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ISBN 978-0-626-330384-6
SANS
S 101660-4:2017
Edition
E 2
SOU
UTH AFRIC
A CAN N
NATIO
ONAL
L STA
ANDAR
RD
Basis of sttructurral desiign and

d actions for buildin
ngs
and
d industtrial sttructurres
Part 4: Seismic actions

a s and general requirrementts
for b
buildin
ngs
W
WARNING G
This docum
ment refereences otherr
documments normatively.
Publisheed by SABS Standards Divisiion

1 Dr Lattegan Road Grroenkloof  Private
P Bag X1191 Pretoria 00
001
Tel: +277 12 428 7911 Fax:
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4 1568
www.sab bs.co.za
 SABS S
SANS 10160-4:2017
Edition 2
Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope
Acknowledgement
The SABS Standards Division wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance derived from the
South African Institution of Civil Engineering (SAICE), the South African Institute of Steel
Construction (SAISC), the University of Pretoria and the University of Stellenbosch.
Foreword
This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS/TC 098/SC 01, Structural
and geo-technical design standards – Basis of structures design and actions (including earthquake
design), in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with
annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.
This document was approved for publication in February 2017.
This document supersedes SANS 10160-4:2011 (edition 1.1).
The SANS 10160 series consists of the following eight parts, under the general title Basis of
structural design and actions for buildings and industrial structures:
Part 1: Basis of structural design.
Part 2: Self-weight and imposed loads.
Part 3: Wind actions.
Part 4: Seismic actions and general requirements for buildings.
Part 5: Basis for geotechnical design and actions.
Part 6: Actions induced by cranes and machinery.
Part 7: Thermal actions.
Part 8: Actions during execution.
Annexes C, B and D form an integral part of this document. Annex A is for information only.
Compliance with this document cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.
© SABS
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Edition 2
Contents
Page
Acknowledgement
Foreword
1 Scope ...................................................................................................................................... 3
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................. 3
3 Definitions and symbols ........................................................................................................ 4
3.1 Definitions ..................................................................................................................... 4

3.2 Symbols ......................................................................................................................... 6
4 Application requirements ....................................................................................................... 10
5 Ground conditions and seismic action ................................................................................... 11
5.1 Ground conditions ......................................................................................................... 11

5.2 Seismic hazard zones ..................................................................................................... 12
5.3 Basic representation of the seismic action ..................................................................... 13
6 Design of buildings ................................................................................................................ 15
6.1 Multi-storey buildings in zones I and II ........................................................................ 15

6.2 Low-rise buildings in zones I and II .............................................................................. 18
7 Load effects and considerations ............................................................................................. 20
8 Structural analysis .................................................................................................................. 22
8.1 Modelling ...................................................................................................................... 22

8.2 Behaviour factor and energy dissipation ....................................................................... 22
8.3 Sustained vertical load ................................................................................................... 23
8.4 Method of analysis ........................................................................................................ 24
8.5 Equivalent static lateral force procedure ....................................................................... 26
8.6 Orthogonal effects ......................................................................................................... 28
8.7 Vertical component ....................................................................................................... 28
8.8 Overturning ................................................................................................................... 28
9 Displacement ......................................................................................................................... 28
9.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 28

9.2 Inelastic displacement ................................................................................................... 29
9.3 Storey drift limitations ................................................................................................... 29
9.4 P-delta effects ................................................................................................................ 29
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Contents (concluded)
Page
10 Structural and non-structural component load effects ........................................................... 30
10.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 30

10.2 Lateral forces on elements of structures and non-structural components ..................... 30
10.3 Ties and continuity ........................................................................................................ 31
10.4 Concrete or masonry wall anchorage ............................................................................ 31
10.5 Diaphragms ................................................................................................................... 31
10.6 Additional measures for masonry infilled frames ......................................................... 31
11 Materials ................................................................................................................................ 32
11.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 32

11.2 Reinforced concrete ...................................................................................................... 32
11.3 Reinforced and unreinforced masonry .......................................................................... 33
11.4 Structural steelwork ...................................................................................................... 33
11.5 Timber ........................................................................................................................... 33
11.6 Composite construction ................................................................................................ 33
Annex A (informative) Seismic hazard map of South Africa ................................................. 34
Annex B (normative) Specific rules for masonry buildings ................................................. 35
Annex C (normative) Detailing of reinforcement of concrete ............................................. 38
Annex D (normative) Design and detailing of steel structures ............................................. 47
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 49
2 © SABS
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Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and industrial

structures
Part 4:
Seismic actions and general requirements for buildings
1 Scope
1.1 This part of SANS 10160 provides strategies and rules for the design of buildings subject to
earthquake actions primarily to safeguard against major catastrophic structural failures and loss of
life, not to prevent damage or to maintain function.
1.2 This part of SANS 10160 defines the seismic zones for which structures are to be designed and
constructed to resist the effects of seismic ground motions.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Information on currently valid national
and international standards can be obtained from the SABS Standards Division.
ASCE 7-10, Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.
EN 1998-1, Design of structures for earthquake resistance – Part 1: General rules, seismic actions
and rules for buildings.
SANS 10100-1 (SABS 0100-1), The structural use of concrete – Part 1: Design.
SANS 10137, The installation of glazing in buildings.
SANS 10160-1, Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and industrial structures –
Part 1: Basis of structural design.
Part 2: Self-weight and imposed loads.
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Part 3: Wind actions.
Part 5: Basis for geotechnical design and actions.
Part 6: Actions induced by cranes and machinery.
Part 7: Thermal action.
Part 8: Actions during execution.
SANS 10162-1, The structural use of steel – Part 1: Limit-state design of hot-rolled steelwork.
SANS 10162-2/AZ/NZS 4600, The structural use of steel – Part 2: Cold-formed steel structures.
SANS 10162-4 (SABS 0162-4), Structural use of steel – Part 4: The design of cold-formed
stainless steel structural members.
SANS 10163-1, The structural use of timber – Part 1: Limit-states design.
SANS 10164-1 (SABS 0164-1), The structural use of masonry – Part 1: Unreinforced masonry
walling.
SANS 10164-2, The structural use of masonry – Part 2: Structural design and requirements for
reinforced and pre-stressed masonry.
3 Definitions and symbols

