DATE PERRFORMED: JANUARY 17, 2010

DETERMINATION OF THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANT

OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE

VERGARA, ANGELICA R.
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES

ABSTRACT

Solubility product principle deals with an ionic equilibrium established between a solid solute and its ions
in a saturated solution. With the system Ca(OH) 2(s) ↔ Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) -- which is dissolved in different media
including distilled water, potassium chloride, and calcium nitrate -- this principle is applied to determine the
solubility product constant of Ca(OH)2(s) expressed by Ksp = [Ca2+] [OH-]2 . Using water as the medium, the
experimental Ksp of Ca(OH)2 is obtained. The effect of diverse ions K+ and Cl- on the solubility and Ksp of Ca(OH)2
is then tested in different concentration of KCl. Also, the relationship between solubility and ionic strength of the
solute is determined by a plot. Lastly, the effect of common ion is analyzed by reacting Ca(NO 3)2 with Ca(OH)2.
Result shows that diverse ion and common ion increases and decreases, respectively, the solubility and K sp. Thus,
this study proves the relation and importance of concentration, ionic strength, solubility product constant, and
solubility in ionic equilibrium. More importantly, experimental data results to a K sp of 3.30 x 10-5, which is 511%
greater than literature value of 5.4 x 10-6.

INTRODUCTION There is a branch in chemical equilibrium,

Chemical equilibrium is a state where in the
chemical activities of the products and reactants have
no net change over time. This state does not mean
that the reaction has already stopped; nor does it
mean that the quantities of the reactants and products
are equal but at this point, the concentration of the
reactants is equal to the concentration of the products.
At equilibrium, the equilibrium constant, K,
can be determined. For any reaction such as,
aA + bB ↔ cC + dD
[C]c [D] d
Keq =
[ A ]a [ B]b
namely ionic chemical equilibria, where the reactions
to be considered is with those in which ions are
involved and become an important entities in the
chemical equations that represent the equilibria.
An ion is an atom or group of atoms
carrying an electrical charge. There substances in
which ions are already present in the pure
compounds. When those types of substances is
dissolved in water or any solvent, their components
dissociates thus letting ions free to move in the
medium. On the other hand, for those substances that
have an absence of ions in their pure compounds, the
ions can be formed just by letting the substance
dissolved in water.
 Nevertheless, the solutions in both cases
conduct the electric current because of the presence
of the ions. The solutes which yield these conducting
solutions are known as electrolytes.
These concepts give support to those ionic
equilibria that describes analytical separations.
One standard which involve ionic equilibria,
more specifically those reactions involving slightly
soluble electrolytes, is the solubility product
principle.
Consider a system that produces an
insoluble hydroxide metal,
XOH(aq) + Y(aq) ↔ YOH(s) + X +
,where YOH is the precipitate formed in the solution.
The reaction proceeds essentially to
completion in one direction because an insoluble
product is formed. Eventually, a condition of
equilibrium is established between the insoluble
metal hydroxide and its ions. It happened by the time
YOH, which is a strong base, is respectively added to
different concentration of an acid.
For experiment sake, this precipitate will be
saturated with acid and the equation will be reversed.
YOH(s) ↔ Y+ + OH-
One convinced that the above reaction is at
equilibrium, the equilibrium constant for the reaction
can be obtained.
Keq = ([Y+] + [OH-]) / (YOH(s))
Since there is nothing to be used in place of
the term YOH(s), then this suggests that YOH(s) is
constant. Then as long as a saturated solution is
considered, the term, YOH(s), is a constant. Under
these conditions we can combine it with the
