REY R.

DELA VICTORIA, MPA

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GLOBAL POPULATION
 Learning Objectives
✓Explain the theory of demographic transition as
it affects global population;
✓Analyze the political, economic, cultural, and
social factors underlying the global movements
of people;
✓Explain the cost and benefits of the country’s
labor export policy.
 NOT ENOUGH
RESOURCES!

OVERPOPULATION
▪referred to as the number of people
living in a particular place
(Oxford English Dictionary 2010)
 This occurs when a species population exceeds
the carrying capacity of its ecological niche. It can
result from an increase in births (fertility rate),a
decline in the mortality rate, an increase in
immigration or an unsustainable blome and
depletion of resources.
India’s Population

Sixty-nine years ago, India

only had a population of 350
million people. Now, they are
more than 1 billion
population.
 Philippines Population

As of March 7,
2021

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World Population
It is defined as the total number
of humans currently living.

As of December 11, 2022, there

is an estimated 8.004 Billion
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
It is a singular historical period during
which fertility and mortality rates decline
from high level to low level in a particular
country or region.

The outlines of transition is the same for

all countries. However, the pace and
timing of the transition varies.
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
“The effect of demographic transition
is the enormous gap in life
expectancy that emerged between
Japan and the West on one hand and
the rest of the world on the other. “
(Shigeyuki et. al., 2002)
Fear not...
There are already signs that show that
this rapid growth in human numbers will be
followed by a significant slowdown in the
rate of increase and will actually stabilise
late in the 21st century.
 However,
14/12/2022

meeting energy demands

CLIMATE
accelerates climate change
CHANGE

RAPID
POPULATION
GROWTH
LAND’S
TECHNOLOGY PRODUCING
AS COPING CAPACITY
AND OTHER more people, more
MECHANISM
RESOURCES used up resources

18
ADVANTAGES and
DISADVANTAGES
OF POPULATION
What do we get if we have more people in this world?

INDUSTRIAL, MEDICAL & AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION

What do we get if we have more people in this world?

INDUSTRIAL, MEDICAL & AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION

What do we get if we have more people in this world?

INDUSTRIAL, MEDICAL & AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION

What do we get if we have more people in this world?
more
consumers, the
happier the
economy

ECONOMIC GROWTH
What do we get if we have more people in this world?

more people,
more mouths to
feed

FOOD SHORTAGE
What do we get if we have more people in this world?

more
inhabitants,
greater the
space needed

PROPERTY SHORTAGE
What do we get if we have more people in this world?

age is just a
number—a number
we rely on

AGING DEPENDENCY
CASE TALK: ROHINGYA TRIBE
CASE TALK: ROHINGYA TRIBE
 IMMIGRATION vs EMIGRATION

movement of people movement of people

INTO AN AREA OUT OF AN AREA
 MOBILITY
refers to the movement of
people from place to place, or
job to job, or social class to
social class.
POPULATION MOBILITY
refers to the geographic movement of people where
there has been a change in the place of usual
residence in other words

MIGRATION
simply defined as
the act or process of moving from one place to another
with the intention of staying at the destination
permanently or for a long period of time
 TYPES OF
POPULATION
MOBILITY
INTERNAL MIGRATION

population movements
WITHIN A COUNTRY
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

population movements
ACROSS NATIONAL BORDERS
 SCOPE
International Migration is
a growing phenomenon
COMPLEXITY

According to Human Development Report

ONE out of SEVEN people live outside
their country or region of origin
Features of Population Movements
✓Globalisation of Migration
✓Increase in Volume of Migration in All Regions
✓Growing Diversity in the Type of Migration
✓Increasing Portion of Women
✓Increasing International Mobility of Highly Qualified
Workers
✓Economic and Social Change in Newly Industrialized
Countries
 WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?

VOLUNTARY
MIGRATION

FORCED
MIGRATION
 WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?
when people move to
improve their economic
and social wellbeing
and / or gain personal
circumstances beyond the
freedom
control of the individual e.g.
natural disasters, civil
unrest, war that initiate
large scale population
movement
 TOURISTS

are on the move because

they have to be. (Ritzer, 2015)

TOURISTS
 Resettlement Migration
People choose to migrate and settling permanently in another
country for a better quality of life and their children. Others
seek reunion with previous immigrants.

STUDENT
GUEST WORKERS
MIGRATION

BUSINESS
REFUGEES
MIGRATION
 Contract Migration

GUEST
WORKER

BUSINESS STUDENT
MIGRATION MIGRATION

Contracted for employment for a specific period

of time. Income often sent home to worker’s
family.
 Guest Workers

Domestic Helpers

Skilled Workers
Foreign national who is permitted to live and
work temporarily in a host country. Most guest
workers perform manual labour.
WORKING ABROAD?