For the purposes of this document, the definitions and symbols given in SANS 10160-1 and the
following apply.
3.1 Definitions
3.1.1
bearing wall system
system that provides support for all or most gravity walls
NOTE Resistance to lateral loads is provided by shear walls or braced frames.
3.1.2
boundary element
region in a shear wall where confinement reinforcement is provided
3.1.3
building frame system
system with essentially a complete space frame providing support for gravity loads, with shear walls
or vertical braced frames to resist lateral seismic forces
4 © SABS
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3.1.4
column lateral link
horizontal tie reinforcement in columns
3.1.5
complex building
building that does not comply with the definition of simple masonry buildings
3.1.6
coupling beam
beam connecting two shear walls
3.1.7
cross tie
reinforcement bar that closes an open stirrup (see figure C.1)
3.1.8
design base shear force
total lateral design shear force from the analysis for the seismic design situation
3.1.9
factored compressive load
ultimate limit state compressive load for the design situation considered
3.1.10
horizontal bed joint reinforcement
light, welded steel fabric that comprises two hard drawn wires
3.1.11
horizontal diaphragm
horizontal structural element capable of transmitting horizontal loads and tying vertical elements
together, such as reinforced concrete floor slabs
3.1.12
horizontal peak ground acceleration
seismic horizontal peak ground acceleration with a 10 % probability of occurrence in 50 years
3.1.13
infill masonry
masonry wall panels or part thereof
3.1.14
internal ties
horizontal tie reinforcement in columns
3.1.15
isolated frame beam
beam not monolithic, with slabs
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3.1.16
mining-induced seismicity
seismic action caused by mining activities
3.1.17
moment resisting frame
system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for vertical loads
NOTE Horizontal forces are mainly resisted by members acting in an essentially flexural manner.
3.1.18
natural seismic activity
seismic action caused by natural events
3.1.19
normalized design response spectra
response spectra used to perform an elastic analysis based on a response spectrum reduced with
respect to the elastic spectrum to allow for ductile behaviour of structural members
NOTE This reduction is accomplished by introducing the behaviour factor, q.
3.1.20
P-delta effect
additional bending moments created in structural elements due to the eccentricities which develop
during deformation of the building under lateral load
3.1.21
seismic hook
hook on a stirrup having a bend of not less than 135° with a six bar diameter extension that engages
the longitudinal reinforcement and extends into the interior of the section
3.1.22
setbacks
dimensions by which structural members on a building envelope deviate from the plan position of
structural members on the building envelope of the floor below
3.1.23
surface bed slab
reinforced or unreinforced concrete slab on the ground
3.2 Symbols
3.2.1 Latin upper case letters
AB ground floor area of the structure or the average floor area where setbacks occur at levels,
expressed in square metres (m2)
AC total effective area of shear walls in the first storey of the building, (subject to the walls
remaining relatively unchanged over the height of the building), or the gross cross sectional
area of a frame member, expressed in square metres (m2)
Acp cross-sectional area of a coupling beam
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Ad design value of an accidental action
Ai effective cross sectional area of the shear wall, i, in the first storey of the building
Asb area of confinement reinforcement in the boundary zone
Asu minimum cross sectional area of rectangular column links
Avd total area of reinforcement in each group of diagonal bars in a diagonally reinforced
coupling beam
Cp seismic force coefficient
CT factor used to determine fundamental period of vibration
Cvx factor used to determine lateral seismic force on level, x
Ed design seismic load on an element of the structure
Ex seismic load in direction, x, resulting from the application of the seismic forces
Ey seismic load in direction, y, resulting from the application of the seismic forces
Ev vertical component of seismic action
Fin lateral shear force induced at any level, i
Fp design seismic lateral force
Fpn nominal seismic force acting on an element
Fxn lateral seismic force acting on a storey level, x
Gn nominal self-weight load
Lwi length of the shear wall, i, in the first storey, in the direction parallel to the applied forces
Lwx length of wall, x, on level, i
Ms portion of slab moment which is taken up by supports
Mtn torsional moments
NSPT standard penetration test blow-count
Ptot total gravity load at and above the storey considered in the seismic design situation
Qni imposed vertical load, i
R ratio of secondary moment to primary moments
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S soil factor
Sd(T) design spectrum for elastic analysis
T fundamental period of vibration
Tc corner period at the upper limit of the constant acceleration region of the elastic spectrum
TB, TC limits of the constant spectral acceleration branch
TD value defining the beginning of the constant displacement response range of the spectrum
Vi total storey shear force at level, i
Vn design base shear force
Vu nominal shear strength
Vxn total seismic storey shear at level, x
Wi portion of vertical load at or assigned to level, i
Wn nominal sustained vertical load (force) acting on the structure
Wpn weight of the element under consideration, plus imposed load, if applicable
Wx portion of vertical load at or assigned to level, x
3.2.2 Latin lower case letters
ag reference horizontal peak ground acceleration in type 1 ground, expressed in earth gravity
acceleration (g)
b0 width of the reinforcement in the boundary element
bw shear wall width, section width
cu un-drained shear strength of soil
d effective depth of section
de displacement from the static elastic analysis
dr design inter-storey drift, evaluated from the average lateral displacement, ds, at the top and
bottom of the storey under consideration
dri-j drift or horizontal displacement between two storeys due to seismic design load
ds maximum inelastic response displacement
ds,i lateral inelastic displacement of storey, i
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ds, i + 1 lateral inelastic displacement of storey, i + 1
fcu specified characteristic strength of concrete
fyh specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement
fyv specified yield strength of links
g earth gravity acceleration
hc dimension of column core (largest link dimension), or dimension of the boundary element,
in the direction under consideration
hef clear height of masonry wall
hi height above the base to level, i
hpl vertical extent of plastic region of shear wall
hs storey height
ht height of the building, from the foundation or from the top of a rigid basement, expressed in
metres (m)
hw height of shear wall, depth of beam
hx height above the base to level, x, or maximum horizontal spacing of legs of the confinement
reinforcement
lc extent of the boundary element
lcr length over which stirrups need to be placed at reduced spacing
ln span length of coupling beam
l0 length over which special limits apply to link spacing
lw length of the wall considered in direction of the shear force
pv volumetric ratio of spiral or circular links
q behaviour factor
ri maximum shear ratio for storey, i
rmax maximum storey shear ratio
s0 maximum spacing of links
sx vertical spacing of confinement reinforcement in the boundary element or column
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teff effective masonry wall thickness
vj; vk shear force in two adjacent columns at level, i
vs, 30 average value of propagation of S-waves in the upper 30 m of the soil profile at shear
strains of 10−5, or less
vxn nominal seismic shear force
vx shear force in wall x on level, i
xn distance of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre
yl building importance factor
3.2.3 Greek lower case letters
α angle with the horizontal of the diagonally placed bars in a coupling beam
β lower bound factor for horizontal design spectrum
γm masonry partial material resistance factor
γs steel partial material resistance factor
ψi load combination factor
ρ reliability or redundancy factor
4 Application requirements
4.1 This part of SANS 10160 shall be used in conjunction with the requirements specified in the
following standards:
a) SANS 10160-1, for the basis of structural design;
b) SANS 10160-2, for the self-weight and imposed loads;
c) SANS 10160-3, for wind actions;
d) SANS 10160-5, for the basis for geotechnical design and actions;
e) SANS 10160-6, for actions induced by cranes and machinery;
f) SANS 10160-7, for thermal actions; and
g) SANS 10160-8, for actions during execution.
10 © SABS
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4.2 This part of SANS 10160 shall also be used in conjunction with appropriate standards for the
structural design of buildings and industrial structures, such as the following materials based
structural design standards:
a) SANS 10100-1, for the structural use of concrete;
b) SANS 10137, for glazing in buildings;
c) SANS 10162-1, for the limit-states design of hot-rolled steelwork;
d) SANS 10162-2, for the limit-states design of cold-formed steelwork;
e) SANS 10162-4, for cold-formed stainless steel structural members;
f) SANS 10163-1, for the structural use of timber;
g) SANS 10164-1, for unreinforced masonry walling; and
h) SANS 10164-2, for the structural use of masonry.
5 Ground conditions and seismic action

5.1 Ground conditions
5.1.1 Appropriate investigations shall be carried out in order to identify the ground conditions
according to the types given in table 1.
5.1.2 When the site conditions are not fully known or if the site investigations do not enable any
profiles to be used, the most unfavourable of the four curves shall be used (see 5.3).
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Table 1 — Ground types
1 2 3
Parametersa
Description of stratigraphic
Ground type vs, 30 NSPT cu
profile
m/s blows/30 cm kPa
Rock or other rock-like geological
1 formation, including at most 5 m > 800 – –
of weaker material at the surface.
Deposits of very dense sand,
gravel, or very stiff clay, at least
several tens of metres in thickness, 360 to
2 > 50 > 250
characterised by a gradual increase 800
of mechanical properties with
depth.
Deep deposits of dense or medium
dense sand, gravel or stiff clay
180 to
3 with thickness from several tens of 15 to 50 70 to 250
360
metres to many hundreds of
metres.
Deposits of loose-to-medium
cohesion-less soil (with or without
4 some soft cohesive layers), or of < 180 < 15 < 70
predominantly soft-to-firm
cohesive soil.
a vs, 30 is the average value of propagation of S-waves in the upper 30 m of the soil profile at shear strains of
10-5, or less.
NSPT is the standard penetration test blow-count.
cu is the un-drained shear strength of soil, expressed in kilopascals (kPa).
5.2 Seismic hazard zones
5.2.1 Seismic hazard zones applicable to South Africa are given in figure 1. The following two
zones are identified:
a) Zone I: Natural seismic activity; and
b) Zone II: Regions of mining-induced and natural seismic activity.
5.2.2 A reference peak, ground acceleration is defined in 5.3 for buildings located in zone 1. For
design purposes this value is adjusted by a redundancy factor as shown in 7.3.
5.2.3 Buildings in zone I shall comply with clauses 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.
12 © SABS
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5.2.4 B
Buildings off importance class I, II annd III (see taable 3) in zon
ne II, shall coomply with clause
c 6
and witth the minimmum requirements for sttructural and d non-structu
ural componeents as well as with
the reqquirements for
f ties, continuity andd anchoragee, as detaileed in clausee 10. Build dings of
importaance class IV
V in zone II shall
s be treateed as buildin
ngs located in
n zone 1.
NOTE The zones arre determined d from the seissmic hazard map
m which preesents the peaak ground acceleration
with a 110 % probability of being exceeded in a 50-year periiod. It includees both naturaal and mining-induced
seismiciity. A recent seismic hazaard map (20033) obtained from
f the Council for Geosscience is inccluded in
annex A
A.
Fig
gure 1 — Seiismic hazard
d zones of South Africaa
5.3 B
Basic repreesentation of the seissmic action
n
5.3.1 T
The earthquaake motion at a given ppoint on the surface is reepresented bby an elastic ground
accelerration responnse spectrum called elastiic response sp
pectrum.
5.3.2 T
The horizonntal seismic action is deescribed by two orthogo
onal componnents consid
dered as
indepenndent and reppresented by
y the same reesponse specttrum.
5.3.3 IIn order to avvoid explicitt inelastic annalysis in dessign, the capaacity of the sstructure to dissipate
d
energy through ducctile behaviou
ur is taken innto account by
b reducing the
t elastic reesponse specctrum by
a behavviour factor, q.
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5.3.4 The normalized design response spectra, S(T)/ag, corresponding to the ground condition types
defined in table 1, are given in figure 2 for 5 % damping and for a behaviour factor of q = 1,0.
These curves are based on the following equations:
0 ≤ T ≤ TB : Sd (T) = ag × S  2  T  2,5  2  
  
(1)
 3 TB  q 3 
TB ≤ T Tc : Sd = ag × S 2,5 (2)
q
 2,5  Tc  
Tc ≤ T ≤ TD : Sd (T)   ag  S  but ≥ β × ag (3)
 q  T  

TD ≤ T : Sd (T)  ag  S
2,5 Tc  TD   but ≥ β × a
 
(4)


q  T2  
g
where
ag is the reference horizontal peak ground acceleration factor in type ground, expressed in
earth gravity acceleration (g) (ag = 0,1 for zone 1 areas);
NOTE This value is adjusted for design purposes by a redundancy factor as in equation (5).
T is the vibration period of a linear single-degree-of-freedom system, expressed in

seconds (s);
S, TB,
TC, TD refer to table 2;
TB, TC are the limits of the constant spectral acceleration branch (period in seconds (s));
TD value defining the beginning of the constant displacement range of the spectrum
(period in seconds(s));
Sd(T) is the design response spectrum for elastic analysis (non-dimensional value);
q is the behaviour factor (see 8.2.1);
β is the lower bound factor for horizontal design spectrum.