equilibrium constant, K, and obtain a new constant,
Ksp, the solubility product constant.
[Y+][OH-] = K(YOH)(s)) = Ksp
Solubility product constant is the constant
for the equilibrium established between a solid solute
and its ions in a saturated solution.
In instances like this, where substance-
producing ions are a slightly soluble salt, it is
customary to refer to this equilibrium constant as
solubility product constant rather than an ionization
constant.
Generalizing, with those as the basis which
clearly represents an equilibrium process, the
solubility product constant can be expressed as
Ksp = [Ay+]x[Bx-]y
where [Ay+] and [Bx-] are the concentrations of
species Ay+ and Bx-, and x and y are there
stoichiometric ratio.
On the other hand, solubility product
principle encompasses also the determination of
solubility of a substance and also its ionic strength.
These two concepts support the said principle.
Solubility product constant of a solute and
the solute’s molar solubility – its molarity in a
saturated aqueous solution have relationship with
each other. Solubility is equal to amount of moles of
solute divided by the volume of the solution.
Therefore with the system wherein what is
asked is the Ksp of YOH,
YxOHz(s) ↔ Y+/xs + OH-/zs
Then Ksp will now be equal to xs(zs)2 =
xz s . From here, the solubility, s, can be obtained.
2 3
s = (Ksp/xz2)1/3
where x is the number of moles of specie Y + in the
given metal and y is with OH-.
Furthermore, in the solubility product which
involves ionic equilibrium, there’s diverse non-
common ion effect and the common ion effect which
affects the solubility of a certain species.
 Diverse or non common ions tend to
increase rather than decrease solubility. As the total
ionic concentration of a solution increases, interionic
attractions become more important. Effective
concentration becomes smaller than the
stoichiomertric concentration. For the ion involved in
the solution process, this means that higher
concentrations must appear in solution before
equilibrium is established, the solubility increases.
While in common ion effect, the addition of
the common ion shifts the equilibrium of a slightly
soluble ionic compound toward the undissolved
compound, causing more precipitate. Thus, the
solubility if the compound is reduced. According to
Le Chatelier’s principle, an equilibrium mixture
responds to a forced increase in the concentration of
one of its reactants by shifting in the direction in
which that reactant is consumed.
Another factor is the ionic strength that
affects the value of solubility product constant. It
depends on the charges and the concentrations of all
the ions present in the solution.
Ionic strength is expressed as
µ = ½ Σ CiZi2
where Ci is the molar concentration of each ion
and Zi is the change of each ion.
The concepts and equations above will push
through the objective of this experiment, which is to
determine the solubility product constant of the
system, calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2, described by
these equilibrium reactions;
Formation of Ca(OH)2 from Ca(NO3)2 and NaOH :
Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Ca(OH)2(s)
Formation of salts from the saturated solution of Ca(OH) 2 with its
medium KCl:
Ca(OH)2(s) ↔ Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
wherein the aim is to calculate Ksp of the said
insoluble hydroxide metal in different media,
(1) distilled water to determine experimental
Ksp;
(2) different concentrations of KCl for the effect
of diverse ions;
(3) and, 0.1 M Ca(NO3)2 for the common ion
effect;
with the aid of effective titration with strong acid 0.1
M HCl.
After those, the solubility product
expression, the solubility, and the ionization of this
system can be obtained by using these expressions.
Solubility product expression
Ksp = [Ca2+] [OH-]2
Solubility
s = (Ksp/4)1/3
Ionic strength
µ = ½ Σ CiZi2
Therefore, using these working equations,
the Ksp will be determined.
Also, the effect of diverse and common ion
will be seen based on the obtained Ksp. Hence, the
ionic equilibrium’s solubility product principle will
