S2 ESci Q4 Chapter 1 Exogenic Processes - PPSX

Exogenic
H
R Processes
C Earth Science
HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
S.Y. 2022 – 2023
S.Y. 2022 – 2023
Lesson 1: Weathering
Weathering is the in-situ breakdown of rock, eventually transforming it
into sediments.
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• explain how rocks undergo weathering;
• identify the different agents of weathering;
• describe physical, chemical, and biological weathering; and
• identify the different types of physical, chemical, and biological weathering.

Exogenic Process: Weathering Earth Science STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
What is weathering?
 Weathering is the on-site breakdown of
rock and its eventual transformation into
sediments.
 It can be brought about by the action of:

• water
• ice
• acids
• salts
• plants
• animals
• gravity
• changing temperatures
Weathering with You (2019) Poster
Physical Weathering
 physical breakdown of a rock into
unconnected grains or chunks without
changing its composition
 caused by the effects of changing

temperatures on rocks
 sometimes assisted by water
This cement bollard is being weathered mechanically.

Types of Physical Weathering
 Abrasion
• occurs when rocks surface is frequently exposed to
water, wind, and gravity and when rocks rub together
 Freeze-thaw
• occurs when water continually seeps into cracks,
freezes, and expands, eventually breaking the rock
apart
Weathering by water's freeze-thaw cycle has split this rock in two.

Photograph by George F. Mobley, National Geographic

Types of Physical Weathering
 Root wedging
• When joints expand due to plants growing on its surface
and pry it open.
 Salt wedging
• When salt crystallizes it pushes apart the surrounding Juniper pine broke off the rock.
These honeycomb structures are caused
grains and weakens the rock Photographer: Ken DePue; Ken's Web site
by salt wedging.
 Exfoliation
• can happen as cracks develop parallel to the land surface
because of the reduction in pressure during uplift and
erosion
• occurs typically in upland areas where there are

exposures of uniform coarsely crystalline igneous rocks Fractures due to unloading have caused the
rock to break into large sheets on the surface.
Chemical Weathering
 occurs when there are chemical changes in at least
some of the composition of the rock
 it is a surface or near-surface process that is not

influenced by temperature or pressure
 is caused by rainwater reacting with the mineral grains

in rocks to form new minerals (clays) and soluble salts
• These reactions occur particularly when the water is
slightly acidic.
• These chemical processes need water and occur more
rapidly at higher temperature.
The effects of chemical weathering in particular acid rain can be seen on this
close up of this statues face.

Types of Chemical Weathering
 Carbonation
• Carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in rainwater and
becomes weakly acidic.
• This weak carbonic acid can dissolve limestone as it

seeps into cracks and cavities.
Burren National Park - and some
limestone showing signs of chemical
 Acidification weathering (carbonation).
• Polluting gases, (SO2 and NO) dissolve in rainwater to
make stronger acids.
• When this rainwater falls, we get acid rain and attacks

many rock types, both by solution and hydrolysis. This marble gargoyle at the city hall in
Munich, Germany, has been greatly
damaged by acid rain. Marble is
particularly susceptible to acid rain.

Types of Chemical Weathering
 Hydrolysis
• is the breakdown of rock by acidic water to produce
clay and soluble salts
• takes place when acid rain reacts with rock-forming
minerals such as feldspar to produce clay and salts that
are removed in solution
 Hydration Kaolin is formed as a result of a

chemical reaction between
• takes place when rock minerals absorb water, and the feldspar and water.
increased volume causes stresses on the inner layer of
the rock
 Oxidation
• It is the breakdown of rock by oxygen and water, often
giving iron-rich rocks a rusty-colored weathered Oxidation taking place on shale in
surface. Highland County
(Photograph by Stan Johnson)
Biological Weathering
 Biological weathering of rocks occurs
when rocks are weakened by different
biological agents like plants and animals.
 When plant roots grow through rocks, it

creates fracture and cracks that result
eventually to rock breakage.
Rocks break when plant roots grow on them.

