Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Government Accounting
Part 2 Lecture
To provide new accounts for the adoption of} the Philippine Public
Sector Accounting Standards (harmonized with IPSAS)
To provide uniform accounts for national} government accounting
and budget systems to facilitate the preparation of harmonized
financial and budgetary accountability reports
To expand the account code from three (3) digits in the NGAS
Chart of Accounts to eight (8) digits, to allow expansion or
creation of new accounts as may be necessary to implement new
standards or policies and provide up to four levels of consolidation
depending on the users’ information
Codes are assigned to account groups to facilitate location of accounts in the general
and subsidiary ledgers, to provide systematic arrangement and classification of
accounts and facilitate preparation of the consolidated financial reports as follows:
Account Group
Major Expenses Accounts (Personnel Services, Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses,
Financial Expenses, Direct Cost and Non-Cash Expenses)
Sub-Major Account Group represents classification within the major accounts (Cash and Cash
Equivalent: Cash on Hand, Cash in Bank-Local Currency, Cash in Bank-Foreign Currency etc.)
General Ledger Account represents the account to be presented in the detailed financial
statements (Cash-Collecting Officer, Petty Cash and etc.). The first two digit from the left is the
general ledger code and the last digit is for the contra-account.
Intermediate Accounts – are closed to Government Equity account at the end of the accounting
period. This includes Income and Expense Summary.
Accounting for Income, Collections and Related
Transaction
Accounting Methods for Income
1. Accrual Methods
2. Cash Basis – use for all taxes, fees, charges and other revenue
where accrual method is impractical.
Accrual of Revenue to the General Fund
d. Revenue from non-exchange transactions may also arise when, in respect of an inflow of resources from a
non-exchange transaction, the entity satisfies a present obligation recognized as a liability which may be as follows:
1. Trust Liabilities – Customers’ Deposits Payable and Guaranty/Security Deposits Payable
2. Deferred Credits – Deferred Finance Lease Revenue and Other Deferred Credits
3. Unearned Revenue – Investment Property and Other Unearned Revenue
Sale of Goods or Provisions of Services to Third Parties or to Other NGAs
Revenue Revenue Recognition Point
Service Income
Permit Fees, Registration Fees, When services are rendered or if not practicable, when fees are
Registration Plates, Tags and Stickers Fee, collected upon issuance of the respective permits, certificates of
Clearance and Certification Fees, registration, plates, stickers, clearance, certification, franchises and
Franchising Fees and Licensing Fees, licenses.
Supervision and Regulation When services are rendered or when tickets or relevant document
representing violation are issued or if not practicable, when fees are
collected
Spectrum Usage Fees When bills are rendered for the use, allocation and assignment of radio
frequency wave lengths or if not practicable, when fees are collected
Inspection Fees When bills are rendered for the conduct of inspection by authorized
government official or if not practicable, when fees are collected
Legal Fees, Verification and When filing fees are billed or if not practicable, when fees are
Authentication collected
Passport and Visa Fees When fees are billed upon issuance of the passport and visa or if not
practicable, when fees are collected
Processing Fees When fees are billed or collected for the processing of documents for
securing permits/applications.
Other Service Income When fees are billed or if not practicable, when fees are
collected
Business Income
School Fees, Affiliation Fees, When fees are billed or if not practicable, when fees are
Examination Fees, Seminar/ Training collected
Fees
Rent/Lease Income, Communication When fees are billed for earned revenue from use of
Network Fees, Transportation System government property/facilities or if not practicable, when fees
Fees, Road Network Fees, Waterworks are collected
System Fees, Power Supply System
Fees, Seaport System Fees, Landing
and Parking Fees, Income from
Hostels/ Dormitories and Other Like
Facilities, Slaughterhouse, and Other
Service Income
Sales Revenue When the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been
transferred to the buyer as indicated in the sales invoice
Hospital Fees When fees are billed for hospital and related services rendered,
or if not practicable, when fees are collected
Share in the Profit of Joint Venture Venture When share in the profit is earned
Other Business Income When earned or if not practicable, when fees are collected
Entity A is authorized to print accounting manuals for sale to other NGAs. Assume that on July
16, 2014, Entity A sold accounting manuals on account with a list price of P100,000 less trade
discounts of 10%, 10% and 5%.
Required: Compute for the invoice price of the merchandise and journalize the transaction.
Interest income – charges for the use of cash or cash equivalents, or amounts due to the entity;
Example: Assume that on August 5, 2015, Entity A received a 60-day, 9%, P12,000 promissory note from X entity
for accounting manuals sold. On October 4, 2015, Entity X paid cash in settlement of its note.
1. The cash basis of accounting shall be applied by all government agencies in the
recognition of revenue from non-exchange transaction until a reliable model of
measurement of this revenue is developed. Therefore, asset and the corresponding revenue
or liability that arises from non-exchange transaction shall be recognized when collected or
when these are measurable and legally collectible.
a. Taxation revenue shall be determined at a gross amount. It shall not be reduced
for expenses paid through the tax system.
b. Gifts and donations, other than services in kind shall be recognized as assets and
revenue when it is probable that the future economic benefits or service potential will flow
to the entity and shall be measured at fair value.
c. Goods in-kind received without conditions shall be recognized as revenue
immediately.
d. Donation in cash or in kind shall be recognized as revenue.