be understood.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Ions are involved in the reactions in this
experiment, given K+, Cl-, and mainly Ca2+ and OH-,
wherein therefore ionic equilibrium should encore
this study. Thus, the basics of diverse ion and
common ion effects will also be presented.
But more importantly, because this
experiment is dealing with an insoluble hydroxide,
Ca(OH)2, formed by Ca(NO3)2 and NaOH, and then
saturated with KCl, this whole discussion will
revolve to solubility product principle, specifically
the solubility product constant of Ca(OH)2.
 The system is the reaction of formation of
calcium hydroxide and its saturated solution with an
acid.
Calcium hydroxide is prepared through
reacting 1.0 M calcium nitrate and 1.0 sodium
hydroxide, with the equation,
Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) ↔ Ca(OH)2(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Ca(OH)2(s)
The formation of precipitate, which is
Ca(OH)2, push the essential completion of reaction
towards the product only. Nevertheless, equilibrium
can be attained between Ca(OH) 2 and its ions, Ca2+
and OH-, by the time calcium hydroxide is
respectively added to water, to an acid, which must
have diverse ions with respect to Ca(OH) 2, or to a
specie which has the common ions with Ca(OH) 2. In
here the determination of Ksp and solubility is made
possible. Saturated solutions of Ca(OH)2 and
different media are prepared.
Determination of Experimental Ksp
Medium: H2O, water
First, upon having a solution of Ca(OH)2
and water with equation,
Ca(OH)2(s) ↔ Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
equilibrium can also be reached. By the time
agitation is stopped and the solid component of the
solution settle, it may appear that no Ca(OH) 2 has
dissolved in the water. However, a tiny amount of the
salt will have dissolved to form a saturated solution
of the salt.
With that, since the system attains
equilibrium with the concept of solubility product,
the experimental Ksp can be obtained through the
solubility constant expression of the system,
Ksp = [Ca2+] [OH-]2
Afterwhich that the precipitate hydroxide is
dissolved to deduct to appropriate product of the ion
concentrations to made it less than the solubility
product constant of Ca(OH)2. Meaning decreasing the
concentration of either calcium ion or hydroxide ion
is through the addition of water, then the aliquot from
the obtained supernate is titrated with 0.1 M HCl.
Obtaining the amount of the titrant used for
neutralization from the experiment, the concentration
of hydroxide ion can be calculated using dilution
equation, M1V1=M2V2.
[OH-] = [(10.1 mL HCl) (0.1 M HCl)] / (25mL
aliquot)
= 4.04 x 10-2 M
And since [Ca2+] = ½ [OH-] with respect to
their stoichiometric coefficient, the concentration of
calcium ion can be obtained.
[Ca2+] = ½ [OH-] = ½ (4.04 x 10-2 M)
= 2.02 x 10-2 M
Now that the concentration of calcium and
hydroxide ions are known, the experimental
solubility product of constant of calcium hydroxide
can be calculated.
Ksp of Ca(OH)2 = [Ca2+] [OH-]2 = [OH-]3/2
Ksp = 2.02 x 10-2 M (4.04 x 10-2 M)2
= (4.04 x 10-2 M)3 /2
= 3.30 x 10-5 M
Therefore Ca(OH)2 has an experimental
solubility product constant of 3.30 x 10 -5, that is 511
% greater than the literal value, 5.4 x 10-6.
Diverse Ion Effect on Solubility
Medium: KCl, potassium chloride
Ca(OH)2 is not only tested with water but
also with various concentrations of KCl with
chemical equation,
Ca(OH)2(s) ↔ Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
 This acid cause a decrease in the ion
concentration of the insoluble base thus dissolving it.
As soon as Ca(OH)2 dissolves with KCl, a
back reaction, the recipritation of Ca2+ and OH-,
begins. Eventually the rate of dissolution and the rate
of precipitation become equal and a dynamic
equilibrium is established.
[OH-] = [( mL HCl) (0.1 M HCl)] / (25mL aliquot)
[Ca2+] = ½ [OH-]
The trend shows that the increase in the
molarity of acidic medium increases the solubility
product constant of the solid solute. Meaning the
faster it takes to dissolve.

