Flat Slabs - Webinar - 24 Nov 16 - A9 Op PDF

Flat slabs – 28 Nov 2016
Flat Slabs
Webinar from The Concrete Centre

28th November 2016
12.30 Start
Paul Gregory
Structural Engineer
MSc MBA CEng MICE MIStructE
Ch 7. Flat slabs
pgregory@concretecentre.com
Outline
– Basics of Flat Slabs
– Initial sizing
– Design Methods
– Design Constraints
– Construction Methods
1
Outline
– Initial sizing
– Design Methods
Basics
What are flat slabs?
– Solid concrete floors of constant thickness
– They have flat soffits
Punching shear
2
Basics
Column Head
Drop Panel
Waffle Slab Waffle mould
Basics
Voided Slabs
1. COBIAX
http://www.cobiax.com/home
2. BUBBLEDECK
http://www.bubbledeck-uk.com/
3
Basics
Hybrid (PC & In-situ) flat slabs
Basics
Hybrid (PC & In-situ) flat slabs
4
Basics - Voided Slabs
Basics
Voided Slabs
5
Basics
Voided Slabs
Pour in two stages. Bottom 70mm to 100mm first.

After initial set pour rest of slab.
Basics
Where are they used?
– Commercial offices
– Residential
º Apartments
º Hotels
º Student residencies
– Hospitals
– Schools
6
Basics
Why are they used?
1. Speed of construction
• Probably the fastest method of insitu construction
Fast due to the

formwork systems
Tower - 4 legs
• Flat table forms are quick to erect and move
Basics
Table Form/ Flying Form
7
Basics
Horizontal Panel Systems
Basics
Horizontal Panel Systems
8
Basics
Horizontal Panel Systems – Drop Heads
Hit with hammer

and
Prop stays in Panel drops

position
Basics
Exposed soffit with supporting props
Slab to be cast
Falsework
Slab just cast
9
Basics - Cost
Formwork can be up to 50%
of the total frame cost.
Formwork
Reinforcement
Concrete
Approximate relative breakdown of costs
Basics
Why are they used?
2. Economy
• Thin structure
• Reduced building height
• Reduced cladding area
• Fast construction reduces cost
10
Basics
Concept is free to download from www.concretecentre.com
Basics
Why are they used?
3. Low sound transmission
Acoustic Test Summary:
Floors
• 250mm of concrete with a stuck down
carpet and no ceiling finish beneath
• Impact Passed by 5db
• Airborne Passed by 5db
ie Suitable for a ‘robust detail’
Walls
• 180mm concrete with a 2mm plaster skim
finish
• Airborne Passed
11
Basics Basics
Why are they used?
4. Low vibration characteristics
5. Fire resistance
6. Simple services distribution – compared with slab
on downstand beams
Potential 15%
reduction in M&E
contractors installation
quote
Outline
– Initial sizing
– Design Methods
12
Initial sizing
Imposed Load, Qk (kN/m2) 2.5 5 7.5 10

3 methods: Multiple Span 28 26 25 23
1. Simple span to depth table
2. Use Economic Concrete Frame Elements
Table
Graph
Initial sizing – ECFE Graph
265
13
Initial sizing - ECFE Table
Average 265mm
Initial sizing
3 methods:
1. Simple span to depth table
2. Use Economic Concrete Frame Elements
3. Use Concept.xls
Concept is free to download from www.concretecentre.com
14
Initial sizing
Initial sizing
Grid line
15
Initial sizing – Equivalent Frame
Equivalent frame method Grid line

8m
Outline
– Initial sizing
– Design Methods
16
Design Methods - Analysis
• Equivalent Frame Method (Elastic Plane Frame)

– Design moments and shears from an elastic
analysis of a plane frame or sub-frame
– Design moments and shears using coefficients in

a table, the Tabular Method.
• Finite Element Analysis

– Elastic method
• Yield Line
– Plastic method of design, upper bound.
Design Methods – Analysis EC2

