Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Chapter Four
Well Log Interpretation

This Chapter Includes the Main Following Steps:

-Digitize the well log record and check the digitize results.
- Apply environmental correction for Well logs and invasion diameter
determination.
-Determination of clay parameter by crossplots.
-Calculation of clay volume by many methods and determine minimum clay
volume.
-Calculation of porosity and secondary porosity index.
-Determination of petrophysical parameters, water resistivity Rw, mud
filtrate resistivity Rmf and Archie parameters.
-Calculation of water saturation by many methods.
These steps are done mainly by Interactive Petrophysics Software (IP).
The available log data are neutron, density, sonic, resistivity (deep, shallow
and micro), SP, caliper and gamma ray, as shown in tables (4.1) and (4.2):

33
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Table (4.1) Well Logs Data in Kormor Field1

Well Lower Miocene
Available Well Logs
no. Interval(m)

LLD, MSFL,LLS NPHI ROHB,GR

KM-3 1541-1757 ,SP,DT ,CAL

LLD, MSFL,LLS NPHI ROHB,GR ,DT

KM-7 1314-1491 ,CAL

Table (4.2) Core Data in Kormor Field1

Well no. Lower Miocene Interval(m) Depth of Available Core Data

KM-3 1541-1757 1543-1757

KM-4 1298-1350 1299-1308

Because the available core and well log data in Kormor field is not
enough to perform good study for the reservoir area, more data are adopted
from surrounding fields as depicted in tables (4.3) and (4.4), these data
obtained from (Jambour, Kashem Al-Ahmer, and Galabat) fields which the
layers of Tertiary reservoir in Kormor field are extended across the area of
these fields.

34
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Table (4.3) Well Logs Data of the Neighboring Wells1

Lower Miocene
Well Interval (m) Available Well Logs

LLD, MSFL, LLS, NPHI, ROHB, GR, SP,

JA-35 1839.5-2004.5 DT, CAL

LLD, MSFL, LLS, NPHI, ROHB, GR, SP,

JA-51 1712.5-1872.5 DT, CAL

LLD, MSFL, LLS, NPHI, ROHB, GR, SP,

GT-3 2089-2322.5 DT, CAL

LLD, MSFL, LLS, NPHI, ROHB, GR, SP,

KA-2 1338-1566 DT, CAL

Table (4.4) Core Data of the Neighboring Wells1

Well Lower Miocene Interval (m) Depth of Available Core Data

JA-35 1839.5-2004.5 1849-1952.5

JA-51 1712.5-1872.5 1824-1836.4

KA-2 1338-1566 1338-1566

35
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

4-1 Resistivity Log Analysis 64, 65

In order to determine the saturations of hydrocarbons within the formations,
first saturations of water should be calculated. The tools used for resistivity
logging are classified within depth of investigation as follows;
- Deep resistivity tools for uninvaded zones (LLD)
- Shallow resistivity tools for transition zones (LLS)
- Microresistivity tools for flushed zones (MSFL)

The resistivity of a formation with its matrix and fluid (water and
hydrocarbon) and in the pores is true resistivity (Rt) of the formation. The
water in the pores of formation before it drilled is the formation water
saturation (Rw) of the formation. After a drilling operation, drilling mud
invades and this affects the vicinity of the borehole forming different zones
with different resistivities. This zonation is shown in figure (4.1). The
resistivity logs must be corrected for environmental conditions.
The original water saturation, Sw is only valid for the uninvaded zone of
the formation. The flushed zone is totally invaded with mud with a
resistivity of Rmf, and the saturation of this zone is shown as Sxo.
Figures (4.2) to (4.5) represent resistivity logs (LLD, LLS, and MSFL)
correction for borehole and for invasion which give Rt and di (invasion
diameter) as shown that there is little difference between corrected logs and
original logs. The high invasion diameter in some intervals indicates the
presence of fracture.