Meanwhile, as we add Ca(OH)2 to KCl it

will dissolve until a point is reached when no more Another thing is the diverse ion effect. It can
Ca(OH)2 can be broken up. All the calcium be interpreted in the experiment how this concept
hydroxided that can dissolve at this particular affects the solubility of calcium hydroxide.
temperature has dissolved. Adding more Ca(OH) 2
will not have an effect because the limit of solubility Upon reacting calcium hydroxide with
has been reached, and the concentrations of calcium potassium chloride, diverse ions interact with our
and chloride ions in the solution are constant. In here, system. These ions are K+and Cl- from the medium,
a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide is produced potassium chloride.
and filtering it’s supernate results to an aliquot that
will be titrated with 0.1 M HCl. From the definition above, K+and Cl- should
increase the solubility of this system’s solute,
Once the volume of HCl consumed to calcium hydroxide. Therefore KCl fastens up the
neutralize the base is reached and known, the dissolution of Ca(OH)2.
concentrations of the active ions can be obtained, and
thus Ksp can be calculated. Moreover, the calculation Hence, diverse effect or commonly called
solubility of of Ca(OH)2 will be possible. salt effect causes increase in solubility of a solute.
Moreover, the stronger the concentration of the
Below is the table of the experimental data diverse ions, the greater the solubility will be.
of the amount of HCl consumed in neutralizing
Ca(OH)2 in different concentration of KCl as The table below, which is the experimental
medium. More importantly, stated below is the data, supports the statement said.
various concentration of Ca2+ at OH- in equilibrium
with their respective Ksp. Table II. Solubility of Ca(OH)2 with respect to diff.
Table I. Ksp of Ca(OH)2 in different concentration of concentration of KCl and its respective Ksp
KCl, the medium used
Medium Ksp Solubility (M)
Medium VHCl 0.001 M 2.45 x 10-5 0.0183
[OH-] [Ca2+] Ksp 0.005 M 3.15 x 10-5 0.0199
(KCl) (mL)
0.001 M 9.15 3.66 x 10-2 1.83 x 10-2 2.45 x 10-5 0.010 M 3.92 x 10-5 0.0214
0.005 M 9.95 3.98 x 10-2 1.99 x 10-2 3.15 x 10-5 0.050 M 3.35 x 10-5 0.0203
0.010 M 10.7 4.28 x 10-2 2.14 x 10-2 3.92 x 10-5 0.100 M 4.14 x 10-5 0.0218
0.050 M 10.15 4.06 x 10-2 2.03 x 10-2 3.35 x 10-5 0.250 M 4.50 x 10-5 0.0224
0.100 M 10.9 4.36 x 10-2 2.18 x 10-2 4.14 x 10-5 0.500 M 6.71 x 10-5 0.0256
0.250 M 11.2 4.48 x 10-2 2.24 x 10-2 4.50 x 10-5
0.500 M 12.8 5.12 x 10-2 2.56 x 10-2 6.71 x 10-5 These values are obtained through the
solubility expression of this system,
The expression Ksp = [Ca2+] [OH-]2 is still
used, where s = (Ksp/4)1/3.

Ionic strength of the solution, µ, is also
related in this part of solubility product principle.
This is a factor that affects the value of solubility
product constant.
Figure I. Relationship between Ionic Strength and
Solubility of Ca(OH)2 with different concentrations
of KCl
Ionic Strength vs Solubility

Solubility
0.03
0.025
The ionic strength of a solution depends on f(x) = 0.011387878560104
R² = 0.835274449308974
x + 0.019895529034135
0.02
the concentrations of ions present and their charges. 0.015
Thus having the formula, µ = ½ Σ C iZi2; where Ci is 0.01
0.005
the molar concentration of each ion and Zi is the
0
change of each ion. 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Ionic Strength
Given the system while it is reacted with
potassium ion and chloride ion, the possible ions that The graph indicates the trend discussed
contribute to the ionic strength is Ca2+, OH-, K+, earlier.
and Cl-. But the ionic strength of calcium and
hydroxide ion is negligible since they are solid so With all these, it can be concluded that the
they will not produce ions, thus the only ions that will observations, which are increase in the number of
compromise the ionic expression of the system are ions, increase in ionic strength, and increase
potassium and chloride ion. solubility, indicate diverse ion effect.

