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Objective
Waste Identification
What is this stuff?
Basic Hazmat Chemistry overview
Recognition of Hazards and Potentials
Proper Identification and Segregation
Avoidance of Incompatible Situations
Recognition clues to waste identification
Simple chemical testings

Periodic Table

Chemical Symbols Atom Nucleus

Oxygen O
Hydrogen H
Carbon C relative relative
Sodium Na mass charge
Chlorine Cl proton 1 +1
neutron 1 0
electron 1/1836 -1

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LS1

Atomic Number Chemical Bonding - Ionic Bonds

Atomic number = number of protons
Atomic mass = protons + neutrons Formed by taking of electrons
– creating anions (-) and cations (+)

Protons = 9
Neutrons = 19 - 9 = 10

Chemical Bonding - Covalent Bonds Major Chemical Families

Formed by sharing of electrons

– E.g. methane, ammonia, oxygen gas, water

Naming Organic Chemicals Hydrocarbons

Name tells you the structure Aliphatics
– methane, propane, hexane
Prefix
– Meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-, hep-, Aromatics
oct- – benzene, xylene, toluene

Suffix Halogenated Hydrocarbons

– -ane, single bond, saturated – CFC’s, PCB’s
– -ene, double bonds Oxygenated Hydrocarbons
– -yne, triple bonds – alcohols, aldehydes, ketones.
ethers
H HHHHH H H H
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H H-C=C-C-H
H HHHHH

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LS1 Removed second periodic table after

Sweetser, 3/29/2009
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Flash Point
Functional Groups
Functional Groups Class of
Molecules
Formula Example
Is the minimum temperature at which a
substance gives off vapor sufficient to form
Hydroxyl
OH
Alcohols R–OH an ignitable mixture with air
Ethanol
Lower the flash point, higher the
O
Carbonyl
Aldehydes R—C flammability
CHO
H Acetaldehyde

O
CO Ketones
R-C-R
Acetone
CH3–O–CH3
ROR Ether R-O-R
Dimethyl ether

Explosive Range Waste Identification

Determining the classification of a
Too lean Burns Too rich to burn hazardous waste to allow for safe storage
and packaging.
Required Waste Analysis Plan, Title 22
– §66262.11 Hazardous Waste Determination.
Too lean Burns Too rich – §67450.25(A) (2) (A) PHHWCF Requirements

Waste Identification Steps Sample container label

Symbols
Read product label
– Signal words
View container type
Ask customer
Testing

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GHS pictograms DOT Hazard Classes

Explosives Class 1
Gases, Class 2
Flammable, Class 3
Flammable, Class 4
Oxidizers, Class 5
Poisonous, Class 6
Radioactive, Class 7
Corrosives, Class 8
Other, Class 9

Symbols – GHS vs DOT Hazardous Waste Classes

Carcinogens
Explosives
Self‐reactive 1.4
EXPLOSIVE
S
Respiratory sensitizers
Reproductive toxicants Corrosive
Organic peroxides 1 Target organ toxicants

Flammables
Germ cell mutagens Toxic
Self‐reactives
Pyrophorics Acute Toxicity POISON TOXIC GAS
Flammable
Self‐heating
– Oxidizers
6 2

Emits flammable gas in 
contact with water Acute Toxicity
Organic peroxide Skin Irritants IRRITANT
Reactives
Eye Irritants
Other
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Skin Sensitizers
Oxidizer
Eye corrosion
Skin corrosion CORROSIVE

Corrosive to metal 8

Contents under 
pressure Aquatic Toxicity
TOXIC GAS OXYGEN Environmental hazard
2 2

Common Hazardous Wastes HW - Corrosive

Flammable Poison/Toxic (1) liquid with a pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than
or equal to 12.5
– Propane – Pesticide
(2) it is a liquid and corrodes steel
– Gasoline – Weed killer
(3) solid that, when mixed with an equivalent weight of
– Solvents – Metals water, produces a solution having a pH less than or
equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5
(4) solid, when mixed with an equivalent weight of water,
Corrosive Reactive produces a liquid that corrodes steel
– Car batteries (acid) – Ammunition
– Muriatic acid – Flares
– Alkaline batteries – Hydrogen Cyanide
CCR, Title 22 § 66261.22
– Drain cleaner

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Identifying Acids
Have pH less than 7
– Hazardous waste is ≤ 2
– Practical < 4
Turns pH paper red
Taste tart
React with metal to form hydrogen gas
Often have “acid” in the name
Often have a chemical formula that begins with
“H”