Types of Biological Weathering
 Biological Weathering by Physical Means
• Burrowing animals create holes on the ground
by excavation and move the rock fragments to
the surface.
• Humans also indirectly contribute to biological

Certain mosses, lichens, algae, fungi and
weathering by different activities that cause even the smallest bacteria, will form on a rock,
rocks to break. and will produce chemicals which (depending
on the rock type) will eat away at the rock,
giving the plant nutrients but also weathering
at the same time.
 Biological Weathering by Chemical

Compounds
• Some plants and animals also produced acidic
substances that react with the rock and cause its
slow disintegration.
Owl is an example of burrowing animal.
S.Y. 2022 – 2023
Lesson 2: Erosion and

Mass Wasting
Sediments are eroded and transported by water, wind, and ice.
Objectives
• describe erosion;
• identify the different agents of erosion;
• describe mass wasting;
• identify the different factors that affect the occurrence of mass wasting; and
• enumerate the different types of mass wasting.

Exogenic Processes: Erosion and Mass Wasting Earth Science STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
What is erosion?
 Erosion is the separation and
removal of weathered and
unweathered rocks and soil
from its substrate due to one of
any agents.
 It involves abrasion, plucking,

scouring, and dissolution.
Coastal erosion at Pakawau. Photo: RNZ / Supplied

Exogenic Process: Erosion and Mass Wasting Earth Science STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
Agents of Erosion
 Wind
• commonly occurs in flat, bare areas or dry,
sandy, and loose soils.
• detaches soil particles and transports them
by wind
 Glaciers Wind erosion

• have enormously erosive power
• As a rock moves over a rock, it acts like a
bulldozer:
o the rocks and soil at the surface are scraped
off and grinded against the mixture of ice
and rocks, forming U-shaped valleys
Glacial erosion
Agents of Erosion
 Water
• Sediments are picked up and transported
everyday along rivers, coasts, and in deep
oceans around the world.
• Sediments are moved in four ways:

o Traction - rolling or dragging of large grains aided
by the push of smaller grains
o Saltation - bouncing of sand grains as they are

picked up, carried along, and dropped repeatedly
o Suspension - movement of fine particles like silt and

clay
o Solution - movement of soluble minerals (salts)

River Processes: erosion, transportation, and deposition

Agents of Erosion
 Tides
o Tidal currents also move the
sediments towards the ocean.
o Submarine sediments in
continental shelves are
transported into the deep
ocean by submarine
landslides and by turbidity
currents.
Coastal erosion

 Tributaries
• small individual streams started
from river in elevated areas
forming V-shaped valleys
Tributary
 Distributary channels
• branches of rivers as they enter the
sea
An aerial view of a distributary channel

What is mass wasting?
 Mass wasting
• the downslope mass
movement of rock, soil, and
ice due to gravity
Rotational slip mass movement

Factors that Contribute to the Occurrence of Mass Wasting
 Relief
• the difference in elevation between two
places creates a slopes;
o gravity pulls materials at higher elevations to
lower elevations
 Slope stability
• the balance between the downslope force
caused by gravity and resistance force due to
friction;
o slope failure occurs when the downslope
force is greater
Mass wasting rock fall

Factors that Contribute to the Occurrence of Mass Wasting
 Fragmentation and weathering
• intact rock is held together by chemical bonds

within minerals, by mineral cement, and by
the interlocking grains
• a fragmented rock is held only by friction

between fracture planes or by weak electrical
charges between grains
Mass wasting rock fall

• Mass wasting occurs when the balance between
the resisting force and downslope force is
disrupted.
• It could occur in several ways:

1. Vibrations from earthquakes or blasting
activities
2. Changes in the slope angle, load, and slope
support add to this instability of a slope
3. Stability of slopes also depends on the
composition of the materials

Classifications of Mass Wasting
 Fall
 includes the free-fall movement, bouncing,
and rolling of materials on a slope
 Topple
 the forward rotation out of the slope of a soil
or rock mass
 Slide
 the downslope movement of coherent
materials along a well-defined surface of
rapture Some types of mass wasting

Classifications of Mass Wasting?
 Spread
• the lateral extension and fracturing of a
coherent mass due to the plastic flow of its
underlying material
 Flow
• happens when the materials are saturated and
move downslope as a viscous fluid
 Complex
Some types of mass wasting
• combinations of several types of movement

S.Y. 2022 – 2023
Lesson 3: Deposition
The energy that drives transportation will eventually dissipate and
sediments will settle in different environments of deposition.
Objectives
• describe deposition;
• discuss where sediments go; and
• enumerate different sedimentary environments.