µ = ½ {[K+](+1)2 + [Cl-](-1)2}
Common Ion Effect on Solubility
Table III. Ionic Strength of KCl – Ca(OH)2 system Ca(NO3)2, calcium nitrate

Solubility(M The third part of the experiment shows how

Medium Ksp µ thus the calcium hydroxide solubility reacts to a
)
specie to whom it will share a same ion. Like for the
0.001 M 2.45 x 10-5 0.0183 0.001
experiment, calcium nitrate is used to test this effect.
0.005 M 3.15 x 10-5 0.0199 0.005
0.010 M 3.92 x 10-5 0.0214 0.01 Ca(NO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 ↔ Ca(NO3)2 + Ca(OH)2
0.050 M 3.35 x 10-5 0.0203 0.05
0.100 M 4.14 x 10-5 0.0218 0.1 Ca(OH)2(s) ↔ Ca2+ + 2OH-
0.250 M 4.50 x 10-5 0.0224 0.25
0.500 M 6.71 x 10-5 0.0256 0.5 Calcium ion is the common ion present in
the reactants. Addition of Ca2+ to Ca(OH)2, causes the
Analyzing the data, ionic strength, does formation of more Ca(OH)2(s). Thus, the solubility of
depend on the concentration of the participating ions. the hydroxide decreases.
Thus, the greater ionic strength means greater
solubility, which also means greater solubility. The experiment uses 0.1 M Ca(NO 3)2. Using
ICE table, now with s in place of x to represent
changes in concentration.
From the discussions, relationship of
concentration, solubility, and ionic strength can now
be determined. Ca(NO3)2 ↔ Ca 2+ 2NO3-
I 0.1
Below is the plot of ionic strength versus the C -0.1 0.1 0.1
solubility. E 0 0.1 0.1
 It can be interpreted that 0.1 M Ca2+ is
generated. So, there is an increase in the
concentration of calcium ion compared to its value in
distilled water. The increase in [Ca2+] shifts the
equilibrium to the left based on La Chatelier’s. Thus,
the presence of common ion decreases the solublity
of salt.
As to explain further, the obtained solubility
product expression of Ca(OH)2 as solute with
distilled water is
Ksp = [Ca2+] [OH-]2
But now, in the presence of common ion Ca 2+, the
solubility product expression will be
K’sp = ( [Ca2+]Ca(OH)2 + [Ca2+]Ca(NO3)2 ) [OH-]2 )
The concentration calcium ion in calcium
nitrate is known. Now, the generated calcium ion in
calcium hydroxide must be obtained.
Ca(OH)2(s) ↔ Ca2+ + 2OH-
in dH2O s 2s
in Ca(NO3)2 s + [Ca2+]Ca(NO3)2 2s
Therefore,
K’sp = ( s + 0.1 M )( 2s)2
Assuming that [Ca2+]Ca(NO3)2 * » [Ca2+]Ca(OH)2,
then (s+0.1 M) ≈ 0.1 M.
So K’sp = (0.1 M) (2s)2 = 0.4s2 and s will be
equal to the square root of Ksp/0.4.
Calculating, given the calcium and
hydroxide ion concentration in calcium hydroxide
reacted with distilled water is 2.02 x 10-2 and 4.04 x
10-2, respectively.
K’sp = (0.0202 M + 0.1 M) (4.04 x 10-2)2
= 1.96 x 10-5
Deriving s in terms of K’sp,
s= √(K’sp/0.4)
Hence, s= 7.00 x 10-3. Therefore the concept
and conclusion earlier that common ion decreases the
solubility is valied in this experiment. From the
calcium hydoxide’s solubility of 0.0202 M in
distilled water, it decreases by 65% of value 0.0132
M.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
After determining the solubility product
constant of calcium hydroxide with backgrounds
regarding ionic equilibrium and solubility product
principle, and interpreting diverse ion and common
ion effect on the solubility and ionic strenght of the
solute according to the trends within the experimental
data, we can arrive in these conclusion.
The solubility of a solute depends on it’s
solubility product constant. Same with solubility
product constant, it is dependent to ionic strength of a
solution. While, ionic strength depends on
concentration of ions.
Another is that diverse and common ions
effects are opposite. With diverse ions present in the
system, Ksp increases. In common ion effect, K sp
increases.
The experimental solubility product constant
is 3.30 x 10-5 that is 511% greater than the literature
value, 5.4 x 10-6 . Having these and the other concepts
gained from observing and analyzing data, the
experiment is a success. Experimental data and its
conclusion is valied with respect to the concepts that
must be used.
Be quantitative conscious with experiments
that mainly deals with the amount of reagents.
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
1. Interpret the plot of solubility against ionic
strength. Does the ionic strength have an
effect on the solubility of Ca(OH2? How can
its effect or lack of an effect be accounted
for?
Solubility
0.03
0.025

