NOW THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL

 SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY
-PERIODIC TABLE.
- ARRANGEMENT, GROUPS/FAMILIES (VERTICAL),
PERIODS (HORIZONTAL. NONMETALS

METALS
 SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY
-PERIODIC TABLE.
- ARRANGEMENT, GROUPS/FAMILIES (VERTICAL),
PERIODS (HORIZONTAL.

HALOGENS
ALKALINE NOBLE
TRANSITION METALS GASES
METALS
 SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY
-ATOMIC THEORY.
- NUCLEUS:
- PROTONS: +1 CHARGE; 1amu (1 g/mol) = MASS;
NUMBER OF PROTONS = ATOMIC NUMBER
- NEUTRON: 0 CHARGE; 1amu (1g/mol) = MASS;
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS = ATOMIC MASS – PROTONS
(CAN BE DIFFERENT IN ISOTOPES OF ELEMENT)
- OUTSIDE NUCLEUS IN “SHELLS” (ENERGY LEVELS):
- ELECTRONS: -1 CHARGE; 0amu = MASS (NEGLIGIBLE);
NUMBER OF ELECTRONS = PROTONS (0 CHARGE)
(CAN GAIN OR LOSE IN IONS)
 SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY
-ISOTOPES.
- HAVE MORE OR FEWER NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS
THAN NORMAL (CHANGE IN ATOMIC MASS).
-IONS.
- METALS LOSE ELECTRONS TO MAKE CATIONS
(POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS).
- NON-METALS GAIN ELECTRONS TO MAKE ANIONS
(NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONS).
- THEY DO THIS TO FILL THEIR OUTERMOST
(VALENCE) SHELL OF ELECTRONS TO BECOME
MORE LIKE NOBLE GASES.
- THE 1ST SHELL FITS 2 ELECTRONS; 2ND SHELL = 8 e-;
3RD SHELL = 8 e-… etc.
 SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY
-COMPOUNDS.
- IONIC:
- CATIONS (METALS, AMMONIUM, OR HYDROGEN)
TRANSFER ELECTRONS TO ANIONS (NON-METALS OR
COMPLEX IONS) TO FORM IONIC BONDS.
- PROPERTIES: SOLIDS; DISSOCIATE IN SOLUTION;
CONDUCT ELECTRICITY IN SOLUTION
- MOLECULAR:
- NON-METALS SHARE ELECTRONS WITH ONE
ANOTHER TO FORM COVALENT BONDS.
- PROPERTIES: S, L, OR G; MAY DISSOLVE; DO NOT
CONDUCT ELECTRICITY.
 NAMING RULES
? 4
Is there a metal, NH +
, OR H +
?
H+ =
YES = IONIC ACID NO = MOLECULAR

Need Name: Need Formula: Need Name: Need Formula:

- name positive - positive 1st; - 2nd element - prefixes tell
1st; negative 2nd negative 2nd ends in -ide you how many
of each atom.
- name what you - balance charges - prefixes tell
-Write number
see (use chart) to know how how many of
as subscript.
many of each each atom is
- transition metal present
element
has roman
-Write number as
numeral = charge
subscript
 ACID/BASE

-PROPERTIES OF ACIDS:
- IONIC SO CONDUCT ELECTRICITY;
- SOUR, pH < 7, BLUE LITMUS TURNS RED
-BASES:
- USE IONIC NAME; OFTEN HAVE OH- (HYDROXIDE) AS
NEGATIVE ION.
- BITTER, SLIPPERY, pH > 7, RED LITMUS TURNS BLUE
SOLUBILITY OF IONIC CMPDS.
 MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
-PREFIXES MUST BE MEMORIZED:
1 mono
- MOLECULAR ELEMENTS MUST BE
2 di MEMORIZED:
3 tri H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, O3, P4, S8
4 tetra
- COMMON COMPOUNDS MUST BE
5 penta MEMORIZED:
6 hexa H2O, H2O2, NH3, C12H22O11, C6H12O6,
7 hepta CH4, C3H8, CH3OH, C2H5OH
8 octa
WATER, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE,
9 nona AMMONIA, SUCROSE, GLUCOSE,
10 deca METHANE, PROPANE, METHANOL,
ETHANOL
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS SAYS
MATTER CAN NOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED. THE
ATOMS THAT GO INTO A CHEMICAL REACTION MUST
COME OUT IN THE SAME QUANTITY (ALTHOUGH MAY
APPEAR IN NEW COMPOUNDS WITH OTHER ATOMS).
-CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
REACTANTS ==========> PRODUCTS
 BALANCING EQUATIONS
1. ALL INDIVIDUAL FORMULAS ARE WRITTEN
CORRECTLY (IONIC, MOLECULAR)
2. WRITE DOWN ALL ELEMENTS ON REACTANTS SIDE;
WRITE SAME ELEMENTS ON PRODUCTS SIDE.
3. COUNT HOW MANY OF EACH ATOM ON EACH SIDE.
4. BALANCE REACTANTS WITH PRODUCTS USING
COEFFICIENTS IN FRONT OF ATOMS (OR COMPOUNDS)
THAT ARE UNBALANCED. **HINT** START WITH
ELEMENTS APPEARING ONLY ONCE ON EACH SIDE.
5. GO BACK TO STEP 3 UNTIL EVERYTHING BALANCES.
6. CHECK!!!
 TYPES OF REACTIONS
1) FORMATION (SYNTHESIS)(COMPOSITION)

A + B  AB
2) DECOMPOSITION

AB  A + B
3) SINGLE REPLACEMENT
A + BC  AC + B
OR
A + BC  C + BA
4) DOUBLE REPLACEMENT
AB + CD  AD + CB
5) HYDROCARBON COMBUSTION
CXHY + O2  CO2 + H2O