36
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.1 The zones around borehole due to mud invasion34

37
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.2 Corrected LLD, MSFL, and LLS with the Original Logs
forInterval (1541-1757) in Well KM-3

38
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.3 di and of Rt with Original Logs for Interval (1541-1757) in

Well KM-3

39
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.4 Corrected LLD, MSFL, and LLS with Original Logs for
Interval (1314-1488) in Well KM-7
40
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.5 di and of Rt with Original Logs for Interval (1314-1488) in

Well KM-7

41
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

4-2 Determination of Clay Parameter

4-2-1 M vs. N or Litho-porosity Crossplot64, 66, 67

The M-N crossplot presented by Schlumberger (Burke et al., 1969) is a

two-dimensional display of all three porosity log responses in complex
reservoir rocks. M and N are lithology-dependent parameters and N values
are defined by the following equation

tf  t
M   0.01
b   f (4.1)

  N
Nf
N=
b   f
(4.2)

The M-N crossplots are shown figures (4.6) and (4.7). They can be
used for lithology determinations, gas detection, clay minerals classification,
etc. Each mineral has unique set of (M, N) values.

An alphanumeric character in each 'bin' where numbers 1 to 9 are

assigned to bins which contain between 1 and 9 data points. Alphabetic
characters ('a' to 'z') are assigned to bins which contain data frequencies of
between 10 and 35 points. Bins with data frequencies of greater than 35 are
displayed as a '#' symbol, (dimensions of the Frequency called 'bin') 44

42
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.6 M-N Crossplot for Well KM-3

Fig. 4.7 M-N Crossplot for Well KM-7

43
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

In M-N crossplots secondary porosity shifts to the north; gas trend

shifts to the northeast; gypsum shifts to the north-northwest; shale shift to
the south and southwest, etc. The gas effect is clear in some of studied area
formations. Most of Kormor formations consist of limestone with few
dolomites while Dihban formation consists of Anhydrite. Also secondary
porosity effect appears in these crossplots. The other wells consist of
dolomite as seen in M-N plot in appendix A.

4-2-2 M vs. ∆t; M vs. ρb; M vs. φN Crossplots

The use of these crossplots figures (4.8) to (4.13) is to define major mineral
trends (including shale), and define shale values ( tclay,  bclay ,  Nclay ). The value
of Mclay is determined from M-N plot.

Fig. 4.8 M-DT Crossplot for Well KM-3

44
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.9 M-ROHB Crossplot for Well KM-3

Fig. 4.10 M-NPHI Crossplot for Well KM-3

45
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig 4.11 M-DT Crossplot for Well KM-7

Fig 4.12 M-ROHB Crossplot for Well KM-7

46
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.13 M-NPHI Crossplot for Well KM-7

4-2-3 M vs. GR Crossplot

These crossplots figures (4.14) and (4.15) are used as shale indicator
with determination of the Mclay value (from M-N plot); determination of GR
toward the western limit of all data point (GRclean) and GR at the eastern
limit (GRclay).

47
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.14 M-GR Crossplot for Well KM-3

Fig. 4.15 M-CGR Crossplot for Well KM-7

48
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

4-2-4 M vs. Resistivity Crossplot

Crossplots (4.16) to (4.19) are M vs. resistivity plots. The main

purpose of these crossplots are determination of (Rt)clay and (Rxo,)clay.
Theshale effect is shown by points shifted downward and to the left, with
increasing of GR as the shale point is reached, as shown in these plots.

Fig. 4.16 M-LLD Crossplot for Well KM-3

49
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.17 M-MSFL Crossplot for Well KM-3

Fig.4.18 M-LLD Crossplot for Well KM-7

50
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.19 M-MSFL Crossplot for Well KM-7

The cross plot for the other wells are given in appendix (A). The results of
these crossplots are shown in the table (4.5). Clay parameters are important
in calculation of clay volume and determination of water saturation.

51
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Table (4.5) Clay Parameters Values

φN ρb DT Rt Rxo GR
Well (fraction) (gm/cc) (msec/ft) (ohm.m) (ohm.m) (API)

KM-3 0.4 2.26 117 1.6 0.48 63

KM-7 0.36 2.4 107 1.6 0.47 34

JA-35 0.43 2.09 128 1 0.64 34

JA-51 0.36 2.47 103 2.53 2.47 49

GT-3 0.396 2.52 99 2.53 1.89 53

KA-2 0.33 2.57 97 1.6 0.93 41

4-3 Determination of Clay Volume Well Logging Data

Many methods are suggested to calculate clay volume; some of them are
used as follow:

4-3-1 Single Curve Methods

The following methods is used to find clay volume (Vclay ) from single log as
follow:

A- Gamma Ray Log Method: 32,68

GR log GRmin  (4.3)
I GR 
(GRmax  GRmin )

For older rocks the Larionor equation is

52
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

2×IGR
Vsh ≤ 0.33 (2 – 1) (4.3a)
For younger rock the Larionor equation is
Vsh ≤ 0.083 (23.7×IGR – 1) (4.3b)

B- Resistivity Log Method: 68

The following equation:

 Rclay Rmax  Rt   1 / b
Vclay    (4.4)
 Rt Rmax  Rclay  

Rmax: maximum resistivity reading in clean hydrocarbon bearing interval,

ohm.m

Rclay:resistivity in front of shale zone, ohm.m.