0.005
0
0

d
p
h
sg
ra
e
n
c
ity
b
lu
o
Ionic Strength vs Solubility

f(x) = 0.011387878560104
0.02
0.015
0.01
R² = 0.835274449308974

0.1 0.2
x + 0.019895529034135

0.3
Ionic Strength
0.4

solute basically depends on its ionic

0.5

Ionic strength does depend on the

concentration of the participating ions. On
the other hand, Ksp is affected by ionic
strength. And because Ksp is obtained in
0.6

terms of concentration of ions present in the

equilibrium, while solubility is obtained in
term of Ksp, therefore the solubility of a

strength, or basically ionic strength affects

solubility.

This flow of dependence is shown

below, i.e. solubility depends on Ksp.

Interpreted from the graph is the

relationship that states greater the ionic
strength of a system leads to greater
solubility. Meaning the more ions involved
the faster is its dissolution, wherein it is
supported by the diagram above.

This effect on the solubility is due

to the dependence of solubility to K sp.
Wherein, Ksp is affected by ionic strength.
Therefore, a change in Ksp due to ionic
strength leads also to a change in solubility.
2.
Compare the Ksp values obtained for all the
Ca(OH)2 solutions. How do they compare to
the literature value? Give possible
explanations for any differences among the
values obtained and between them and the
literature value.

a.

b.

c.
KCl

KCl
The literature value of Ksp of
CaOH2 is 5.4 x 10-6.

Ksp with dH2O as medium

KCl (diverse ion)

Medium
0.001 M
KCl
0.005 M

0.010 M
KCl
0.050 M
KCl
0.100 M

0.250 M
KCl
0.500 M
KCl
Ksp

2.45 x 10-5

3.15 x 10-5

3.92 x 10-5

3.35 x 10-5

4.14 x 10-5

4.50 x 10-5

6.71 x 10-5
= 3.30 x 10-5
This experimental value of Ksp is
511% (by 2.76 x 10-5) greater than the
literature value.

Ksp with different concentrations of

Percent Error

Ksp with Ca(NO3)2 (common ion)

354%

483%

626%

5.20%

667%

733%

1100%

= 1.96 x 10-5
This experimental value of Ksp is
263% (by 1.41 x 10-5) greater than the
literature value.

The calculated percent errors are

large. The possible reason for this is
that the literature value of calcium
 hydroxide is obtained on its equilibrium
reaction with pure water.
3. How does the solubility and Ksp of the
solution prepared in part C compare to
those prepared in part B? Explain any
differences observed.
Part B:
Here, diverse ions explains the
trend of the Ksp and solubility of calcium
hydroxide with different concentrations of
KCl.
Ca(OH)2, causes the formation of more
Ca(OH)2(s). Thus, the solubility of the
calcium hydroxide decreases.
Diverse ion and common ion have
opposite effects on the Ksp and solubility of
the system.
Increase in solubility and greater
Ksp are in part B while a decrease and lesser
are in part C. This result is due to the effect
of diverse ion on a system, where in it tends
to increase the solubility of the system, and
the effect of common ion which tends to do
the opposite, respectively.
As we know, change solubility also

Medium Ksp Solubility(M)

0.001 M 2.45 x 10-5 0.0183
0.005 M 3.15 x 10 -5
0.0199
0.010 M 3.92 x 10-5 0.0214
0.050 M 3.35 x 10 -5
0.0203
0.100 M 4.14 x 10-5 0.0218
0.250 M 4.50 x 10-5 0.0224
0.500 M 6.71 x 10 -5
0.0256
Diverse ions interact with our changes the solubility product constant to
system. These ions are K+and Cl- from the maintain ionic equilibrium.
medium, potassium chloride.
K+ and Cl- should increase the
solubility the solid hydroxide because of APPLICATIONS
their diverse ion effect. Therefore KCl
fastens up the dissolution of Ca(OH)2.
Hence, the stronger the
concentration of the diverse ions, the greater
the solubility will be.