Acid Containers Caps

Nitric Acid-------------Red

Acetic Acid------------Brown

Hydrochloric Acid------Blue

Phosphoric Acid--------White

Sulfuric Acid-------------Yellow

Acids Identifying Bases

Car batteries Hydrochloric Acid Have a pH greater than 7
Muriatic acid Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrochloric acid – Hazardous waste is ≥12.5
Metal Cleaners
Flux Muriatic Acid – Practical > 10
Metal cleaner Navel Jelly Turn pH paper blue
Rust removers
Phosphoric Acid Taste bitter
Boric Acid
Pool Acid
Car Battery Acid
Sheep Dip Have a slippery, soapy feel
Copper Cleaners
Etching Solutions Sodium Bisulfate May have “hydroxide”, or “alkali”, or “caustic” in
Ferric Chloride Sulfuric Acid the name
Drain cleaners can be Toilet Bowl Cleaners *
either acid or base
Often has “OH” in the chemical formula
* Check Ingredients for proper classification

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Base/Alkaline/Caustic
Alkaline batteries Caustic Soda
Bleach Cesspool Cleaners *
Sodium hydroxide Household cleaners
(Lye)
*
Drain cleaners can be
either acid or base * Lime
Ammonia and Oven Cleaners *
Ammonia Based Window Cleaners
Cleaners
Battery Terminal
Cleaner
* Check Ingredients for proper classification

Neutral HW - Flammable/Ignitability
Examples (1) it is a liquid, other than an aqueous solution containing less than 24
percent alcohol by volume, and has a flash point less than 60 ºC
– Flammable (140 ºF),
Gasoline
Solvents (2) solid capable of causing fire through friction, absorption of moisture
Pesticides or spontaneous chemical changes and, when ignited, burns so
vigorously and persistently that it creates a hazard;
– Poison
Pesticides
(3) it is an ignitable compressed gas
Oil
– Non flammable
(4) it is an oxidizer
Latex paint

CCR, Title 22 §66261.21

Neutral/Flammable HW - Toxic
Acute Oral Toxicity Criterion - LD50 <5,000 mg/kg body
Acetone Glues * Power Steering Fluid
weight
Adhesives * Grease Roofing Cement
Aerosol Acute Dermal Toxicity - - LD50 <4,300 mg/kg body weight
Household Waxes Roofing tar
Alcohols
Sealers
Acute Inhalation Toxicity - - LD50 <10,000 g/kg in air
Artificial Snow Isopropyl Alcohol
Silicone Sprays
Acute Fish Toxicity - 96 hour <500 mg/l of water
Automotive Oils Kerosene
Automotive Waxes Lacquer Thinner Spot Remover/Dry Carcinogenicity - > 10 ppm
Bar-B-Que Lighter Lacquer Paint Cleaning Fluids Specific Compounds greater than limit
Fluid Thinner
(unsolidified)
Benzene
Linseed Oil Tire Black
Brake Fluid
Diesel Fuel Liquid Waxes * Toluene
Enamel/Oil Base Liquid Butane Turpentine
Paint Windshield Wiper
Methanol CCR, Title 22 § 66261.24
Ether Fluid
Ethylene Glycol Paint Thinners
Paint Strippers * White Gas
Fingernail Polish and
Remover Petroleum Distillates Wood Filler/Putty
Floor/Furniture Polish Wood Stain
Plastic
* Check Cementfor proper classification
Ingredients
Gasoline Xylene

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Neutral/Flammable - Poisons Oxidizers

Disinfectants *
Ant and Roach Killer
Dog Repellent
Moth Crystals
Compounds which are capable of reacting
Ethylene Glycol
Anti-Freeze
Fertilizers
Pentachlorophenol with and oxidizing (giving off oxygen) other
Arsenic Compounds Pesticides
Automotive Cleaners
Flea Spray/Powder
Fungicides *
Pharmaceuticals materials
Bacterial Pipe Cleaners Plant Food
Bordeaux Mix
Gopher Killer
Insect Sprays
Pruning Paint Usually contain O2
Boric Acid Pyrethrins
Lead Compounds
Bug Remover
Lice Powder
Rat Poison May cause or enhance the combustion of
Chlordane Rose Dust
Chrome-Silver Polishes *
Lindane
Malathion
Sheep Dip other materials
Chromium Snail/Slug Killer
Copper Sulfate
Mercury
Methylene Chloride
Strychnine Copper Wire test
DDT Tar Remover
Mole Killer
Diazinon Weed and Grass Killer
Dimethylamine Salts Windshield Wiper Fluid*

