Forms of Chemical Bonds C|- E= chloride

Most bonds are somewhere in between ionic and
covalent.
There are 3 forms of bonding between atoms:?
• lonic-complete transfer of 1* or more electrons from
one atom to another (one loses the other gains)
Covalent=some valence electrons shared between
atoms
Metallic - holds atoms of a metal together. Electrons
form a common pool called sea of electrons.
CaCh = calcium chloride
Polyatomic ions
Contain more than one atom
Can be positive (only one is Ammonium
'NH4+), or negative (lots of them)
Stay together during a chemical reaction.
Form ternary (3 elements present) or quaternary
compounds (4 elements).

Common Names Ternary lonic Nomenclature

• A lot of chemicals have common names as well as Writing Formulas
the properIUPAC name. Write each ion, cation first. Don't show charges in the
Chemicals that should always be named by common final formula
name and never named by the IUPAC methoc are: Overall charge must equal zero.
* If charges cancel, just write symbols,
* H,O water, not clihydrogen monoxide * If not, use subscripts to balance charges.
* NHs ammonia, not nitrogen Use parentheses to show more than one of a particular
polyatomic ion
COMPOUNDS Use Roman numerals indicate the ion's charge when
FORMED needed (stock system)
FROM TONS
CATION ; PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS DEMOS-
ANION sass ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY-
COMPOUND In a well plate, put a table salt (NaCi) solution in one of
Na* + Ch--> the wells. Dip the two ends of an electrical conductometer
NaCi into the well- see if it lights up
A neutral compound requires Repeat the process, substituting dry salt, sugar, sugar
equal number of + and - charges. solution and then distilled water for the aqueous NaCI
solution.
Properties of ironic Compounde Rinse and dry the conductometer every time
Forming Naci from Na and Ch
• A metal atom can transfer an electron to a nonmetal. Properties (contd.)
The resulting cation and anion are attracted to each MELTING POINTS-
other by Heat about 10 gm of table salt (ionic) in a test tube for a
electrostatic forces maximum of 2-3 minutes. What happens? Repeat with
heating sugar (covalent). What happens?
Some Ionic Compounds What does this tell you about the melting points of ionic
Ca?+ + 2 F- compounds versus covalent compounds? Which bond is
--> CaF stronger?
Mg2+
+ N-3
Mg;N2
magnesium nitride
calcium fluoride
Sn4+ + 02-
SnO,
Tin (IV) oxide

Writing a Formula
Write the formula for the ionic compound that will form
between Ba?+ and CI
Splutions
1. Balance charge with + and - ions
2. Write the positive ion of metal first, and the
negative ion
Ba?+
CI
CI
3. Write the number of ions needed as subscripts
BaCl2

Writing BINARY FORMULAS

• 1.
CANCEL CHARGES TO GET A TOTAL CHARGE
OF ZERO.
1. CROSS- MULTIPLY TILL YOU GET THE LOWEST
2. COMMON MULTIPLE.
3. WHAT YOU MULTIPLIED WITH IS YOUR
SUBSCRIPT.
4. DO NOT WRITE CHARGES ON YOUR FINAL
FORMULA.METAL IS WRITTEN FIRST AND THEN
NON
METAL
SIMPLEST FORMULA IS WRITTEN

Naming Compounds
Binary lonic Compounds
1. Cation first, then anion
2. Monatomic cation = name of theelementCa?* =
calcium ion
3. Monatomic anion = root + -ide