Part C:

Common ion affects the solubility

and Ksp of the system in part c.
Solubility(M
Medium Ksp
)
0.100 M REFERENCES
1.96 x 10-5 0.007
Ca2+
[1] Morris, Kelso B. Principles of Chemical
Calcium ion is the common ion Equilibrium. Chapman & Hall Ltd, London.
present in the reactants. Addition of Ca2+ to 1966
 3. Ionic Strength
[2] Bard, Allen J. Chemical Equilibrium.
Harper & Row, Publsihers, New York. 1966 µ = ½ Σ CiZi2
where Ci is the molar concentration of each
[3] Banks, James E. Lt Col. Chemical ion and Zi is the change of each ion
Equilibrium and Solutions. McGraw-Hill
Book Company, San Francisco, 1967. 4. Dilution Equation

[4] Petrucci, Ralph H., William S. Harwood M1V1=M2V2

and F. Geoffrey Herring. General
Chemistry: Principles and Modern Specifically,
Applications. 8th ed. Singapore: Pearson [OH-] = [( mL HCl) (M HCl)] /
Education South Asia Pte Ltd., 2004. (mL aliquot)

[5] Brown, T.L., Le May Jr., H.E., Bursten, 5. Ksp involving Common Ion
B.E. Chemistry The Central Science Eighth
edition. Prentice – Hall Inc., New Jersey, Yx(OH)z(s) + YBz ↔ Yx(OH)z(s) + YBz
2000
K’sp = ( [Yz+]Yx(OH)z + [Yz+] YBz) [OH-]z
6. Percent Error

APPENDIX
| Actual−Theoretical|
%= x 100
A. WORKING EQUATION Theoretical

1. Solubility Product Expression

B. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Ksp = [A ] [B ]
y+ x x- y

1. Solubility Product Constant

where [A ] and [B ] are the concentrations
y+ x-

of species Ay+ and Bx-, respectively; and x and Ksp of Ca(OH)2 = [Ca2+] [OH-]2 = [OH-]3/2
y are there stoichiometric ratio.
Ksp = 2.02 x 10-2 M (4.04 x 10-2 M)2
2. Solubility = (4.04 x 10-2 M)3/2
= 3.30 x 10-5
Consider:
YxOHz(s) ↔ Y+/xs + OH-/zs 2. Solubility
s = (Ksp/4)1/3.
Ksp will now be equal to xs(zs)2 = xz2s3. s = (3.30 x 10-5 /4) 1/3.
From here, the solubility, s, can be s= 2.02 x 10-2
obtained. 3. Ionic Strenght

s = (Ksp/xz2)1/3 µ = ½ [K+](+1)2 + [Cl-](-1)2

= ½ (0.001 M)(1) + (0.0001)(1)
= 0.001 M
where x is the number of moles of
specie Y+ in the given metal and y is 4. Dilution Equation/ Determination of
with OH-. [OH-]
 [OH-] = [(10.1 mL HCl) (0.1 M HCl)] /
(25mL aliquot)
= 0.0404 M

[Ca2+] = ½ [OH-]
= 0.0202 M

5. Ksp involving Common Ion

K’sp = ( [Ca2+]Ca(OH)2 + [Ca2+]Ca(NO3)2 ) [OH-]2 )

Ca(OH)2(s) ↔ Ca2+ + 2OH-

in dH2O s 2s
in Ca(NO3)2 s + [Ca ]Ca(NO3)2
2+
2s

K’sp = ( s + 0.1 M )( 2s)2

[Ca2+]Ca(NO3)2 * » [Ca2+]Ca(OH)2, then (s+0.1 M) ≈ 0.1 M.

So K’sp = (0.1 M) (2s)2 = 0.4s2 and

s will be equal to the square root of Ksp/0.4.

K’sp = (0.0202 M + 0.1 M) (4.04 x 10-2)2

= 1.96 x 10-5