Elastic Plane Frame – Equivalent Frame Method
• Apply in both directions – Y and Z
• Method of Analysis for Bending Moments & SF’s
• Equivalent Frame - the Beams are the Slab width
• Kslab = use full panel width for vertical loads.
• Kslab = use 40% panel width for horizontal loads. Annex I.1.2.(1)
17
EC2: Load cases & combinations

EC2: Cl 5.1.3 gives one ‘simplified’ option:
EC2: Load cases & combinations

Design BM is max sagging BM from any load arrangement
18
UK NA: Arrangement of Actions

Alternate spans loaded
1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk
1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk
All spans loaded

1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk
UK NA: Arrangement of Actions

Alternate spans loaded
1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk
1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk
For slabs design BM can be BM from this single load case

All spans loaded
1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk
19

Load cases
NA – can use single load case provided:
• Variable load ≤ 1.25 x Permanent load
• Variable load ≤ 5.0 kN/m2
Condition of using single load case is that Support BM’s should be
reduced by 20% except at cantilever supports
End BM
= 100 kN.m N1 = 800 kN.m
Mt,max
Limitation of negative moments

BS 8110 cl 3.7.2.6

Equivalent frame method
(N1 + N2)/2 + P ≥ nl2(l1-2hc/3)2/8
N1 N2
P
TR 64 – Figure 14
Reduction in maximum hogging moment
at columns
20
Design Methods
Flat Slabs – EC2
EC2 Part 1-1 Section 9.4 – Flat slabs

Annex I – Analysis of flat slabs
Design Methods – EC2

EC2: Figure I.1 Concise: Table 5.2
Division of panels in flat slabs
21

EC2: Table I.1 Concise: Table 5.2
Distribution of moments

EC2: Cl. 9.4
Concise: 12.4.1
• Arrangement of reinforcement should reflect behaviour

under working conditions.
• At internal columns 0.5At should be placed in a width =

0.25 × panel width.
• At least two bottom bars should pass through internal

columns in each orthogonal directions.
22

EC2: Figure 9.9, I.1.2(5) Concise Figure 5.12
• Design reinforcement at edge and corner reinforcement

should be placed within be
cz cz
A is the A
A
slab edge cy
cy
y
y
z
be = cz + y
be = z + y/2
A
• The maximum moment that can be transferred from the

slab to the column should be limited to 0.17bed2fck

Equivalent frame method 8m
23

N1 N2
P
TR 64 – Figure 14
Reduction in maximum hogging moment
at columns

Distribution of Design Bending Moments, Annex I
Table I.1 Column Strip Middle Strip
Negative 60 - 80% 40 - 20%
Positive 50 - 70% 50 - 30%
At = Reinforcement area to resist full negative moment. Cl 9.4.1
24

Distribution of Design Bending Moments - Example
Table I.1 Column Strip Middle Strip
Negative 75% 25%
At = Reinforcement area to resist full negative moment. Cl 9.4.1
= 6400 mm2
Column strip = 4800 mm2 Middle strip = 1600 mm2
400 mm2/m
800 mm2/m
1600 mm2/m
800 mm2/m
400 mm2/m

25

Equivalent frame method - Elastic Plane Frame
• Computer software normally used to

assess bending moments and shear forces
• Design for full load in both directions
• RC spreadsheet TCC33.xls will carry out

the analysis and design
Design Methods
RC Spreadsheet
– Enter design data
– Full sub-frame analysis
is carried out
– Redistribution can be
adjusted
– Deflection checks are
undertaken
– Checks on detailing
rules included
RC Spreadsheet – TCC 33
26
Design Methods
RC Spreadsheet – TCC 33

Equivalent frame method - Tabular Method
Table with BM and SF

coefficients in Concise
Tables 15.2 and 15.3
Similar to coefficients in
Table 3.12 of BS 8110
27
Design Methods - Tabular Method

e.g. use coefficients from Concise Tables 15.2 or 15.3 to determine bending
moments and shear forces. BM = coeff x n x span2 SF = coeff x n x span
• Design for full load in both directions