LABOR MIGRATION is driven by PUSH

FACTORS.
❑ Lack of Employment in home countries

LABOR MIGRATION is driven by PULL

FACTORS.
❑ Work available elsewhere
According to Malkin (2007),
Philippines is one of the leaders when
it comes to the flow of remittances ($14.7
billion) next to India ($24.5 billion) and
China ($21.1 billion).
 South Korea
SOUTH & Philippines
Thailand
EAST ASIA
increasingly provided migrant workers
“Because of this many labour force in Saudi Arabia are
treated inadequately. There have been numerous cases of
abuse. Foreign workers have been RAPED, EXPLOITED,
UNDER- OR UNPAID, PHYSICALLY ABUSED , OVERWORKED
and LOCKED IN THEIR PLACES OF EMPLOYMENT. “
As of 2013,
more than HALF A MILLION FOREIGN-BORN DOMESTIC
WORKERS IN SAUDI ARABIA. The 2010 census figures
stated that there were 8,429,401 expatriates.
LABOR MIGRATION
Labor Migration mainly involves the flow of
less-skilled and unskilled workers, as well as
illegal immigrants who live on the margins of
host society. (Landler, 2007)

Still, it faces many restrictions because most

of these barriers are related to the
Westphalian conception of the nation state.
LABOR MIGRATION
Shamir (2005) explained that states
may seek to control migration because
it involves the loss of part of the
workforce.

• influx of migrants lead to conflict

with local residents
• concerns about terrorism
ISSUES OF ILLEGAL MIGRATION

United States faces a major influx

of illegal migrants from Mexico and
other Central American States
(Thompson, 2008). A fence is being
constructed on the US-Mexico border to
control the flow of people. (Fletcher and
Weismann, 2006).
RURAL-URBAN MIGRATIONS

The drift to cities (rural-urban

migration), especially in the developing
world, has led to rapid population
growth in the size of cities and the
proportion of the population living in
urban area (towns and cities).
 COUNTER-URBANISATION

In a developed world urbanisation

and urban growth have slowed and more
counter-urbanisation taking place.
People choosing to leave large urban
areas for smaller communities usually
for quality of life reasons.
 Business Migration

TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS (TNCs) are

incorporated or unincorporated
enterprises comprising parent
enterprises and their foreign affiliates.
They operate in a number of countries.

growth of transnational corporations (TNCs)

resulting to international movements of highly
qualified executives & professionals
 Student Migration
Large number of students from both
developing and developed countries now
study at schools and Universities throughout
the world.
FOREIGN STUDENTS
refers to non-citizens who are currently enrolled in higher
education degree courses. This definition does not distinguish
between students holding non-resident visas and those with
permanent resident status.

CREDIT-MOBILE STUDENTS
refers to “study-abroad” or exchange students, such as those in the
EU’s Erasmus programme. These students remain enrolled in their home
countries while receiving a small number of credits from foreign
institutions (Van Mol and Ekamper, 2016).
Student Migration
FOREIGN STUDENTS
Japan
7%

Germany
12%

United States
35%

Austalia
12%

France
14%
United Kingdom
20%

United States United Kingdom France Austalia Germany Japan

 Refugees (Force Migration)
Refers to the movements of refugees and internally displaced people
(those displaced by conflicts within their country of origin) as well as
people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or
nuclear disasters, famine, or development projects
 Refugees (Force Migration)
Syrians are not the only people seeking for
shelter and better life recent issues Venezuela
had a crisis. Hungary has accepted hundreds
of refugees with Hungarian ancestry from
crisis-hit Venezuela under a government
program involving a local charity.
 Refugees (Force Migration)
Some people doesn't want immigrants because of
their diversity in culture, race and color making
people doesn’t like them, but accepting refugees
is also a win for the receiving country and the
communities that host them. By providing them
with the right to work, to health, and to education,
refugees can start productive lives in their host
countries. The faster they can integrate into the
labor force, the faster they can become productive
members of society.
 CASE TALK: SYRIAN REFUGEES

From an estimated pre-war population of 22 million, the United Nations (UN) identified
13.5 MILLION SYRIANS requiring humanitarian assistance, of which more than 6
MILLION ARE INTERNALLY DISPLACED WITHIN SYRIA, and
AROUND 5 MILLION ARE REFUGEES OUTSIDE OF SYRIA.
POPULATION
PROCESS
 PHASE 1: Premovement
STATUS OUTCOME
- Incidence and prevalence of - Transmission of / or acquisition of
infectious diseases disease during journey or arrival.

- Environmental factors (geographic, - Background level of nutrients,

weather, toxic, political) toxins violence, trauma
(physical/psychosocial), and natural
events (extreme temperatures,
storms, fires, earthquakes)
 PHASE 2: Journey Itself
EFFECT OUTCOME

- Process of movement - Accidental injury or death, violence,

post-traumatic stress disorders.

- Duration of movement - Temporary and permanent refugee

camps; acute to chronic exposures
to nonendemic health risks and new
health determination conditions.
 PHASE 3: Arrival
EFFECT OUTCOME

- Economic - Impacts on access to health care,

nutrition, housing and other social
services impacting on health
(education, employment)

- Cultural practices - Expectations regarding access to

and use of services.