NOTE A value of β = 0,2 is recommended.
14 © SABS
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Figure 2 — Normalizeed design ressponse specttra, Sd(T)/agg

for 5 % dampin ng and q = 1,,0
Tablle 2 — Valuees of the parrameters deescribing thee design respponse spectrra
1 2 3 4 5
Grou
und Parameeters
ty
ype S TB TC TD
1 1,0 0,15 0,4 2,0
2
2 1,2 0,15 0,5 2,0
2
3 1,15 0,20 0,6 2,0
2
4 1,35 0,20 0,8 2,0
2
6 Dessign of bu
uildings
6.1 M
Multi-storeey building
gs in zoness I and II
6.1.1 G
General
Buildinngs of more than

t one storrey are consi dered under this clause.
6.1.2 B
Basic princciples of conceptual d esign
6.1.2.1 Seismic haazard shall be

b taken intoo account in n the early stages of coonceptual deesign of
buildinngs in seism
mic regions to achieve ccost effectivee structural systems whhich will sattisfy the
fundammental requireements of this part of SA
ANS 10160.
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6.1.2.2 The following are guiding principles governing conceptual design against seismic hazards:
a) structural simplicity;
b) uniformity, symmetry and redundancy;
c) multi-directional resistance and stiffness;
d) torsional resistance and stiffness;
e) diaphragm behaviour of floors;
f) adequate foundation system; and
g) non-structural infill panels.
6.1.3 Structural simplicity
Clear and direct paths for the transmission of seismic forces shall be pursued in the layout of the
building.
NOTE Structures with clear and direct paths for the transmission of seismic forces generally perform better
in earthquakes than those with complex force paths. In addition, it allows for more reliable seismic behaviour
prediction, since modelling, analysis, dimensioning, detailing and construction are subject to much less
uncertainty.
6.1.4 Uniformity, symmetry and redundancy
6.1.4.1 Uniformity in-plan shall be achieved by even distribution of structural elements which
allows short and direct transmission of inertia forces resulting from the distributed masses of the
building. Uniformity may be realised by subdividing the building into dynamically independent
units, but possible pounding of individual units shall be considered in the design of joints.
6.1.4.2 Uniformity throughout the height of the structure shall be maintained to eliminate sensitive
zones where stress concentrations or large ductility demands might cause premature collapse.
6.1.4.3 A close relationship between distribution of masses and distribution of resistance and
stiffness shall be maintained to eliminate large eccentricities between mass and stiffness.
6.1.4.4 A symmetrical or quasi-symmetrical building configuration shall be used to achieve a

symmetrical structural layout, uniformly distributed in-plan.
6.1.4.5 An even distribution of structural elements increases redundancy and allows favourable
redistribution of action effects and energy dissipation.
6.1.5 Multi-directional resistance and stiffness
6.1.5.1 Horizontal seismic motion is a multi-directional phenomenon and structures shall therefore
be designed to resist horizontal actions in any direction (see 8.6).
NOTE Compliance with this requirement is obtained for buildings in zone I by reference to 8.6, and for
buildings in zone II, by the layout requirements of clause 6.
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6.1.5.2 To satisfy the above, structural elements shall be arranged in an orthogonal configuration
in-plan to provide similar resistance and stiffness characteristics in both main directions.
6.1.5.3 Stiffness characteristics of the structure shall be determined or selected to minimize effects
of the seismic action, but also to prevent excessive displacements that could lead to instabilities and
significant damage due to second order effects (see clause 9).
6.1.6 Torsional resistance and stiffness
Building structures shall have adequate torsional resistance and stiffness to limit the magnitude of
torsional motions (see 8.5.4).
NOTE 1 Structures subject to torsion can experience irregular stresses in unexpected locations in members.
Torsional motions tend to stress the different structural elements of a building in a non-uniform way.
Structural configurations with seismic resisting elements distributed close to the building periphery provide
effective torsional resistance.
NOTE 2 Compliance with the requirement given in this clause is obtained for buildings in zone I by
reference to 8.5.4, and for buildings in zone II, by the layout requirements of clause 6.
6.1.7 Diaphragm behaviour of floors
6.1.7.1 Floors shall act as horizontal diaphragms to transmit lateral inertia forces to the vertical
structural systems and to ensure that the vertical systems act together in resisting the horizontal
seismic action.
6.1.7.2 Floors shall have adequate in-plane stiffness and resistance with effective connection to the
vertical structural systems.
NOTE Particular care should be taken in cases of non-compact or very elongated in-plan shapes and in cases
where large openings in floors occur in close proximity to vertical structural elements with the associated
potential impact on effective connectivity between horizontal and vertical structural elements.
6.1.7.3 Diaphragms shall have sufficient in-plane stiffness to distribute horizontal and inertia forces
to the vertical structural systems in accordance with the design assumptions (for example diaphragm
rigidity), especially where significant changes occur in stiffness or offsets of vertical elements
above and below the diaphragm.
6.1.8 Adequate foundations
6.1.8.1 The design and construction of foundations and their connections to the superstructure shall
ensure that the whole building is subjected to a uniform seismic excitation.
6.1.8.2 Rigid, box-type or cellular foundations shall be chosen for structures composed of a discrete
number of structural walls of differing width or stiffness (or both).
6.1.8.3 Reinforced foundation slabs or tie-beams (in both main directions) shall be used to link
piled foundations of buildings with individual elements used for the lateral stability of the structural
system.
6.1.8.4 For buildings where the basement is designed as a rigid structure, the level of embedment
shall be taken as the level of the first floor slab below ground level.
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6.1.8.5 For structurres on piles the

t level of eembedment shall
s be taken
n as that of thhe pile caps.
6.1.8.6 The self-weeight and other actions w which act att the level off embedmennt need not be
b taken
into acccount for thee determination of the equuivalent forcce.
6.1.9 IInfill panells
6.1.9.1 If engineerred masonry y infill consstitutes part of the seism nt structural system,
mic resistant
analysiis and design shall be carried
c out aaccording too the criteriaa and rules given for confined
c
masonrry in specialiist literature.
6.1.9.2 If masonry infill panelss are not connsidered as paart of the seiismic resistannt structural system,
then either sufficiient separatiion joints sshall be provided to allow a for thhe expected d frame
displacements and the panels shall be suffiiciently stabiilized, or thee infill panells shall comp ply with
10.6.
6.1.9.3 The effect of partial heeight infill paanels (see fig

gure 3) on columns shalll be considered (see
also 100.6).
NOTE Partial-heighht infill panells create shorrt column co onditions thatt could lead to severe daamage to
columnss during seism mic events, anda such infilll panels shou uld be avoided if at all poossible. If succh panels
cannot bbe avoided, movement
m join
nts of sufficieent width to accommodate
a the anticipateed inelastic horizontal
deformaations of the framing
f structture should bee provided. Care should bee taken to ensuure adequate detailing
to proviide lateral stabbility of such panels
p to out-oof-plane forcees.
Figure 3 — Partial h
height infill panel
p
6.2 L
Low-rise bu
uildings in
n zones I a nd II
6.2.1 P
Plan symm
metry
Single--storey builddings shall beb so planneed that theree is a good distribution

d of bracing walls
w to
providee adequate laateral stability
y.
NOTE Layouts shouuld preferably y be of simplee box plan (seee figure 4(a))) providing reeasonably sym mmetrical
resistancce in two orthhogonal directtions. Slenderr wings and bu uildings or rooms with esseentially three resisting
walls (see figure 4(b))), should be avoided
a as farr as possible; where
w such walls
w cannot bee avoided, carre should
be takenn to ensure adequate detailinng to provide lateral stability.
18 © SABS
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NS 10160-4
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a) Simp
ple box plan
n b) Ro
oom with thrree resisting
g walls
Figure 4 — Plans off shear walls in low-risee housing
6.2.2 O
Openings in
i walls
The tottal area of oppenings in waalls shall nott exceed one--third of the wall area.
NOTE Openings forr doors or win ndows requiree care in posittioning and deetailing in ordder to obtain a uniform
distributtion of strenngth. The distribution of openings in walls should d be as unifoorm as possiible (see
figure 5(a)). Large openings
o in masonry
m wallss are undesiraable, particulaarly in externnal walls nearr corners
(see figuure 5(b)). Whhere such cond
ditions cannott be avoided, care
c should bee taken to ensuure adequate detailing
to proviide lateral stabbility.
a) Unifform openin
ngs b) La
arge openingg near wall end
e
Figure 5 — Openingss in low-rise masonry co

onstruction
6.2.3 R
Roofs
Adequaate detailingg shall be provided

p to ensure lateeral stability
y for heavy roof structu
ures on
lightweeight wall construction.
NOTE Heavy roof structures

s such
h as tiled rooffs are undesiraable, especially
y on lightweigght wall consttruction.
6.2.4 W
Walls
Horizonntal bed joinnt reinforcem

ment shall bee provided to enhance ductility
d of mmasonry wallls. Such
reinforccement can however
h not be considereed as providiing a reinforcced masonryy construction
n.
NOTE Masonry waalls reinforced

d with steel bbars or wire will
w minimize deformation and possibly
y prevent
catastrophic collapse..
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6.2.5 Gables and parapet walls
Masonry gables and parapet walls shall be buttressed with transverse walls or pilasters or be
reinforced to ensure lateral stability. Tall, free-standing sections shall be avoided. Hipped roofs are
preferred to gables in areas of high seismicity.
6.2.6 Horizontal continuity
Horizontal continuity shall be provided at floor and roof levels, using suitable ties and anchorages
to ensure adequate load transfer capacity between horizontal and vertical structural elements
(see clause 10).
6.2.7 Chimneys and decorative panels
For elements that are stiffer and heavier than the rest of the building ensure adequate detailing to
provide lateral stability.
NOTE Masonry chimneys and heavy decorative panels are undesirable.
6.2.8 Articulation
Suitable continuity and articulation details shall be provided to accommodate differential movement
on the horizontal and vertical directions in low-rise buildings on conventional foundations. For the
calculation of displacements, see clause 9.
7 Load effects and considerations

7.1 The design of structures shall consider seismic zoning, site characteristics, building
importance, structural system and height.
7.2 For the definition of seismic design situations, see SANS 10160-1.
7.3 The seismic loads to be used in the load combinations set out in SANS 10160-1 shall be
determined using the following equation:
Ed = ρ × γ1 (Ex"+"0,3Ey) + Ev (5)
where
γ1 is the building importance factor as given in table 3;
Ed is the design seismic load on an element of the structure to be used in the seismic load
combination covered in SANS 10160-1 (where Ad = Ed);
Ev is the vertical component of seismic action (see 8.7);
Ex, Ey is the seismic load in two orthogonal directions, x and y, resulting from the application
of the seismic forces in clause 8 to the structure;
ρ is the reliability or redundancy factor using the following equation:
ρ=2- 6,1 1,2 ≤ ρ ≤ 1,5 (6)

rmax AB
20 © SABS
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where
AB is the ground floor area of the structure or the average floor area where setbacks occur at
higher levels, expressed in square metres (m2);
rmax is the maximum storey shear ratio.
For a given direction of loading and for a given storey, i, the storey shear ratio, ri is the ratio of the
design storey shear in the most heavily loaded single element divided by the total design storey
shear. The maximum value of, ri for the lower two-thirds height of the building is, rmax.
7.4 For moment frames, ri, shall be taken as the maximum of the sum of the shears in any two
adjacent columns in a moment frame bay divided by the storey shear and shall be determined using
the following equation:
rmax = max [ri]
 v j  vk 
ri = max 
 V