* Check Ingredients for proper classification

Oxidizer
All pH ranges
Bases/ Alkaline
– Bleach
– Pool chlorine
Neutral
– Hydrogen peroxide
Acid
– Nitric, concentrated
– Sulfuric, concentrated

Common Signal Words for

HW - Reactive
Oxidizers
(1) it is normally unstable and readily undergoes violent change without
detonating;
Oxidizer Identification (2) it reacts violently with water;
Store away from other materials (3) it forms potentially explosive mixtures with water;
(4) when mixed with water, it generates toxic gases, vapors or fumes in a
Oxidizer Key Examples quantity sufficient to present a danger to human health or the environment;
Word (5) it is a cyanide or sulfide bearing waste which, when exposed to pH
conditions between 2 and 12.5, can generate toxic gases, vapors or fumes
Prefix or Suffix in a quantity sufficient to present a danger to human health or the
environment;
-ate Ammonium nitrate (6) it is capable of detonation or explosive reaction if it is subjected to a strong
Potassium permanganate initiating source or if heated under confinement;
(7) it is readily capable of detonation or explosive decomposition or reaction at
-ite Calcium hypochlorite standard temperature and pressure;
-peroxide Methyl ethyl ketone (8) it is a forbidden explosive, Class A explosive, or Class B explosive

-peroxy peroxide CCR, Title 22 § 66261.23

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Other Chemical Characteristics Explosive HHW Examples

Pyrophoric
– Materials that ignite
spontaneously in air
Water Reactive
– Materials that react
violently with water
Explosives
Radioactive

“Empty” means: Radiation is Energy

Container must be 5 gallons or less in size
No hazardous material can be poured or drained … when the
container or inner liner is held in any orientation (e.g., tilted,
inverted, etc.)
No hazardous material remains in or on the container that can
feasibly be removed by physical methods (A thin uniform layer
or dried material or powder is considered acceptable)
Emptied household hazardous material and pesticide
container, of five gallon or less in capacity
(Not including used oil filters and PCB containers)
A compressed gas cylinder is exempt from regulation … when
the pressure in the container approaches atmospheric
pressure.
Aerosol containers are exempt from regulation … if the
aerosol container was emptied of the contents and propellant The energy is given off by unstable
to the maximum extent practical under normal use (radioactive) atoms and some machines.
CCR Title 22, §66261.7. Contaminated Containers.

Radioactives Pool Chemicals

Natural and manmade sources Caution – Can be many hazard classes

Some smoke alarms, mantles, Many incompatibles
medicine Types
Photo = Fiesta ware plate, – Disinfecting agent (Many are Oxidizers)
Chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite
radioactive rocks, heliarc
– Stabilizing agents
welding rods, and KCl salt e
Cyanuric acid
substitute e
e
e
P N
P
N PN P N
P – pH Adjustment
Decommissioned wastes
N N
e N PP e P
PN
e Alpha Particle Acids - muriatic acid or sodium bisulfate
SWRCB Landfill Study - Tritium gamma e B
Beta Particle
Bases - sodium carbonate (soda ash) or sodium bicarbonate

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Not All Pools Chems are Equal Cyanide – Like Groups

Active ingredient = 99% cyanuric acid Nitrile (Cyanide)
pH: 3.8-4.0
Cyanate

Isocyanate

Thiocyanate

DOT Label DOT Label

The various Department of Transportation (DOT) Labels Each label has four means of
for hazardous materials shipments look like this:
determining the hazard classification
– Picture
– Color of label
– Name
– Hazard class number

NFPA Hazard Rating - Fire Hazardous Materials

Diamond Information System (HMIS)
Flammability

Product Name Hazard Index

0 = Minimal Hazard
HEALTH
Reactivity 1 = Slight
Health HEALTH
FLAMMABILITY 2 = Moderate
3 = Serious
REACTIVITY
4 = Severe
Special Hazard
PROTECTIVE
Personal Protection Index
Numerical Rating 0 to 4 (most hazardous) EQUIPMENT
Chronic Health Hazards A thru K, Standard
Special Hazards: OXY, W, COR Equipment
L thru Z, Custom

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Laboratory Acid and Base

Lab Chemical Label
Chemical Cap Color Chart
IF YOU Lab Chemical
SEE Bottles
THESE
BOTTLES
LOOK
FOR THE
CAP
COLOR

Store Store

Separate Separate
Red Black Blue Brown Green
Yellow
Nitric Hydrochloric Glacial acetic Ammonia
Sulfuric Perchloric
acid acid acid (BASE)
acid acid
VERIFY IF OXIDIZER SEPARATE KEEP ACIDS AWAY
WEAK AND STRONG ACIDS