1 / b is computed as follow:

(A)-1 / b = 1 when Rclay / Rt ≤ 0.5.

(B)-I/ b = 0.5/ (1 - Rclay / Rt) when Rclay / Rt > 0.5.

C- Neutron Log Method:64,68

The equation form of this
method is:

n
Vclay  (4.5)
 Nclay

Cross Plot Methods68,69,70

The following methods are used to find Vclay from crossplots:

53
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

4-3-2 Density Neutron Crossplot Method:

A- In this method Vclay may be defined as:

b ma  100    N  ma   f    f *  ma    ma * 100 
Vclay  (4.6)
 clay   f  ma  100    clay  100  ma   f 

B- Density - Acoustic Crossplot Method:

In this method Vclay may be defined as:

b t ma  t f   t  ma  f   f * t ma    ma * t f 
Vclay  (4.7)
 clay  f t ma  t f   t clay  t f  ma  f 

C- Neutron - Acoustic Crossplot Method:

In this method Vclay may be defined as:

 N t ma  t f   t  ma  100   t ma * 100    ma * t f 

Vclay  (4.8)
 clay  100 t ma  t f   t clay  t f  ma  100 
These methods are applied for this study, using the data of the wells
and the results are shown in Figures (4.20) and (4.21). The minimum clay
volume shows that there is very little clay in wells KM-3 and KM-7. The
clay volume determination plots of the addition wells are shown in appendix
(A) in which clay has certain volume in these wells.

54
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.20 Clay Volume for Interval (1541-1757) in Well KM3

55
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

56
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.21 Clay Volume for Interval (1314-1488) in Well KM-7

4-4 Sonic Log Analysis 64, 65

Conventional sonic tools measure the reciprocal of the velocity of the
compressional wave. This parameter is called interval transit time, Δt, or
slowness, and it is expressed in microseconds per foot (μsec/ft). Porosity of
consolidated formations is related to Δt by Wyllie’s equation.

(4.9)

Where;
Δtma and Δtf are the slowness of the matrix and pore fluid respectively, and
Δt is the slowness of the zone of interest.
The average values of matrix Velocities used in Wyllie’s equation are (47.5)
for limestone, (43.5) for dolomite and (189) for fluid.
The sonic porosities of the studied wells are obtained by using Wyllie’s
equation. The porosities obtained from sonic log are the primary porosities,
since the sonic waves are not recorded within the fractures and vugs of the
formation.

4-5 Density Log Analysis64, 65

The density log represents the density of the formation rock. If the
matrix densities are known, the recorded ρb values can be used to determine
the porosity as follow.
φD= (4.10)

Where;
ρf :is the average density of the fluids in pore spaces.
ρb: is the density of the formation interest.

57
 Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Common values of ρma are (2.71) for limestone, (2.87) for dolomite and
(2.98) for anhydrates.

4-6 Neutron Log 65

Neutron log are used principally for delineation of porous formation

and determination of their porosity. They respond primarily to the amount of
hydrogen present in the formation. Thus in clean formation whose pores are
filled with water or oil, the neutron log reflects the amount of liquid-filled
porosity.
Gas zones can be identified by comparing the neutron log with another
porosity log or core analysis, the density and neutron log readings are
affected in opposite directions by the presence of gas or light hydrocarbon.
A combination of the neutron log with one or two other porosity logs yields
even more accurate porosity value and lithology identification, including
evaluation of shale content.

4-7 Determination of Porosity 65

Total porosity is calculated from neutron and density log as follow

(Schlumberger, 1974):

φND=(φNC+φDc) /2 (4.11)

After calculating the minimum clay volume correction for neutron,

density and sonic logs are made for many effect, the following equations
used to correct logs for clay effect:

Neutron log 43:

φNC=φN-(Vclay *φNclay) (4.12)

58
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Bulk density log32:

φDc=φD-(Vclay *φDclay) (4.13)

Sonic log 32:

φsc=φs-(Vclay *φsclay) (4.14)

The effective porosity:

φe=φt(1-Vclay) (4.15)

Where:

Vclay: shale volume fraction.