(7)
 i 
where
ri is the maximum shear ratio for storey, i;
vj and vk are the are the shear forces in two adjacent columns at level, i;
Vi is the total storey shear force at level, i.
7.5 For columns common to two bays with moment-resisting connections on opposite sides at
level, i, in the direction under consideration, 70 % of the shear in that column may be used in the
column shear summation.
7.6 For shear walls, ri, shall be taken as the maximum value of the wall shear multiplied
by 3,0/Lwx, and divided by the total storey shear, where Lwx is the length of the wall, in metres (m),
and shall be determined using the following equation:
rmax = max [ri]
 3 
 Vx  
Lwx 
ri = max  (8)
 Vi 
 
 
where
ri is the maximum shear ratio for storey i;
Vx is the shear force in wall, x, on level, i, expressed in kilonewtons (kN);
Lwx is the length of wall, x, on level, i, expressed in metres (m);
Vi is the total storey shear force at level, i, expressed in kilonewtons (kN).
© SABS 21
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Table 3 — Importance classes for buildings
1 2 3
Importance Importance factori
Buildings
class γi
Buildings of minor importance for public safety, for example
I 0,8
agricultural buildings
II Ordinary buildings, not belonging to the other categories. 1,0
Buildings for which seismic resistance is of importance in
III view of the consequences associated with a collapse, for 1,2
example, schools, assembly halls and cultural institutions
Buildings for which integrity during earthquakes is of vital
IV importance for protection, for example, hospitals, fire stations 1,4
and power plants
NOTE The numbering of importance classes differ from those in the Eurocode from where these
definitions were taken.
8 Structural analysis
8.1 Modelling
8.1.1 The model of the building shall adequately represent the distribution of stiffness and mass so
that all significant deformation shapes and inertia forces are properly accounted for under the
seismic action considered. In the case of non-linear analysis, the model shall also adequately
represent the distribution of strength.
8.1.2 Non-structural elements, which may influence the response of the main resisting structural
system, shall also be accounted for.
8.1.3 In general, the structure may be considered to consist of a number of vertical and lateral load
resisting systems, connected by horizontal diaphragms.
8.1.4 Infill walls which contribute significantly to the lateral stiffness and resistance of the building
shall be taken into account. See 10.6 for masonry infill of concrete, steel or composite frames.
NOTE In concrete buildings, in composite steel-concrete buildings and in masonry buildings the stiffness of
the load bearing elements should, in general, be evaluated taking into account the effect of cracking. Such
stiffness should correspond to the initiation of yielding of the reinforcement.
8.2 Behaviour factor and energy dissipation

8.2.1 The plastic deformation capacity and the over strength of structural elements shall be taken
into account by means of a behaviour factor, q. In the absence of a more detailed assessment the
q factors (behaviour factors) given in table 4 may be used. It is imperative that the minimum
detailing requirements are followed to allow the use of these factors to ensure that ductile behaviour
of the lateral force resisting systems is achieved. Where required, the behaviour factor shall be set to
1,5 when determining the vertical component of the seismic action.
22 © SABS
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8.2.2 T
The structuraal systems in
n table 4 (see figure 6) aree defined as follows (see figure 6):
a) Bearring wall sysstem: Bearinng walls provvide supportt for all or most
m gravity lloads. Resisttance to
laterral loads is provided
p by shear
s walls oor braced fraames. In add
dition to the rrequirementss of this
part of SANS 100160, the shear, walls shhall conform m to the requirements of SANS 1010 00-1, for
reinfforced concrrete, and SAN
NS 10162-1 and SANS 10162-2 for structural
s steeel.
b) Buillding frame system:
s A syystem with eessentially a complete space frame prroviding sup pport for
gravvity loads, with
w shear walls
w or verttical braced frames to resist
r laterall seismic forces. In
addiition to the requirements
r s of this partt of SANS 10160,
1 the shear walls sshall conform
m to the
requuirements of SANS 10 0100-1, for reinforced concrete and of SA ANS 10162 2-1 and
SAN NS 10162-2, for structuraal steel.
c) Mom ment resisting frame: A structural

s sysstem with ann essentially complete spaace frame prroviding
suppport for vertical loads. Th
he provisionss of this partt of SANS 10160 are lim
mited to dealiing with
onlyy the followinng types of moment
m resissting frames:
1) OOrdinary reiinforced con ncrete framee: A momeent-resisting frame of oordinary reiinforced

cconcrete withh provision for
f ductility in the load-ccarrying systtem accordannce with thiss part of
SSANS 101600, and which complies wiith the provissions of SAN NS 10100-1.
2) O A ordinaryy steel frame which complies withh the provissions of

Ordinary steeel frame: An
S
SANS 101622-1 and this part
p of SANS S 10160.
NOTE Definitions of o special fram
me types thatt dissipate greeater amounts of inelastic eenergy are ou
utside the
scope off this part of SANS
S 10160.
a) Mom ment resisting frame b) Bu

uilding fram
me system c)) Bearing wall
w
systtem
Figure 6 — The structu
ural systemss
8.3 Su
ustained vertical
v loa
ad
The suustained vertiical load shaall be taken as the total nominal weeight of the building (inncluding
partitioons and perm
manent equipmment) and thhe sustained portions
p he imposed vvertical loads. In the
of th
absencee of other information, the sustainned vertical loads, Wn shall be deetermined ussing the
followiing equation::
Wn = Gn + ψi × Qni (9))
where
Gn is the nom
minal self-weight load;
ψi is the loadd combinatio
on factor (seee SANS 1016
60-1);
Qnni is the impposed verticaal load.
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8.4 Method of analysis
8.4.1 The effect of the seismic forces can be determined by using a linear elastic structural model.
The non-linear and plastic deformations as well as the over-strength capacity are considered by the
correct use of the behaviour factor, q (see 8.2 and 9.2).
8.4.2 Regardless of the type of analysis used, the design base shear shall not be less than the value
determined in 8.5.
NOTE When using the response spectrum analysis method, the design base shear calculated in 8.5 may be
reduced by taking 85 % of the value calculated in 8.5, provided that the structural layout complies with the
criteria in 8.4.3.
8.4.3 The equivalent static lateral force procedure may be used for buildings whose response is not
significantly affected by contributions from higher modes of vibration. This requirement is deemed
to be satisfied if the building fulfils the following conditions:
a) the fundamental period of vibration T ≤ 4TC or T ≤ 2,0 s (refer to 5.3 for TC and 8.5.2 for T);
b) all lateral load resisting systems (cores, walls, frames) run without interruption from their base to
the top of the building, or, if setbacks at different heights are present, to the top of the relevant
zone of the building;
c) both lateral stiffness and the mass of the individual storeys remain constant, or reduce gradually,
without abrupt changes, from the base to the top;
d) the sum of setbacks at any storey is less than 30 % of the plan dimension at the first storey and
less than 10 % of the previous plan dimension; and
e) the plan layout of the building regarding the stiffness of the lateral force resisting elements, and
the distribution of mass are approximately symmetric with respect to the two orthogonal
directions and without significant discontinuities throughout the height of the building.
8.4.4 If a structure does not comply with the above requirements specialist literature shall be
consulted for appropriate rigorous methods of analysis, which can include the response spectrum
method, time history analysis and others.
24 © SABS
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Table 4 — Behaviour factors, q, for structural systems
1 2 3
Structural Behaviour factor
Detail
system q
Unreinforced masonry walls (detailed in accordance annex B). 1,5
Reinforced concrete walls (detailed in accordance with
5,0
SANS 10100- and annex C).
Bearing wall
system Reinforced concrete walls not detailed in accordance with annex C. 2,5
Reinforced masonry walls (with reinforcement provided in both the

horizontal and vertical directions, all designed according to the 2,5
requirements for reinforced masonry) (see NOTE 1).
With reinforced concrete shear walls (detailed in accordance with
5,0
SANS 10100-1 and annex C).
Building frame With reinforced concrete shear walls not detailed in accordance with
2,0
system annex B.
Ordinary braced steel frames (not specifically detailed for seismic

3,0
resistance (in accordance with annex D)).
Ordinary concrete frames (detailed in accordance with

3,0
SANS 10100-1 and annex C).
Moment-
resisting frame
system Ordinary concrete frames not detailed in accordance with annex C. 2,0
Ordinary steel frames (not specifically detailed for seismic
3,0
resistance (in accordance with annex D)).
Structures
required to All 1,0
remain elastic
NOTE 1 The use of only horizontal bed reinforcement in masonry is not considered to provide a system
of reinforced masonry.
NOTE 2 When designing floor slabs for bending moments and shear forces which result from lateral drift
under seismic loads, the behaviour factor should be reduced by a factor of 1,2 for use with structures
comprising reinforced concrete flat or waffle slabs, and by a factor of 1,4 for the use with structures
comprising pre-stressed concrete flat or waffle slabs.
NOTE 3 Reference can be made to internationally recognized building codes for guidance on behaviour
factors for buildings elements or systems not listed in this table.
NOTE 4 See annex D for more information on steel structures.
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8.5 Equivalent static lateral force procedure

8.5.1 Design base shear
The design base shear force, Vn, shall be calculated using the following equation:
Vn = Sd (T) × Wn (10)
where
Sd (T) is the non-dimensional value from the normalized design response spectra (see 5.3);
and
Wn is the nominal sustained vertical load (force) acting on the structure, expressed in
kilonewtons (kN) (see 8.3).
8.5.2 Fundamental period of vibration

8.5.2.1 The fundamental period of vibration, T (expressed in seconds), in the direction being
analysed, shall be calculated using the factor used to determine fundamental period of vibration (CT)
for buildings of up to 40 m in height, as follows:
T = CT × ht3/4 (11)
where
CT = 0,085, for steel frames;

