PRELIM EXAM

DEFINE THE FOLLOWING

1.

a. Ethical standards are the commonly accepted behavior that are performed in any given situation and
guides us to tell the truth, to help other people and to have good behavior.

b. Business Ethics generally means to decide on what is right or wrong in a business. It enables the
leaders and employees to act at the time of crisis and confusion in the business. It helps in dealing with
business ethical issues that are vague.

c. Organizational ethics is used to consider the issues of morality and rationality in organizations. It deals
with all the activities of an organization that is why it is collective in scope. It can also be used to
evaluate the policies and practices of the organizations.

d. Ethical values denotes something’s degree of importance, with the aim of determining what action or
life is best to do, or at least attempt to describe the value of different actions. It provides the moral
compass by which we live our lives and make decisions. Like doing the right thing because it is the right
thing to do.

2. a. The Golden Rule

Be humble to those you meet so that they will also be kind to you, don't do bad things so they don't
do the same to you.

b. The Kantian Model

Tell the truth if a classmate cheats on them on a class test even if they get scolded.

3. -Kill a criminal to fulfill the duty of a policeman.

-The lawyer lying to the conference in order to protect the criminal.

-An angry teacher shouted to his/her students to focus on their class discussion.

4. When a person does something wrong and feels guilty for what he did, he feels remorse and anger at
himself because of what he did wrong.
5. Path of sacrifice of wealth:

This method greatly improves me to be an example of a person who is not greedy and knows how to be
content with what I have and also avoid envying each other because of trouble not only for me but also
for the people around me and to have a friendly environment for everyone.

Path of discrimination:

As a citizen many like me experience fear and weak hearted this method helps me control my emotions
especially my fear that I shouldn't always have these things in my mind so I adapt this method to
improve myself as a person and not think negative things, focusing on my goals and success.

6.

a. Manager and employee affair relationship is beyond the ethical standards because the relationship
among them is strictly forbidden and it violates the company’s policy. There are circumstances in which
the relationship can cause problems not just between the employees but it might affect the whole
company as well. It can cause favoritism to that specific employee, unfairness, enviousness of other
employees and conflict of interest that may result to violence that may affect the business.

b. Employee and employee affair relationship is beyond but can also be within the ethical standards. It is
because relationship between employees are strictly forbidden too because it may lead to retaliation,
favoritism or may also lead employees to become less considerate and disrespectful to each other. But
sometimes having a relationship between employees are not prohibited because there are no general
rules preventing or governing relationships at work but some of employers may find it problematic to
the business but some of them allowed relationships as long as they are doing their job correctly and
makes their relationship as a motivation to be more productive and not a hindrance.

c. Managerial misbehavior includes illegal and unethical practices involved in the management of an
organization. It is beyond the ethical standards because it can cause many negative effects to the
business like high staff turnover or employees resigning because of misbehavior of the people managing,
misconduct of contracts and agreements, illegal use of resources, it can also damage the company’s
reputation, budget and overall profits. It can also cause a decrease in productivity and morale. Having a
toxic work environment will eventually engulf the whole office. A manager’s behavior will have a direct
knock on effect on what is seen to be accepted and unacceptable to the business.

d. Absenteeism is beyond ethical standards and habitual absences of the employee may affect the
business that is why attendance is always required in any business. Absenteeism can affect the
individual’s performance because if they work less, they’re likely to be less productive. Absenteeism
should not be tolerated but should be allowed in some instances like if the employees need sick leave,
family problems, burnout and more. The employers should consider the root causes on why an
employee makes absences so that he or she can have fair and just decision if he/she will allow, not allow
or terminate that employee.

e. AWOL is an acronym for absence without leave and is beyond ethical standards because being AWOL
or being late or absent frequently is an unethical behavior because it can cause serious issues within the
company like leaving a bad impression to your co-workers, no financial benefits, it can get you sued for
damages because being AWOL is against the law and lastly, it can ruin your reputation because even if
you have great potential and knowledge but your failure to follow legal and company guidelines makes
you look unreliable and unprincipled. You can also get fired by your boss or employer.

7. Business ethics and values are very important for the successful development of a business
organization. Ethics in business refer to a code of standard by which one can determine what is wrong
and what is right for the business enterprise/ organization. Fairness, integrity, commitment to
agreements, broad-mindedness, considerateness, importance given to human esteem and self-respect
and many such principles determine business ethics. It generally deals with what is right or wrong in a
business. It is business ethics that enables the leaders and employees to act in times of crisis and
confusion in the business. Business ethics is a method of dealing with unclear business problems.

8. a. Japanese management system

– Fairly long term, usually lifetime employment.

- Rigorous evaluation and slow promotion.

- People are primarily generalists and they become familiar with all areas of operations.

- Collective decision making is the norm.

- Primary reliance is on implicit control (self-control). People rely heavily on trust and goodwill.

- The organization is concerned with the whole life of the worker, business as well as personal and
social.

b. American management system

- Usually, employment is short-term. Layoffs are quite common. Lateral job mobility is also common.

- Performance evaluations and promotions are relatively fast.

- Career paths are very specialized. People tend to stay in the same area, such as accounting, and
become experts in their area.

- Decisions are carried out by individual managers who are responsible for the outcome of such
decisions.

- The control systems are very explicit via policies, rules and guidelines and people are expected to
strictly follow the guidelines.
- The organization is concerned primarily with the worker’s work life and his role in the organization.

c. Filipino management system

- Management style tends toward the paternalistic as is often found in strongly hierarchical cultures.

- Most organizations are hierarchically structured and local employee would always look to a strong
hierarchy.

- It is important that senior level contacts are not insulted by being asked to receive lower-ranking
representatives.

- It is important, however, to develop contacts at all levels of an organization – at the top for decision -
making purposes, and lower down for when programs/ projects begin.

- Teams expect to be clearly led by the manager, and the manager is expected to act as the champion of
the group in all situations.

- Filipinos tend to be extremely non-confrontational.

- Meeting seems to be progressing very well if people are not openly contradicted.

9. Yes, the company’s action is right because even if Angela has been in the company for so many years,
becomes a pillar of the organization, has contributed to the development of the organization in so many
ways and did not commit any violation from the company other than forging the signature of her
immediate officer it is still wrong because it is a crime and it is against the law. Forgery is a form of fraud
and is therefore as blameworthy as any other fraud. Even if the reason is for her not to be mark as
absent, by forging the signature, Angela broke her reputation, integrity and the trust of the company
that was given to her for so many long years. The company will doubt her reliability and credibility and
may assume that she did some bad actions in the past towards the company and was just not getting
caught red-handed or may assume that she may do far more worst actions in the future that may affect
the company so much because Angela knows the circulation within the company and have access to
many things in the company. She can make that as an advantage to sabotage the company other than
forging the signature so the company decided to terminate Angela to prevent these circumstances from
happening.