• Frame lateral stability must not be dependent on slab-col connections
• There must be at least three approx equal spans.
• Note: No column BM’s given in table.
Design Methods
Finite Element Method
Suitable for:
◦ irregular layouts
◦ slabs with service openings
◦ post tensioned design
(specialist software)
Common pitfalls:
◦ Use long term E-values (typically 1/3 to 1/2 short term value)
◦ Use cracked section properties (typically 1/2 gross
properties) by adjusting E-value to suit
◦ Therefore appropriate E-values are usually 4 to 8 kN/mm2
28
Design Methods
Finite Element Method
Design moment is the integral of the section through the contour
plot or the bay width
Grid line Grid line
2 3
Integral
for bay
width
Peak
moment
Design Methods
Finite Element - Design moments
29
Distribution of top reinforcement

Assume a total area of steel, At = 8000 mm2
Distribution 75% Column strip & 25% Middle strip

60 6000 mm2 2000 mm2
0
Bending moment (kNm/m)
50
0
Centre column strip:
4000 mm2 or 2000 mm2/m
40
Outer column strip:
0 0.75 x 8000 – 4000
30 = 2000 mm2 or 1000 mm2/m
0
Middle strip:
20
0.25 x 8000 = 2000 mm2
0
or 500 mm2/m
10
0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Distance (m)
Outline
– Initial sizing
– Design Methods
30
Design Constraints
Which ever design method is used the following

checks are necessary:
Deflection
Moment transfer
Punching shear
Bending strength (often not critical)
Design Constraints
Deflection:
Wherever possible use the
span/effective depth ratios,
cl 7.4.2 (2)
Span is based on the longer

span and the K factor is 1.2
Reduction factor for brittle

finishes for spans greater
than 8.5m
Ch 7 How to Design Concrete Structures
31
Moment transfer
Edge and corner columns have limited
capacity to transfer moments from slab –
redistribution may be necessary
Figure 8
Design Constraints
Moment Transfer from slab to column:
Edge and corner columns have limited capacity to transfer moments
from slab – redistribution may be necessary (Annex I.1.2 (5), EC2 cl
9.4.2 & TR 64)
Mt max = 0.17 be d2 fck
Effective
width, be.
32
Design Constraints
Punching Shear - EC2: cl 6.4 and cl 9.4.3

• Traditional links
Shape 22
Shape 51
• Shear Rails
Shape 47
Design Constraints –
Punching Shear
Holes have major

influence
Several methods of dealing

with punching shear
Traditional links
Use TCC13.xls
33
Design Constraints
Punching Shear
– Shear Rails
◦ Design to manufacturers
literature
– Shear stirrups
◦ Design to ACI code
Design Constraints
Punching Shear
– Structural steel
shearheads
◦ Design to ACI code
Further
help…
34
Punching shear
EC2
Punching Shear
EC2: Cl. 6.4 Figure 8.3
Punching shear does not use the Variable Strut inclination method
and is similar to BS 8110 methods
• The basic control perimeter is set at 2d from the loaded area
• The shape of control perimeters have rounded corners
2d 2d 2d
u1 u1
u1
2d
bz
by
35
Punching Shear Reinforcement (1)

EC2: Cl. 6.4.5 Figures 12.5 & 12.6
Outer control
Outer perimeter of shear
reinforcement The outer control perimeter at
perimeter
which shear reinforcement is not
0.75d
required, should be calculated
kd 1.5d (2d if > 2d from
column)
from:
A 0.5d
A
uout,ef = βVEd / (vRd,c d)
The outermost perimeter of

shear reinforcement should be
Outer control
0.5d
0.75d
perimeter placed at a distance not
kd
greater than kd ( k = 1.5)
within the outer control
perimeter.
Section A - A u1 uout
u0
Punching Shear Reinforcement (2)