CT = 0,075, for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and for eccentrically braced
frames;
or
CT = 0,05, for all other buildings;
ht is the height of the building from the foundation or from the top of a rigid basement,
expressed in metres (m).
8.5.2.2 Alternatively, for structures with concrete or masonry shear walls, the value of CT may be
determined using the following equation:
CT = 0,075 (12)
AC
where
AC is the total effective area of shear walls in the first storey of the building (subject to walls
remaining relatively unchanged over the height of the building) and is determined using the
following equation:
   L  
2
AC =∑  A  0,2   wi    (13)
 i  ht   
 
where
Ai is the effective cross sectional area of the shear wall, i, in the first storey of the building,
expressed in square metres (m2);
26 © SABS
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ht is as defined for equation (11);
Lwi is the length of the shear wall, i, in the first storey in the direction parallel to the applied
forces with the restriction that Lwi/ht shall not exceed 0,9 expressed in metres (m).
8.5.2.3 As an alternative to the above, the fundamental period, T may be calculated using the
structural properties and deformation characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly
substantiated analysis. However, the value of T, computed by such methods may not exceed 1,4T,
where T is calculated using equation (11).
NOTE The mathematical model should include all elements of the lateral force resisting system. The model
should also include the stiffness and strength of elements, which are significant to the distribution of forces,
and should represent the spatial distribution of the mass and stiffness of the structure. Unless a more accurate
analysis of the cracked elements is performed, the elastic flexural and shear stiffness properties of concrete
and masonry elements may be taken as equal to one-half of the corresponding stiffness of the un-cracked
element. This assumption on flexural stiffness properties depends on the structural configuration, loading, and
location of an element in the structure, and should be seen as a guideline.
8.5.3 Vertical distribution of seismic forces
The lateral seismic force, Fxn, acting on a storey at level x, shall be determined using the following
equations:
Fxn = Cvx × Vn (14)
where
Vn is the seismic base shear force from equation (10);
Cvx = W x  hx (15)
n
 Wi hi
i 1
where
Wx,Wi is the portion of the vertical load at or assigned to level x or i, respectively;
hx, hi is the height above the base to level x or i, respectively;
i is the storey number;
n is the total number of storeys.
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8.5.4 Horizontal shear and torsion
8.5.4.1 The nominal seismic shear force, Vxn at any level x shall be determined using the following
equation:
t
Vxn =  Fin (16)
i 1
where
Fin is the lateral shear force induced at any level, i, determined in accordance with
equation (14);
t is the top level.
8.5.4.2 The force, Vxn shall be distributed to the various vertical components of the seismic-
resisting system in the storey below level x, with due consideration given to the relative stiffness of
the vertical components and the diaphragm.
8.5.4.3 The torsional moments, Mtn, on the structure shall be considered in the design as caused by
assumed displacement of the mass each way from its actual location by a distance equal to 5 % of
the dimensions of the building perpendicular to the direction of the applied forces.
8.5.4.4 For asymmetric buildings, the design shall in addition provide for the torsion moment, Mtn,
resulting from the location of the building masses.
8.6 Orthogonal effects

The requirement that horizontal forces in all horizontal directions be considered (see 6.1.5) may be
satisfied by designing elements for 100 % of the design seismic forces in one direction plus 30 % of
the design seismic forces in the perpendicular direction (see equation (5)).
8.7 Vertical component

If the nominal peak ground acceleration is greater than 0,25g (ag = 0,25), then the vertical
component of the seismic action shall be taken into account.
8.8 Overturning
The structure as a whole shall be checked to be stable under the design seismic action. Both
overturning and sliding stability shall be considered.
9 Displacement
9.1 General
9.1.1 The drift or horizontal displacement of the structure (due to the design seismic load), ds, shall
be calculated using a static elastic analysis method. In order to calculate ds, the design seismic
forces as determined in 8.5.3 shall be applied to the lateral force resisting system.
9.1.2 ds shall include translation and torsional deflection and shall consider P−∆-effects (second
order effects of vertical forces on displaced elements).
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9.2 Inelastic displacement

The maximum inelastic response displacement, ds (expressed in metres), shall be calculated using
the following equation:
ds = 0,7q × de (17)
where
q is the behaviour factor as defined in 8.2;
de is the displacement from the static elastic analysis, expressed in metres (m).
9.3 Storey drift limitations

9.3.1 The storey drift, dri-j, between two storeys, i and j (with j = i + 1), shall be limited as
determined by the following equations:
dri – j ≤ 0,025 hs if T < 0,7s (18)
dri – j ≤ 0,020 hs if T > 0,7s (19)
where
dri-j = dsi +1 - dsi
hs is the storey height, expressed in metres (m);
T is the fundamental period of vibration as defined in 8.5.2;
dsi is the lateral inelastic displacement of storey, i, expressed in metres (m);
dsi+1 is the lateral inelastic displacement of storey i + 1, expressed in metres (m).
9.3.2 The drift limits may be exceeded when it can be demonstrated that greater drift can be
tolerated by both structural and non-structural elements that could affect life safety. The drift used
in this assessment shall be based upon the maximum inelastic response displacement, ds.
9.4 P-delta effects

P-delta effects need not be considered when the ratio of secondary moment to primary moments, R,
does not exceed 0,10. This ratio may be evaluated for any storey using the following equation:
R = Ptot  d r  0,10 (20)

Vxn  h
where
Ptot is the total gravity load at and above the storey considered in the seismic design
situation;
dr is the design inter-storey drift, calculated in accordance with 9.3;
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Vxn is the total seismic storey shear at that level;
h is the storey height, expressed in metres (m).
10 Structural and non-structural component load effects

10.1 General
For loads on the main structural system see clause 8. This subclause considers loads on elements of
structures not considered to be part of the main force resisting system, and on non-structural
elements.
10.2 Lateral forces on elements of structures and non-structural components
10.2.1 Parts of structures, non-structural components, and their anchorages to the main structural
system shall be designed to resist a lateral force determined by using the following equation:
Fpn = ag × Cp × Wpn (21)
where
Fpn is the nominal seismic force acting on element, expressed in kilonewtons (kN);
ag is the nominal peak ground acceleration normalized by g, but at least 0,1;
Cp is the seismic force coefficient given in table 5;
Wpn is the weight of the element under consideration plus imposed load, if applicable,
expressed in kilonewtons (kN).
10.2.2 The distribution of these forces shall be in accordance with the vertical loads as relevant.
Table 5 — Seismic force coefficients, Cp, for elements of structures

and non-structural components
1 2
Structural elements or Seismic force coefficient

non-structural components
Cp
Cantilever elements such as parapets, cantilever walls
2,0
and chimneys on buildings
Load bearing and non-load bearing wall elements,
1,0
cladding elements and partitions
Various installations in buildings such as pumps,

0,5 to 1,0
machines, tanks or pipes
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10.3 Ties and continuity

As a minimum, a satisfactory connection of each beam, girder or truss shall be provided which is
capable of resisting horizontal transverse and axial loads of at least 5 % of the combined self-weight
load and the imposed live load. This minimum applies only if it exceeds the computed forces.
10.4 Concrete or masonry wall anchorage

Concrete and masonry walls shall be anchored to the roof and to all floors that provide lateral
support for the wall. The anchorage shall provide a direct connection between the walls and roof.
The connections shall be capable of resisting a design seismic lateral force, Fp, induced by the wall
of at least 15ag kN per linear metre of wall, where ag is the nominal peak ground acceleration
normalized by g, of at least 0,1. Walls shall be designed to resist bending between anchors where
the anchor spacing exceeds 1,5 m.
10.5 Diaphragms
10.5.1 Floor and roof diaphragms shall be designed to resist a lateral force, Fpn (see 10.2), with a
minimum value of not less than
a) 0,5ag times the weight of the diaphragms and other elements of the building attached thereto,
plus
b) the portion of Vxn (see 8.5.4.1) required to be transferred to the components of the vertical
seismic resisting system because of offsets or changes in stiffness of the vertical components
above and below the diaphragm.
10.5.2 All requirements of 8.5.4 shall be complied with.
10.6 Additional measures for masonry infilled frames
10.6.1 Frame systems with interacting non-engineered infill masonry shall fulfil the following
conditions:
a) the infill shall be constructed after the concrete of the frames has achieved adequate strength or
after the assembly of the steel frame;
b) the infill shall be in contact with the frame (i.e. without special separation joints to allow for the
expected frame displacements), but without structural connection to it (through ties, belts, posts
or shear connectors); and
c) infills are considered, in principle, as non-structural elements.
10.6.2 The following requirements shall be complied with:
a) For panels that may be vulnerable to out-of-plane failure, the ties shall control the hazard from
falling masonry.
NOTE For bearing wall systems or building frame systems (see 8.2.2), as well as for braced steel or
steel-concrete composite systems, the interaction with the masonry infill may be neglected.
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b) The consequences of irregularity in plan or irregularity in elevation produced by the infill shall
be taken into account.
c) Account shall be taken of the high uncertainties related to the behaviour of the infill, namely, the
variability of their mechanical properties and of their attachment to the surrounding frame, their
possible modification during the use of the building, as well as the non-uniform degree of
damage suffered during the earthquake itself.
d) The possibility of adverse local effects due to the frame-infill-interaction (for example, shear
failure of slender columns under forces induced by the diagonal strut action of infill) shall be
taken into account.
e) Strongly irregular, non-symmetric or non-uniform arrangement of infill in plan shall be avoided

(taking into account the extent of openings and perforations in infill panels).
f) In cases of severe irregularities in plan due to the unsymmetrical arrangement of the infill (for
example, existence of infill mainly along two adjacent faces of the building), spatial models shall
be used for the analysis of the structure. The infill shall be included in the model and a sensitivity
analysis regarding the position and the properties of the infill should be performed (for example,
by disregarding one out of three or four infill panels in a planar frame, especially on the more
flexible sides).
NOTE Special attention should be paid to the verification of structural elements on the flexible sides of
the plan (i.e. furthest away from the side where the infills are concentrated) against the effects of any
torsional response caused by the infills.
g) Appropriate measures shall be taken to avoid brittle failure and premature disintegration of the
infill walls (in particular of masonry panels with openings or of friable materials), as well as
out-of plane collapse of slender masonry panels or parts thereof. Particular attention shall be paid
to masonry panels with slenderness ratio greater than 15 (ratio of the lesser of length or height to
thickness).
NOTE Examples of measures to improve both in-plane and out of plane integrity and behaviour, include
light wire meshes well anchored on one face of the wall, wall ties fixed to the columns and cast into the
bedding planes of the masonry, "wind posts" and concrete belts across the panels and through the full
thickness of the wall. If there are large openings or perforations in an infill panel, their edges should be
trimmed with belts and posts.
11 Materials
11.1 General
In order to ensure adequate ductility for structural members, structures subjected to seismic action
shall comply with detailing rules given in 11.2 to 11.6 (inclusive), over and above those presented
in the materials-based structural design standards.
11.2 Reinforced concrete