How to Read a Label Signal Words

Ingredients Signal words (warnings listed on the
Warnings container label) can assist with
identification of a chemical and provide
Usage important clues for compatible storage of
Cleanup that container.
Common signal words include:
– “Flammable”
– “Keep away from flames”
– “Causes burns”

Signal Words Paint

Caution Latex Paint Oil-Based Paint
– Water – Flammable
– Mild to moderately hazardous – Acrylic – Inflammable
Warning – Alcohol – Alkyd

– Moderately hazardous
Cleanup Cleanup
Danger – Water and soap – Mineral spirits
– Turpentine
– Extremely flammable, corrosive or highly toxic
Also
Poison – Mercury fungicide
– Highly toxic – PCBs

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http://jced.jocogov.org/hazardous_materials/Household/hhw_labelreading.htm

Labels

Cleaners

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Drain Cleaner - Other

Tile Grout

Proposition 65 = Carcinogen = HW Poison

Lab Chemicals & Labels Rechargeable Batteries

RBRC Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation

http://www.rbrc.org/call2recycle/index.html

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Danger from Batteries Not what they seem

Waste Identification Methods HazCat

HAZCAT
WICT
Developed
Papers
by Robert
Iodine Crystal
Turkington
Flame & Copper Wire Test
Draeger Tube HazMat
Instruments spills
Laboratory Solid and
Basic tests – pH, Oxidizer, water solubility Liquid Chart

HAZTECH SYSTEMS, INC. Papers

3919 Bootjack Lane pH
P.O. Box 929 Oxidizer
Mariposa, CA95338 Peroxide
(800 543-5487) Nitrate-Nitrite
or 209-966-8088 Sulfite
Fax 209-966-8089
http://www.hazcat.com/main.html

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Flame test Copper Wire Flame test

Belstein test for Halogens
– chlorine, bromine, iodine or
fluorine
– Decomposition reaction
– 2Cu + O2  2CuO
– CuO +X  CuX + H2O
X = Halogen
CuX = Green Flame

Draeger Tubes Draeger Tube Color Change

Colorimetric indicator tubes, over 200
– Ammonia
– Benzene
– Methyl bromide
– Phenol

Instruments Lab testing

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General Rules
Do not mix chemicals
Basic Identification Tests Keep incompatible materials away from
each other
Segregate unknowns in a plastic tub away
from all other materials
When examining a container, be extremely
careful
Watch for danger signs

Danger signs include:

– Rotting containers
– Bulging containers
Picric acid crystals
– Missing or poor fitting lids Highly unstable!

– Old military containers

– Reactions in the container
– Crystals in or round the container
May indicate the presence of an unstable or
explosive chemical

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Hazard Classes pH Test for Corrosivity

Basic segregations
Acid Neutral/ Base Other pH Scale for Compatibility Classification
pH 0-4 Flammable pH 10-14
pH 5-9
Corrosive Flammable Corrosive Dangerous
Poison When Wet
0—4 5—9 10—14
Acid Neutral Base Explosives Acid Neutral Base/Caustic
Oxidizer Oxidizer Oxidizer Corrosive Flammable/Poison Corrosive

Nonflammable Trash
gas

Water Solubility Test Oxidizer Test

Reacts Emulsion Sinks or Floats
(milky suspension) Color change
Violent = Water Pesticide/Poison Neutral/Flammable
Reactive Liquid sinks =
Hot = Acid/Base Chlorinated
Cold = Base/Oxidizer solvent
Boils = Strong Floats = Hydrocarbon
Base/Acid
Soluble = check pH

CAUTION
A reaction with the acid indicates possible water reactive or base (e.g. Calcium carbonate)

0 Heats Up

Sulfuric Acid

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Practice Testing

Asbestos

Drug lab chemicals

Brown Vapor

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Acid

Pool Chlorine

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Military

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Lab Chemicals

How NOT to Store Chemicals

Tetrahydrofuran

Ethyl ether

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REAL pictures of dangerous

Battery
peroxide crytals

Weedone, New Improved Ice Cream Syrup?

Head Scratcher

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Health Solution No Joke!

Asbestos BLASTING CAPS

Electric Caps

Blasting caps are dangerous,

PLEASE DO NOT HANDLE!

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Asbestos

Juice Jar

Before/After Fuming Nitric Acid

3 ounces Ethyl Ether
250 ml container
15 years old

Ignited with small initiating device = Fireball 28 ft high and 22 ft wide

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