φsclay: sonic porosity in shale formation, fraction.

φsclay: density derived porosity in shale formation, fraction.

φNclay: neutron porosity in shale formation, fraction.

The corrections above are shown in figures (4.22) to (4.25). There is

little difference between the corrected logs and original logs.

Also porosity determination plots are shown in figures (4.26) and (4.27)
for KM-3 and KM-7. For the other wells, the figures are given in Appendix
A.

59
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.22 Neutron and Density Logs Correction for Well KM-3

60
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.23 Gamma Ray and Sonic Log Correction for KM-3

61
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.24 Neutron and Density Log Correction for Well KM-7
62
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.25 Gamma Ray and Sonic Log Correction for Well KM-7

63
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

4-8 Secondary Porosity Index 71:

The diagenetic process like (crystallization, dolomitization, and

recrystallization) is affecting on porosity increasing or decreasing in
carbonate reservoir. The SPI is determined by the following equation:

SPI=φND-φs (4.16)

Where,
φND: porosity derived from density- neutron combination,
φs: porosity obtained from the sonic log.

The following figures (4.26) and (4.27) show the porosity and Secondary
porosity index. Results of other wells are presented in the appendix A. The
results of SPI show that the reservoir is fractured especially in well KM-3.

64
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.26 Porosity and Secondary Porosity Index for Well KM-3

65
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.27 Porosity and Secondary Porosity Index for Well KM-7

66
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

4-9 Matrix Identification (MID) Plot ((ρma)a vs. (∆tma)a)72

This technique was presented by (Clavier and Rust in 1976). It determines

the lithology by plot of the apparent lithology values (  ma )a versus ( t ma )a .
These values are determined from the following equations:

 b   x  mf
 ma a  (4.17)
1 x

t ma a  t  189 x (4.18)

1 z

Where,

(ρma)a: apparent matrix density,

( tma )a: apparent matrix transit time.

The MID plot is plotted with values of (ρma)a on the y-axis and ( t ma )a on the
x-axis. Several log responses will affect the MID plot as indicated on this
crossplot. The crossplots are made for all tertiary reservoir Figures (4.28)
and (4.29) and for each formation separately.

67
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.28 MID Plot for Well KM-3

Fig. 4.29 MID Plot for Well KM-7

68
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

It is concluded from above MID plots that Kormor formations consist of

limestone with some dolomite and Dihban formation consist of Anhydrite,
also gas-trend is clear in Kormor formations. The MID crossplots of the
surrounding wells are presented in appendix (A). These crossplots show that
the matrix consist mainly dolomite with some lime.

4-10 Determination of Formation Water Resistivity

Knowledge of Rw and Rmf is important to determine the water

saturation in virgin and flushed zones correctly. It is therefore important to
take great care in its determination.

4-10-1 Apparent Water Resistivity Method64,71

Rwa is the apparent water resistivity of the formation calculated from

the Archie equation, which assumes clean water-bearing formation. Rwa is
defined by the following relationship:
Rwa=Rt/F (4.19)

In clean, water-bearing zones Rwa is at a minimum, roughly

corresponding to Rw whereas in hydrocarbon-bearing zones the value is
much higher (above three times Rw). The value of Rwa is then plotted as a
log versus depth. Hydrocarbon zones are characterized by high values of
Rwa as shown in figures (4.30) to (4.31). The plots of other wells are given
in Appendix A. All Rw results are shown in table (4.6).

69
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

4-10-2 Rw from SP Log71, 64, 72, 73:

This is widely used method to determine Rw and depends on the following
relationship between Rw and SSP:

SSP= - K log ((Rmfe)/(Rwe)) (4.20)

The procedure for calculating Rw is shown in Figure (4.32) which represents

the flow chart of this method.