The detailing rules for reinforced concrete structures and elements in seismic zone 1 shall be
applied as given in annex C.
32 © SABS
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11.3 Reinforced and unreinforced masonry

The rules for masonry structures and elements in seismic zone 1 shall be applied as given in
annex B.
11.4 Structural steelwork

Detailing rules of SANS 10162-1, SANS 10162-2 and annex D shall apply.
NOTE For seismic loadings more severe than defined in 5.3, refer to SANS 10162-1.
11.5 Timber
Refer to specialist literature for detailing rules of timber structures and members in seismic zone 1.
NOTE Refer to EN 1998-1 for detailing rules regarding timber structures.
11.6 Composite construction

Refer to specialist literature for detailing rules of composite structures in seismic zone 1.
NOTE Refer to EN 1998-1 for detailing rules regarding composite structures.
© SABS 33
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Annex A
((informativee)
Seism
mic hazarrd map off South Africa
A
Figure A.1 presents the seismic hazard maap of South Africa and shows
s peak ground acceeleration
with a probability of
o exceedancce of 10 % iin 50 years. It includes both
b natural aand mining-induced
seismiccity.
Figure A.1
A — Seism mic hazard mapm of Soutth Africa
(10 % in 500 years nom
minal peak grround accelleration, exppressed in eaarth gravity
y
81 m/ s2))
acceleraation (g) (9,8
34 © SABS
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Annex B
(normative)
Specific rules for masonry buildings
B.1 General
B.1.1 These provisions apply to structures in seismic hazard zones 1. Members designed to resist
forces induced by earthquake motions, shall comply with the requirements of this annex in addition
to those of SANS 10164-1.
B.1.2 If it is found by applying the information below that complex buildings, buildings of more
than 3 storeys, or buildings of importance class III and IV (see table 3) cannot be assessed with the
available information, then specialist literature shall be consulted.
NOTE Refer to EN 1998-1 for additional detailing rules regarding masonry buildings.
B.2 Structural analysis

The base shear in the various walls, as obtained by the linear analysis described in clause 8, may be
redistributed among the walls, provided that
a) the global equilibrium is satisfied (i.e. the same total base shear and position of the force
resultant is achieved),
b) the shear in any wall is neither reduced by more than 25 %, nor increased by more than
one-third, and
c) the consequences of the redistribution for the diaphragm(s) are taken into account.
B.3 Design criteria and construction rules

B.3.1 Shear walls shall be provided in at least two orthogonal directions.
B.3.2 The diaphragm behaviour of the floors shall be in accordance with the requirements of 6.1.7.
B.3.3 Unless verified by other analysis means, the following criteria shall be fulfilled:
a) the teff of shear wall shall not be less than 190 mm for solid walls and 150 mm for cavity walls;
b) the ratio of heff/teff, of a shear wall shall not exceed 17;
c) the shear wall ratio of the length of the wall to the greater clear height of the openings adjacent to
the wall shall not exceed 0,5;
d) for solid walls 190 mm and wider, the minimum percentage of horizontal bed joint reinforcement
in the wall, compared to the gross area of the section, shall not be less than 0,025 %;
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e) for cavity walls, the minimum percentage of horizontal bed joint reinforcement in the wall,
compared to the gross area of the section, shall not be less than 0,05 %; and
f) the four courses of brickwork above all openings shall be reinforced with horizontal bed joint
reinforcement that extends at least 1 m past the opening.
NOTE teff is the effective wall thickness, and heff the clear wall height, as defined in SANS 10164-1.
B.4 Safety verification

B.4.1 The verification of the building’s safety against collapse shall be explicitly provided, except
for buildings satisfying the rules for simple masonry buildings given in B.5.
B.4.2 For the verification of safety against collapse, the design resistance of each structural
element shall be evaluated in accordance with SANS 10164-1.
B.4.3 In ultimate limit state verifications for the seismic design situation, partial factors, γm for
masonry properties and γs for reinforcing steel, shall be used. The recommended value for, γm is 2/3
of the value specified in SANS 10164-1. The recommended value for γs is γs = 1,0.
B.5 Rules for simple masonry buildings

Provided that the recommendations with regard to shear walls in accordance with B.3.1 are
satisfied, and the minimum area of shear wall in accordance with B.5(e) is provided, explicit safety
verification for simple masonry buildings is not mandatory. For masonry buildings to be classed as
simple, the following criteria shall be fulfilled:
a) the building shall be of importance class I or II (see table 3);
b) the building shall be of maximum 3 storey height;
c) the plan configuration of the building shall fulfil the following conditions:
1) the plan shall be approximately regular;
2) the ratio of the overall length of the smaller to the larger plan dimension shall not be less than
0,25; and
3) the area of projections or recesses from the rectangular plan shape shall not be greater than
15 % of the total floor area above the level being considered.
d) The shear walls of the building shall comply with the following conditions:
1) the building shall be stiffened by shear walls arranged almost symmetrically in plan in two
orthogonal directions;
2) at least for the walls in one direction, the distance between these walls shall be greater than
75 % of the length of the building in the other direction;
3) at least 75 % of the vertical loads shall be supported by the shear walls;
36 © SABS
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4) shear walls shall be continuous from foundations to the top of the building; and
5) between adjacent storey heights, the difference in mass and in horizontal shear wall
cross-section in both orthogonal directions shall be limited to 20 %.
e) the minimum sum of the cross-sectional area of horizontal shear walls (length of wall × teff), in
each direction, as a percentage of the total floor area per storey shall be 2,5 % for 2 storey
buildings and 5 % for 3 storey buildings.
© SABS 37
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Annex C
(normative)
Detailing of reinforcement of concrete

C.1 General
In seismic hazard zone 1, members designed to resist forces induced by earthquake forces shall
satisfy the detailing requirements of this annex in addition to those of SANS 10100-1.
C.2 Detailing of reinforcement in superstructures

C.2.1 Minimum requirements for frames
C.2.1.1 Principle
C.2.1.1.1 Reinforcement details in a frame member shall be in accordance with C.2.1.2 if the
factored compressive load for the member does not exceed AC·fcu/12,5 where AC is the gross area of
concrete section, and fcu is the specified characteristic strength of concrete. If the factored
compressive load is larger, reinforcement details shall be in accordance with C.2.1.3 and C.2.1.4. If
a two-way slab system without beams is treated as part of a frame resisting earthquake effect,
reinforcement details in any span resisting moments caused by lateral force shall be in accordance
with C.2.1.5.
C.2.1.1.2 Design shear strength of beams, columns and two-way slabs resisting earthquake effect
shall not be less than either
a) the sum of the shear associated with the development of nominal moment strengths of the
member at each restrained end of the clear span and the shear calculated for gravity loads, or
b) the maximum shear obtained from design load combinations which include earthquake effect, Ed
(see 7.3).
C.2.1.2 Beams
C.2.1.2.1 Positive-moment strength at the face of the column-beam joint shall not be less than one
third of the negative-moment strength provided at that face of the joint. Neither shall the negative-
nor the positive-moment strength at any section along the length of the member be less than one
fifth the maximum moment strength provided at the face of either joint.
C.2.1.2.2 At both ends of the member stirrups shall be provided over lengths, lcr, equal to twice the
member depth, hw, measured from the face of the supporting member towards mid-span
(see figure C.2). The first stirrup shall be located not more than 50 mm from the face of the
supporting member.
C.2.1.2.3 Maximum stirrup spacing shall not exceed the following:
a) d/4 (where d is the effective depth of the section);
b) eight times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar enclosed;
38 © SABS
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c) 24 tiimes the diam

meter of the stirrup bar; aand
d) 150 mm.
C.2.1.22.4 Stirrups shall

s be placced at not moore than d/2 throughout
t th
he length of tthe member.
C.2.1.22.5 Stirrups in
i plastic zon
nes shall be cclosed and bent
b with seissmic hooks oor using shap pe codes
which wwill prevent opening of the stirrup in the case of loss
l of concrrete cover (seee figure C.1).
NOTE A seismic hoook is a hook k on a stirrup having a bennd of not less than 135° w with a six bar diameter
extensioon that engagees the longitud
dinal reinforceement and exttends into the interior of thee section.
C.2.1.22.6 Stirrups in plastic zon

nes in flexurral members acting as T-beams are ppermitted to be
b made
up of ttwo pieces of
o reinforcem ment: A stirruup having seeismic hookss on both ennds at the top
p of the
T-beamm and closedd by a cross tie. Consecuutive cross tiies engaging the same loongitudinal bar
b shall
have thheir 90° hoooks at oppossite sides of the memberr. Cross tiess should havve seismic hooks
h as
shown in figure C.1. Only clossed links witth seismic hooks
h should be used in the plastic zones
z of
isolatedd frame beam
ms.
Figu
ure C.1 — Stirrups with
h seismic hoooks and stirrrups using cross
c ties ovver open stirrrups
C.2.1.33 Columnss
C.2.1.33.1 Maximum m link spacin ng shall not exceed s0, ov
ver a length,, l0 measuredd from the jo
oint face
(see figgure C.2), wiith s0 and l0, as
a defined inn C.2.1.3.2 an
nd C.2.1.3.3, respectivelyy.
C.2.1.33.2 The maxximum link sp
pacing, s0, iss defined as:
a) eighht times the diameter
d of th
he smallest loongitudinal bar
b enclosed;
b) 24 tiimes the diam
meter of the link bar;
c) one half of the sm
mallest crosss sectional diimension of the
t frame meember; and
mm.
d) 150m
C.2.1.33.3 The lenggth, l0, shall not
n be less thhan
a) one sixth of the clear
c height of
o the membber,
b) maxximum cross sectional dim
mension of thhe member, and
a
c) 450 mm.
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C.2.1.33.4 The first link shall bee located at nnot more than
n s0/2 from th
he joint face..
C.2.1.33.5 Link spacing outside the length, l 0 shall not ex t spacing, s0.
xceed twice the
C.2.1.33.6 In the pllastic zone every

e nal bar shall be supporteed by the co
secondd longitudin onfining
stirrupss or cross tiess. The spacin
ng between ssupported lon
ngitudinal baars should noot exceed 200
0 mm.
C.2.1.33.7 Column lateral linkss shall, in adddition to th

he above, co
omply with tthe requirem
ments of
SANS 10100-1.
C.2.1.33.8 Column links in plasttic regions shhall be closeed with seism mic hooks (seee figure C.1). Cross
ties maay be used ass internal tiess in the plastiic regions prrovided that they
t are bentt with seismiic hooks
at both ends.
F
Figure C.2 — Beam an d column sttirrups in plastic regionns
C.2.1.44 Columnss supportin

ng discontin
nuous systeems
C.2.1.44.1 A disconntinuous systtem occurs w where a strucctural wall is not verticallly continuou
us to the
foundattion, but trannsfers its verttical load to a column or columns.
C.2.1.44.2 For rectaangular colum mns, links shhall be provided such thaat each link hhas a cross-sectional
area off not less thann the area callculated usinng the follow
wing equation
n:
Asuu = 0,077 (s × hc × fcu/fyv) (C.1)
where
Asuu m2);
is the crooss-sectionall area of eachh link, expressed in squarre metres (m
s is the spaacing of link

ks, expressedd in metres (m
m);
hc is the dim
mension of column
c core (largest link dimension) expressed inn metres (m);;
fcu is the chharacteristic concrete

c strenngth, expressed in megap
pascals (MPaa);
fyvv d strength of llinks, expresssed in megapascals (MPPa).