2. Revenue from non-exchange transactions shall be measured at the amount of the increase in net assets recognized by the
entity, unless it is also required to recognize a liability. Where a liability is recognized and subsequently reduced, because the
taxable event occurs, or a condition is satisfied, the amount of the reduction in the liability will be recognized as revenue. (Pars.
48 and 49, PPSAS 23)
3. Measurement of Assets on Initial Recognition from Non-Exchange Transactions. An asset acquired through a non-exchange
transaction shall initially be measured at its fair value as at the date of acquisition. (Par. 42, PPSAS 33)
4. Measurement of Liabilities on Initial Recognition. Where the time value of money is material, the liability will be measured
at the present value of the amount expected to be required to settle the obligation. (Par. 58, PPSAS 23)
5. Tax Revenue. Taxes are economic benefits or service potential compulsory paid or payable to public sector agencies, in
accordance with laws and or regulations, established to provide revenue to the government. Taxes do not include fines or other
penalties imposed for breaches of the law. Unless otherwise specified in laws and regulations, the taxable event for:
a. Income tax is the earning of assessable income during the taxation period by the taxpayer;
b. Value added tax is the undertaking of taxable activity during the taxation period by the taxpayer;
c. Goods and services tax is the purchase or sale of taxable goods and services during the taxation period;
d. Customs duty is the movement of dutiable goods or services across the customs boundary;
e. Death duty is the death of a person owning taxable property; and
f. Property tax is the passing of the date on which the tax is levied, or the period for which the tax is levied, if the tax is
levied on a periodic basis
Exchanges of Goods or Services for Similar/Dissimilar Good or Services
When goods or services are exchanged or swapped for goods or services which are of a similar nature and value,
the exchange is not regarded as a transaction which generates revenue. However, when goods are sold or services are
rendered in exchange for dissimilar goods or services, the exchange is regarded as a transaction which generates revenue.
The revenue is measured at the fair value of the goods or services received, adjusted by the amount of any cash or cash
equivalents transferred. When the fair value of the goods or services received cannot be measured reliably, the revenue is
measured at the fair value of the goods given up, adjusted by the amount of any cash or cash equivalents transferred. (Par.
17, PPSAS 9)
B. Foreign Sources
• Foreign Funding Institution remits the amount in foreign currency to the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP);
• The BSP advices the BTr of the receipt of the foreign currency remittances;
• The BTr records the receipt in its book in peso value equivalent;
• Upon receipt of the NCA from DBM, the BTr advices the bank to transfer cash to the agency; and
• The government agency records NCA in its book.
Receipt and Collection Process
Process Person/Unit Responsible
DPWH wants to purchase a new car in the amount of P1,500,000 and received a SARO for the purpose.
Journalize the stated transactions
Account Title Account Code Debit Credit
Cash – Collecting Officer 1-01-01-010 P400,000
Accumulated Depreciation – Motor Vehicle 1-06-05-021 1,700,000
Motor Vehicle 1-06-05-020 2,000,000
Gain on Sale of PPE 4-05-01-040 100,000
To record sale of office equipment
Gain on Sale of PPE 4-05-01-040 100,000
Government Equity 3-01-01-010 300,000
Cash – Collecting Officer 1-01-01-010 400,000
To record remittance of collection to BTr
Grants and Donations Intended for Agency Uses: If there is no specific authority
for their use, grants and donations from whatever source shall also be recorded
in the NG books and shall be remitted to the National Treasury. This agency shall
prepare a special budget for the use of the income remitted but it is intended for
the agency ’ s use such as donations and grants. Upon approval of the special
budget, The DBM will issue the SARO and the NCA. The former is the agency ’s
additional allotment and shall be recorded in the appropriate registry. The SARO
is the agency’s additional subsidy income from the national government and is
journalized in its RA books.
Agency’s National Government Books
1. No money shall be paid out of any public treasury or depository except in pursuance of an
appropriation law or other specific statutory authority.
2. Government funds or property shall be spent or used solely for public purposes.
3. Trust funds shall be available and may be spent only for the specific purpose for which the trust was
created or the funds received.
4. Fiscal responsibility shall, to the greatest extent, be shared by all those exercising authority over the
financial affairs, transactions, and operations of the government agency.
5. Disbursement or disposition of government funds or property shall invariably bear the approval of
the proper officials.
6. Claims against government funds shall be supported with complete documentation.
7. All laws and regulations applicable to financial transactions shall be faithfully adhered to.
8. Generally accepted principles and practices of accounting as well as of sound management and
fiscal administration shall be observed, provided that they do not contravene existing laws and
regulations.
Expenditure is the obligation incurred by the agency.
Journalizing Transactions/Events
1.By check
Example: Department of Education paid its accounts payable arising from the purchase of
supplies and materials in the amount of P500,000.
Account Title Account Code Debit Credit
2. By Cash. Made by cash advance drawn and maintained in accordance with COA
rules and regulations.
Typical Disbursements Transactions
Salaries and wages of the agency may be made through the following:
Cash-MDS-Regular 8,000,000
Subsidy from National Government 8,000,000
Building 5,000,000
Construction in Progress-Bidg and other Structure 5,000,000
To take up the asset account in the book of the agency
Payment of Expenses
Cash-MDS-Regular 9,750
Cash-MDS-Regular 1,000