EC2: Cl. 6.4.5 Figure 8.10
Where proprietary systems are used the control perimeter at which
shear reinforcement is not required, uout or uout,ef (see Figure) should be
calculated from the following expression:
uout,ef = βVEd / (vRd,c d) uout,ef
uout > 2d
2d 1,5d
d
1,5d
36
Outline
– Initial sizing
– Design Methods
Construction Methods
Reinforcement rationalisation:
– Optimum cost
depends on:
◦ Material cost
◦ Labour
◦ Plant
◦ Preliminaries
◦ Finance
– Team decision
required
Figure in Best Practice guides
37
Proprietary systems– Carpet Reinforcement
COLUMNS?
Interaction of temporary and permanent works
– For economy the contractor will strike the formwork at the
earliest opportunity
– The temporary works designer will require information from the

permanent works designer
– Temporary
loadcases may
be more onerous
than permanent
loadcases
– Backpropping is
used to share
the loads
between floors
Figure in Best Practice guides
38
Summary
Flat slabs are used on a wide variety of projects

for the following reasons:
– Speed
– Economy
– Plus the inherent beneficial properties of concrete
There are a variety of methods for initial sizing

and detailed design
Deflection and punching shear govern the design
Further information & Resources
39
Further Information
Guide to the Design and

Construction of RC Flat Slabs,
Concrete Society TR No. 64,
2007
Further Information
Best practice guides for in-situ concrete framed buildings
Early striking and improved

backpropping
Rationalisation of flat slab

reinforcement
Prefabricated punching shear

reinforcement for flat slabs
Flat slabs for efficient concrete

construction
All are free to download from www.concretecentre.com
40
Further Information
Further Information
41
Cost Model Studies
COST MODELstudies
Cost model STUDIES
All are free to download from www.concretecentre.com
42
Economic Concrete Frame

Elements to EC2
Concept - Excel program

Free to download from
www.concretecentre.com
2009 – EC2 version
Spreadsheets
TCC 33 Flat slabs

TCC 33X Flat slabs
TCC 13 Punching shear
Trial spreadsheets free to

download at:
43
Formwork
End
Thank you for your attention
Questions
pgregory@concretecentre.com
44

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Flat slabs – 28 Nov 2016

Webinar from The Concrete Centre

– Basics of Flat Slabs

– Basics of Flat Slabs

What are flat slabs?

– Solid concrete floors of constant thickness

– They have flat soffits

Waffle Slab Waffle mould

Basics - Voided Slabs

Pour in two stages. Bottom 70mm to 100mm first.

Fast due to the

• Flat table forms are quick to erect and move

Hit with hammer

Prop stays in Panel drops

Approximate relative breakdown of costs

Why are they used?

• Reduced building height

• Reduced cladding area

• Fast construction reduces cost

Concept is free to download from www.concretecentre.com

3. Low sound transmission

Acoustic Test Summary:

– Basics of Flat Slabs

Imposed Load, Qk (kN/m2) 2.5 5 7.5 10

Initial sizing – ECFE Graph

Initial sizing - ECFE Table

Concept is free to download from www.concretecentre.com

Initial sizing – Equivalent Frame

Equivalent frame method Grid line

– Basics of Flat Slabs

Design Methods - Analysis

• Equivalent Frame Method (Elastic Plane Frame)

– Design moments and shears using coefficients in

• Finite Element Analysis

Design Methods – Analysis EC2

EC2: Load cases & combinations

EC2: Load cases & combinations

UK NA: Arrangement of Actions

All spans loaded

UK NA: Arrangement of Actions

For slabs design BM can be BM from this single load case

Design Methods – Analysis EC2

Limitation of negative moments

Design Methods – Analysis EC2

EC2 Part 1-1 Section 9.4 – Flat slabs

Design Methods – EC2

Design Methods – EC2

Design Methods – EC2

• Arrangement of reinforcement should reflect behaviour

• At internal columns 0.5At should be placed in a width =

• At least two bottom bars should pass through internal

Design Methods – EC2

• Design reinforcement at edge and corner reinforcement

• The maximum moment that can be transferred from the

Design Methods – EC2

Equivalent frame method 8m

Design Methods – Analysis EC2

Design Methods – EC2

Design Methods – EC2

Design Methods – EC2

Design Methods - Analysis

• Computer software normally used to