is the speecified yield
In a collumn with onne long side, a cross link may be used

d to reduce th
he core dimeension, hc.
40 © SABS
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C.2.1.4.3 For round columns the volumetric ratio of spiral or circular links, pv, shall not be less
than is determined using the following equation:
 
pv = 0,10  f cu  (C.2)
f
 yv 
where
pv is the ratio of volume of spiral reinforcement or links to the core volume confined by the
spiral reinforcement (measured on the outside of the spiral reinforcement).
C.2.1.4.4 The links or spiral reinforcement shall be provided over the full length of the column.
The links shall extend into the beam zone above for the full depth of the beam. Where the column
rests on a wall, the links shall extend into the wall for at least the anchorage length of the largest
column reinforcement. At footings or bases, the links shall extend at least 300 mm into the base.
C.2.1.5 Two-way slabs without beams
C.2.1.5.1 Factored slab moment at supports related to earthquake effect shall be determined for the
load combinations defined in SANS 10160-1. All reinforcement provided to resist, Ms, the portion
of slab moment which is taken by the supports, shall be placed within the column strip as defined in
SANS 10100-1.
C.2.1.5.2 Not less than one fourth of the top reinforcement at the support in the column strip shall
be continuous throughout the span.
C.2.1.5.3 Continuous bottom reinforcement in the column strip shall not be less than one third of
the top reinforcement at the support at the column strip.
C.2.1.5.4 Not less than half of all bottom reinforcement at mid-span shall be continuous and shall
develop its yield strength at face of the support.
C.2.1.5.5 At discontinuous edges of the slab, all top and bottom reinforcement shall be developed
at the face of the support as prescribed in SANS 10100-1.
C.3 Shear walls and coupling beams

C.3.1 Shear walls
C.3.1.1 Dimensions
C.3.1.1.1 Structural walls shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of SANS 10100-1.
The effect of openings shall be considered.
C.3.1.1.2 The effective flange width of flanged sections shall extend from the face of the web, a
distance equal to the smaller of one-half the distance, to an adjacent wall web and 25 % of the total
wall height.
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C.3.1.2 Boundary elements
C.3.1.2.1 Boundary elements are portions in the plastic region of a shear wall along the structural
wall edges and are strengthened by longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. Boundary elements
shall be in accordance with C.3.1.2.2 to C.3.1.2.4 (see figure C.3 and figure C.4).
C.3.1.2.2 This subclause applies to walls that are effectively continuous from the base of the
structure to the top of the wall and are designed to have a single critical section for flexure and axial
loads. Walls not satisfying these requirements shall be designed in accordance with C.3.1.2.3. The
extent of the boundary element, lc is based on the distance of the neutral axis from the compression
edge, xn. The extent of the boundary element, lc, is defined in C.3.1.2.4. If the neutral axis is not
known, the distance, xn may be taken as xn = lw/4, where lw is the length of the wall considered in
direction of the shear force.
C.3.1.2.3 The vertical extent of the plastic region, hpl of a shear wall shall comply with the
following requirements:
a) hpl > lw; and
b) hpl ≥ hw/6.
C.3.1.2.4 If hs ≥ 2lw/3, and hs ≥ hw/9 are both complied with, then hpl = hs may be assumed (see
figure C.3).
C.3.1.2.5 Lapping of vertical bars between the anchorage zone (base) and the height of the
boundary element shall be avoided.
C.3.1.2.6 Structural walls not satisfying the requirements of C.3.1.2.2 shall have boundary
elements at boundaries and edges of openings where the maximum extreme fibre compressive
stress, corresponding to factored forces, including earthquake effect, exceeds 0,20 fcu. The boundary
element may be discontinued where the compressive stress is less than 0,15 fcu. Stresses shall be
calculated for the factored forces using a linear elastic model and gross section properties.
C.3.1.2.7 Where boundary elements are required by C.3.1.2.1 and C.3.1.2.2, the following shall be
complied with:
a) the boundary element shall extend horizontally from the extreme compression fibre a distance, lc,
of not less than the larger of xn − 0,1lw and xn/2;
b) in flanged sections, the boundary element shall include the effective flange width in compression
and shall extend at least 300 mm into the web;
c) boundary element transverse reinforcement shall comply with the following:
Asb > 0,077 sx × hc × f cu

f yh
350  hx
sx  100 
3
sx < hx/4
42 © SABS
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Eddition 2
sx < 6 × longittudinal bar diiameter
1000 mm < sx < 150 mm
where
Asbb is the arrea of confiinement reinnforcement in

i the bound
dary zone, eexpressed in
n square
millimettres (mm2);
sx is the veertical spacin

ng of confineement reinforcement in th
he boundaryy element, ex
xpressed
in millimmetres (mm);
hc is the dim
mension of the
t boundaryy element in the direction
n under conssideration, ex
xpressed
in millim
metres (mm);
hx is the maximum horrizontal spaciing of legs of

o the confin
nement reinfoorcement, ex
xpressed
in millim
metres (mm);
fcu is the concrete characteristic strenngth, expressed in megap

pascals (MPaa);
fyhh is the sppecified yielld strength oof transversee reinforcem

ment, expresssed in megaapascals
(MPa).
d) bounndary elemennt transversee reinforcemeent at the waall base shall extend at leeast 300 mm into the
footiing or mat; and
a
e) horizzontal reinfoorcement in the

t wall web shall be ancchored to dev
velop the speecified yield strength
withhin the confinned core of th
he boundary element;
Figgure C.3 — Height

H of pllastic region
n at the base of a shear w
wall
© SABS 43
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Figure C.4 — Boun

ndary elemeents in wallss section
C.3.2 Couplingg beams
C.3.2.11 General
Couplinng beams aree beams conn

necting two sshear walls (see
( figure C.5).
C
C.3.2.22 Aspect ratio
C.3.2.22.1 Couplingg beams with

h an aspect raatio of, ln/hw ≥ 4, shall co
omply with C
C.2.1.2.
C.3.2.22.2 Couplingg beams with h an aspect rratio of, ln/h

hw < 4, shall be reinforceed by meanss of two
interseccting groups of diagonal bars symmettrical approx ximately the mid-span.
C.3.2.22.3 Couplingg beams with an aspecct ratio of, ln/hw < 2, and
a with faactored sheaar stress
exceediing 0,3 fcuu , shall be reinforced bby means off two interseecting groupps of diagon nal bars
symmeetrical to appproximately the mid-spaan, unless it i can be shhown that looss of stiffn ness and
strengthh of the couppling beams will not imp air the load carrying
c capaacity of the sstructure.
C.3.2.33 Intersectting groupss
Couplinng beams reeinforced with two interrsecting grou

ups of diago
onally placedd bars shall comply
with the following:
a) Eachh group of diagonally

d pllaced bars shhall consist of a minimu um of four bbars, assembled in a
coree, having siddes measured d to the outtside of transverse reinfo orcement noo smaller thaan bw/2,
perppendicular to the plane off the beam annd bw/5 in the plane of th
he beam and perpendiculaar to the
diaggonal bars (w
with bw being the section wwidth).
b) The nominal sheear strength, Vu, shall be ddetermined using

u the folllowing equattion:
Vu = 2Avd × fyh × sinα ≤ 0,8

8 fcu × Acp (C.3)
where
Avvd is the tottal area of eaach group of diagonal barrs, expressed metres (m2);
d in square m
fyhh ment, expresssed in megaapascals

is the sppecified yielld strength oof transversee reinforcem
(MPa);
44 © SABS
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α is the anngle of the diaagonal bars w

with the horiizontal, expreessed in degrrees (°);
fcu is the chharacteristic strength

s of cooncrete, exprressed in megapascals (M
MPa);
Ac p is the grooss concrete cross sectionnal area, exp uare metres ((m2).
pressed in squ
c) Eachh group of diagonally

d placed
p bars sshall be encllosed in tran
nsverse reinfforcement an nd shall
com
mply with the link requireements of C.22.1.4. The diagonally plaaced bars shaall be develo
oped for
tensiion in the waall.
d) The diagonally placed

p bars shall
s be conssidered to co
ontribute to the
t nominal flexural streength of
the ccoupling beaam.
e) Reinnforcement areas,
a paralllel and transsverse to th
he longitudin
nal axis, shhall conform
m to the
miniimum reinforrcement areaa in accordannce with SAN
NS 10100-1.
Figure C.5 — Coupling beam

m with diago
onally-oriented reinforccement
C.4 F
Foundatioons
C.4.1 Scope
Foundaations resistinng earthquak
ke-induced fo
forces or tran
nsferring eartthquake-induuced forces between
b
structurre and grounnd shall comp
ply with this clause and other
o applicable provisionns of this ann
nex.
C.4.2 Footings,, foundatio