Exogenic Processes: Deposition Earth Science STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
What is deposition?
 Deposition
• the process in which sediments

settle out of the transporting
medium
• When glaciers melt, the rocks are

deposited on the ground .
• When the velocity of water or

wind decreases, grains of
particular size are also deposited. Why rivers deposit sediments

Exogenic Process: Deposition Earth Science STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
Sedimentary Environments
• Streams
o turbulent streams can carry large sediments
forming thick layers of gravel and boulders
• Lakes
o a quiet environment, deposit coarse A stream The Taal Lake
sediments on lake margins
o only salt and clay are deposited from
suspension in deeper parts
• Rivers
o coarser sediments tumble along the riverbed
o finer one moves along suspension,
commonly carry assortment of gravels,
sand, silt, and mud
A river
• Desert
• develop where rainfall is too sparse to
support abundant plants
• consists mostly of a mixture of gravel
and sand
Desert. Glacial environment

• Glacial
• refers to areas where glaciers and ice
sheets are found
• Volcanic
• where sediments form when ash,
cinders, and larger volcanic materials
fall to the ground during eruptions
Mayon Volcano
• Delta
o a well-developed triangular shape deposit from sediments flowing into the sea from a river
• Beach
o where tidal currents transport sands along the coastline
• Estuary
o estuary is an area where a freshwater river/stream meets the ocean
• Shallow marine environment
o forms well-sorted and well-rounded
salt and mud layers inhabited by
various organisms
• Shallow water carbonate

o most of the sediments are derived
from the shell and coral fragments
(carbonate sediments)
• Deep marine environment

o in the deep ocean floor, clay and
planktons settle down and form very
thin layers of mud Marine depositional environment

From Sediments to Rocks
 As layers of sediments accumulate in the
different depositional environments, the
previously deposited sediments underneath
are buried.
 The sedimentary environment also sinks

slowly to accommodate more sediment. The
buried sediments experienced compaction due
to increasing pressure and the grains are packed
tighter.
 The sediments undergo lithification and

become sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks are believed to cover about 73% of the current land on the
surface of the earth.

Thank you! ❤
Exogenic Processes Earth Science STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.

S2 ESci Q4 Chapter 1 Exogenic Processes - PPSX

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Exogenic

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

 It can be brought about by the action of:

 caused by the effects of changing

 sometimes assisted by water

This cement bollard is being weathered mechanically.

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Weathering by water's freeze-thaw cycle has split this rock in two.

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

• occurs typically in upland areas where there are

 it is a surface or near-surface process that is not

 is caused by rainwater reacting with the mineral grains

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

• This weak carbonic acid can dissolve limestone as it

• When this rainwater falls, we get acid rain and attacks

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

 Hydration Kaolin is formed as a result of a

 When plant roots grow through rocks, it

Rocks break when plant roots grow on them.

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

• Humans also indirectly contribute to biological

 Biological Weathering by Chemical

Lesson 2: Erosion and

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

 It involves abrasion, plucking,

Coastal erosion at Pakawau. Photo: RNZ / Supplied

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

 Glaciers Wind erosion

• Sediments are moved in four ways:

o Saltation - bouncing of sand grains as they are

o Suspension - movement of fine particles like silt and

o Solution - movement of soluble minerals (salts)

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

An aerial view of a distributary channel

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Rotational slip mass movement

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Mass wasting rock fall

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

 Fragmentation and weathering

• intact rock is held together by chemical bonds

• a fragmented rock is held only by friction

Mass wasting rock fall

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

• It could occur in several ways:

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

• the process in which sediments

• When glaciers melt, the rocks are

• When the velocity of water or

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Desert. Glacial environment

• Shallow water carbonate

• Deep marine environment

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

 The sedimentary environment also sinks

 The sediments undergo lithification and

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

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