Points to note chemistry

1. Revise electrolysis and chemical cell

Cathode Anode
Electrolysis 1. Negative cathode receives 1. Positive anode release
electrons electrons
2. Reduction occurs 2. Oxidation occurs
Chemical cell 1. Positive cathode gain 1. Negative anode release
electrons electrons
2. Reduction occurs 2. Oxidation occurs
Note: oxidising agent makes the other reactant go through oxidation which the other reactant gives
out.
Coating things, object in negative cathode, electron gain place, and metal in positive electron lose
place anode. Negative object attract positive metal ion

OIL An Ox. RIG Red Cat. ENCPA. CPCNA

2. Revise planet earth ( melting point, boiling point, structures, bondings etc )
• Giant ionic structure ( e.g. NaCl or other cation and anion combine except hydrogen ). If
soluble in water, it conducts electricity. ( refer to solubility table ) usually has high boiling
point because a lot of energy is needed to separate the strong ionic bonds
• Giant covalent structure ( e.g. Si, diamond, carbon. ) very high melting point, many atoms
joined together to form one single particle. Is not soluble, and doesn’t conduct electricity.
• Giant metallic structure ( any metals ) wide range of boiling point, conducts electricity in
both states. Group 1 and 2 metals soluble in water. Conducts electricity because there are
delocalise electrons to flow through metal atoms.
• Simple molecular structure ( CO2 H2O CH4 C2H6 ) has a very low boiling point, however
some has higher boiling point due to the heavier mass, or the presence of hydrogen bond.
Alcohol that has a small carbon chain can be soluble, as well as some of the gases like CO2
and SO2, but some like alkanes doesn’t dissolve in water.)
3. Revise limestone cycle
4. Fossil fuel ( harm and product and how to solve the problem
Suspended particles: scrubbing
NO2 and CO: catalytic converter
SO2: scrubber spraying mixture of limestone and react with SO2
5. Revise enthalpy change of compound
What is hess law:
6. Points to note in past paper question errors. ( 1. Beware of the reactant names, nitrogen is
N2, and also beware of the state symbol as steam is H2O but in gas form. 2. Memorise the
names of the apparatus. 3. Following back of steam will cause the reaction tube to crack.
7. Points to note in past paper question errors: study the procedure in dilution of standard
solution for titration.( dissolve in sufficient amount of deionised water, transfer to the 250
flask, rinse the beaker with deionised water, make up graduation mark with deionised/
distilled water.
8. Points to note in past paper errors: memorise the colour change of phenolphthalein and
methyl orange. When calculating, look for the unit if theres any in the question. (E.g.
concentration in g dm-3 instead of M )
9. Study the structure of essay questions
10. Points to note in past paper: the increase or decrease in eqm on same side is actually in the
ratio of the equation
11. Equilibrium unit needs to be studied
12. Equilibrium expression requires state symbol
13. Kc only gets affected by concentration and temperature, but not pressure
14. In enthalpy change of substances, check if it is one mole. And also in enthalpy cycle, think of
the main chain’s direction, and other small equations are based on the ratio of the first
equation
15. In enthalpy change, write the state symbol, carbon is graphite, others are in their most
stable form. And write triangle Hc ( the substance )
16. In eqm changes questions, state the colour of ions or explain more why there is that change
17. Colour changing stuff can be used as an indicator
18. Deducing a formula doesn’t need a diagram, just words to explain ( in organic chemistry
19. When trasnforming organic compound, ester transforms to be carboxylic in first part, and
the alcohol in second part by adding NaOH and H+
20. Adding O use Cr2O72-, take away O use NaBH4, take away OH and H use conc H2SO4
21. Aldehyde has hydrogen bonds between the lone pairs in O and the H in CHO
22. Dative covalent bond means one has lone pair one has no electrons, stick together with one
giving electrons, other not