on mats an
nd pile cap
ps
C.4.2.11 Longitudiinal reinforceement of coolumns and structural

s waalls resistingg forces indu
uced by
earthquuake effects shall extend
d into the foooting, mat, or
o pile cap, and
a shall be fully develo
oped for
tensionn at the interfface.
C.4.2.22 Columns designed assuming fixeed end conditions at thee foundationn shall compply with
C.4.2.1 and, if hookks are required, longitudiinal reinforcement resistiing flexure sshall have 90
0° hooks
near the bottom of the foundatiion with the free end of thet hooks orriented towarrds the centrre of the
columnn.
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C.4.2.3 Columns or boundary elements of reinforced structural walls that have an edge within
one-half of the footing depth from the edge of the footing shall have transverse reinforcement in
accordance with clause C.4 provided below the top of the footing. This reinforcement shall extend
into the footing a distance not less than the smaller of the depth of the footing, raft, or pile cap, or
the tension anchorage length of the longitudinal reinforcement.
C.4.2.4 Where earthquake forces create uplift forces in boundary elements of structural walls or
columns, flexural reinforcement shall be provided in the top of the footing, raft or pile cap to resist
the design load combinations.
C.4.3 Ground beams and surface bed slabs
C.4.3.1 Ground beams designed to act as horizontal ties between pile caps or footings shall have
continuous longitudinal reinforcement that shall have an anchorage length developed within or
beyond the supported column, or anchored within the pile cap or footing, at all discontinuities.
C.4.3.2 Ground beams designed to act as horizontal ties between pile caps or footings shall have a
smallest cross-sectional dimension equal to or greater than the clear spacing between connected
columns divided by 20, but need not be greater than 450 mm. These beams shall have along their
full length a reinforcement ratio of at least 0,4 % at both top and bottom. Links shall be provided at
a spacing not exceeding the lesser of one half of the smallest cross sectional dimension, or 300 mm.
C.4.3.3 Ground beams that are part of a raft foundation subjected to flexure from columns that are
part of the lateral force-resisting system shall conform to C.2.1.
C.4.3.4 Surface bed slabs that resist seismic forces from walls or columns that are part of the
lateral force resisting system shall be designed as structural diaphragms. The minimum
reinforcement ratio for such diaphragms shall be 0,2 %. Reinforcement spacing each way shall not
exceed 450 mm. Reinforcement provided for shear shall be continuous and shall be distributed
evenly across the shear plane. All continuous reinforcement shall have full tensile strength
anchorage or splice lengths.
C.4.4 Piles and caissons

C.4.4.1 The provisions of C.4.4 shall apply to piles and caissons supporting structures designed for
earthquake resistance.
C.4.4.2 Piles or caissons resisting tension loads shall have continuous longitudinal reinforcement
over the length resisting design tension forces. The longitudinal reinforcement shall be detailed to
transfer tension forces within the pile cap to supported structural members.
C.4.4.3 Piles or caissons shall have transverse reinforcement in accordance with C.2.1.3 at the
following locations:
a) at the top of the member for at least five times the member cross-sectional dimension;
b) along the entire unsupported length plus five times the member cross sectional dimension, for the
portion of piles in soil that is not capable of providing lateral support, or in air or water.
46 © SABS
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Annex D
(normative)
Design and detailing of steel structures
D.1 Scope
D.1.1 The requirements of this annex shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of this part of
SANS 10160 for the design and detailing of steel structures to resist earthquake forces in seismic
hazard zones I and class IV structures of zone II. Design and detailing of such members and
connections shall also satisfy the requirements of SANS 10162-1.
D.1.2 This annex is based on ASCE 7-10 for steel structures not specifically detailed for seismic
resistance. Such structures make use of low levels of energy dissipation which result from the
inherent ductility of steel structures.
D.1.3 Structures for which ag > 0,1 shall be designed and detailed in compliance with the
requirements of other standards such as ASCE 7-10 and EN 1998-1, as in accordance with this part
of SANS 10160 and SANS 10162-1.
D.1.4 Structures may also be specifically designed and detailed for seismic resistance to other
standards such as ASCE 7-10 and EN 1998-1, in which case larger behaviour factors can be used.
Such detailing typically includes dissipative zones in the structure.
D.2 Building structures

D.2.1 This subclause shall govern the design and detailing of members and connections in
commercial, institutional, industrial and residential buildings. This subclause shall not apply to the
design and detailing of structures that utilize cantilever column systems for lateral earthquake force
resistance. Cantilever column systems resist lateral loads primarily through flexure at the base of
vertical members.
D.2.2 The building structure shall be regular with regard to horizontal, vertical and torsional
layout in accordance with clause 6. It is recommended that the inelastic displacement (ds) in 9.2
shall be calculated as 3 × de.
D.2.3 Elements that transfer load from floor or roof diaphragms to the vertical lateral force
resisting system shall be designed for 3 times the force in the element calculated according to
clause 8. The same shall apply to all members that are used as ties for continuity. Connections
within floor and roof diaphragms as well as within the vertical lateral force resisting system shall be
designed and detailed such that the controlling limit state is ductile. Yielding limit states may be
assumed to be ductile while fracture and buckling limit states are not.
D.3 Support structures for heavy rigid objects

D.3.1 This subclause shall govern the design and detailing of members and connections in
laterally self-supporting steel frames that support heavy rigid objects, defined as objects that have a
fundamental period of less than 0,06 s and weigh over 25 % of the combined weight of the object
and supporting structure.
© SABS 47
SANS 10160-4:2017
Edition 2
D.3.2 In 8.2 it shall be permitted to use a behaviour factor (q) of 3 to calculate the earthquake load
on support structures with symmetrically braced legs. It shall be permitted to use a behaviour factor
(q) of 2 to calculate the earthquake load on support structures with unbraced or asymmetrically
braced legs.
D.3.3 The inelastic displacement (ds) in 9.2 shall be calculated as 2,5 × de.
D.3.4 The following criteria apply to ensure strength and ductility. The calculated forces referred
to are calculated according to clause 8.
a) Connections between seismic force-resisting elements of the structure, excluding holding down
bolts embedded in concrete, shall be designed to develop 2 times the calculated connection
design force. Connections to holding down bolts embedded in concrete shall be designed to
develop the lesser of 1 and 2 below:
1) two (2) times the calculated connection design force; and
2) the strength of the bolt in tension.
b) Connection elements between the heavy rigid object and support frame shall be designed to
develop the lesser of 1 and 2 as follows:
1) two (2) times the calculated connection design force; and
2) where a bolt is used, the strength of the bolt in tension.
c) Support towers using tension-only bracing shall be designed such that the full cross-section of
the tension element will yield before other failures occur.
d) In support towers, compression struts that resist the reaction forces from tension braces shall be
designed to resist the lesser of the yield strength of the tension brace or 2 times the calculated
force in the tension brace.
D.3.5 Where the heavy rigid object is supported on grillage beams, the calculated vertical forces
on the beams from the object due to weight and overturning shall be increased by at least 20 % to
account for dynamic effects on possible non-uniform support. The grillage beams and connections
between the object and the beams shall be designed for these increased design values.
48 © SABS
SANS 10160-4:2017
Edition 2
Bibliography
Standards
ACI 318, Building code requirements for structural concrete.
ASCE 7, Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.
Other publications
International Building Code. ICC IBC 2012
Probabilistic seismic-hazard maps for South Africa. Version 1, Council for Geoscience. Pretoria.
2003.
Uniform Building Code. International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier. California. 1977.
______________
© SABS 49
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Basis of sttructurral desiign and

Part 4: Seismic actions

Publisheed by SABS Standards Divisiion

This document was approved for publication in February 2017.

This document supersedes SANS 10160-4:2011 (edition 1.1).

Part 1: Basis of structural design.

Part 2: Self-weight and imposed loads.

Part 3: Wind actions.

Part 4: Seismic actions and general requirements for buildings.

Part 5: Basis for geotechnical design and actions.

Part 6: Actions induced by cranes and machinery.

Part 7: Thermal actions.

Part 8: Actions during execution.

2 Normative references ............................................................................................................. 3

3 Definitions and symbols ........................................................................................................ 4

3.1 Definitions ..................................................................................................................... 4

4 Application requirements ....................................................................................................... 10

5 Ground conditions and seismic action ................................................................................... 11

5.1 Ground conditions ......................................................................................................... 11

6 Design of buildings ................................................................................................................ 15

6.1 Multi-storey buildings in zones I and II ........................................................................ 15

7 Load effects and considerations ............................................................................................. 20

8 Structural analysis .................................................................................................................. 22

8.1 Modelling ...................................................................................................................... 22

9.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 28

10 Structural and non-structural component load effects ........................................................... 30

10.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 30

11.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 32

Annex A (informative) Seismic hazard map of South Africa ................................................. 34

Annex B (normative) Specific rules for masonry buildings ................................................. 35

Annex C (normative) Detailing of reinforcement of concrete ............................................. 38

Annex D (normative) Design and detailing of steel structures ............................................. 47

Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and industrial

SANS 10137, The installation of glazing in buildings.

SANS 10163-1, The structural use of timber – Part 1: Limit-states design.

3 Definitions and symbols

NOTE Resistance to lateral loads is provided by shear walls or braced frames.

NOTE This reduction is accomplished by introducing the behaviour factor, q.

3.2.1 Latin upper case letters

Acp cross-sectional area of a coupling beam

Ad design value of an accidental action

Asb area of confinement reinforcement in the boundary zone

Asu minimum cross sectional area of rectangular column links

Cp seismic force coefficient

CT factor used to determine fundamental period of vibration

Cvx factor used to determine lateral seismic force on level, x

Ed design seismic load on an element of the structure

Ev vertical component of seismic action

Fin lateral shear force induced at any level, i

Fp design seismic lateral force

Fpn nominal seismic force acting on an element

Fxn lateral seismic force acting on a storey level, x

Gn nominal self-weight load

Lwx length of wall, x, on level, i

Ms portion of slab moment which is taken up by supports

Mtn torsional moments

NSPT standard penetration test blow-count

Qni imposed vertical load, i

R ratio of secondary moment to primary moments

Sd(T) design spectrum for elastic analysis

T fundamental period of vibration