70
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.30 Rwa Plot for KM-3

71
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.31 Plot Rwa for Well KM-7

72
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.32 Flow Chart for Rw Calculation from Sp Log

73
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Table (4.6) Rw Values (ohm.m)

Well Depth Temp. SSP Rw from SP Rw from Rwa

m °F mV ohm.m ohm.m

KM-3 2337 172 -25 0.064 0.065

KM-7 ---- 124 --- --- 0.042

JA-35 1727 148 -77 0.0291 0.031

JA-51 1810 150 -63 0.0340 0.036

GT-3 2322 178 -28 0.0601 0.061

KA-2 1326 138 -70 0.0289 0.030

4-11 Determination of Archie Parameter

4-11-1 Resistivity - porosity Crossplot74, 75

This method was presented by Pickett, and used to calculate m and a

from well logs by the following equation:

log Rt  m log   log aR w (4.24)

The derivation of equation (4.24) in appendix C.

Equation (4.24) is a straight line equation on log-log paper, where m is

the slope and (a.RW) is the intercept at φ=1; as RW is known from other
sources (a) can easily found.

74
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

In oil bearing zone (no water zone) the value of m can be determine by
crossplot of Rxo (microresistivity tools) vs. φ. This technique is applied to
the flushed zone as follow63, 64:

The basic relationship

Rxo=a.Rmf/φm (4.25)

log (Rxo)=-m log(φ)+log(a.Rmf) (4.26)

A log –log plot of Rxo vs. φ would result in a straight line with a slope equal
to (-m).

The porosity exponent of fractured–matrix is smaller than the porosity

exponent of matrix.

Saturation exponent (n) is calculated by applying least-square method

for the points represent irreducible water saturation as appear in the top of
Rt-φ cross plot (Pickett plot)67 as follows:

log (Rt) = log(Swin .Rtirr) + (n-m) log(φ) (4.35)

The derivation of equation (4.35) in appendix C.

Equation (4.35) is a straight line equation on log-log scale with Rt on y-axis
and φ on x-axis; the intercept is (Swn.Rtirr) with a slope of (n-m). Usually
the importance of this plot is to find (n) as (m) is known from Pickett plot. It
must be noted that as the derivation of equation (4.35) depends on
irreducible water saturation levels.
An application to this method is shown in figures (4.33) to (4.40) in
Kormor fields. This method is applied for each zone separately to calculate
more specified value for (m, n and a).

75
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

The Pickett plot of the other wells is shown in appendix A. All the
results of Rt-φ crossplots, i.e., a, m, and n are listed in table (4.7) for the
reservoir understudy and the neighboring.

4-11-2 F-φ Plot Method

This method is laboratory based measurements used to calculate m from

core analysis in laboratory as F can be measured for core full saturated by
brine where;

F=Ro/Rw (4.36)

Where,

F: formation resistivity factor,

Ro: resistivity of core fully saturated with water ohm.m,

Rw: water resistivity ohm.m.

And φ is also can be measured in laboratory for the same core. The
theoretical basis of this method is as follow:

F  a / m (4.37)

Take the logarithms of both sides:

log F  log a  m log  (4.38)

Equation (4.36) is a straight line equation on log-log paper, where m

is the slope and a is the intercept at Ф=1. The calculation of m is made by
assuming a=l in equation (4.38) so m will equal:

76
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

m   log F / log  (4.39)

The calculation of the formation factor is usually done under the

special core analysis. F-φ results, i.e., cementation factor, are listed in table
(4.8).

n-m
m

a.Rw

Fig. 4.33 Pickett Plot for Jribe Formation KM-3

77
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.34 Pickett Plot for Euphrates Formation KM-3

Fig. 4.35 Pickett plot for Bajwan formation

KM3

78
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig.
3.36 Pickett Plot Bajwan Formation KM-3

Fig. 4.37 Pickett Plot for Jribe Formation KM-7

79
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.38 Pickett Plot Euphrates Formation KM-7

Fig. 4.39 Pickett Plot Bajwan Formation KM-7

80
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig 4.40 Pickett Plot Bajwan Formation KM-7

Table (4.7) Archie Parameters Values from Pickett Method

Well JRIBE EUPHRATES BAJWAN

KM-3

a 0.95 0.88 1

m 1.4 1.7 1.53

n 2.05 2.1 2.01

KM-7

a 0.87 1 0.95

m 1.875 2.04 1.96

81
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

n 2.32 2.34 2.36

JA-35

a 0.91 1 0.86

m 1.73 2 1.98

n 2.33 2.5 2.28

JA-51

a 1 1

m 1.73 1.954

n 2.21 2.43

KA-2

a 1

m 1.65

n 2.25

GT-3

a 0.87 0.95

m 1.65 1.49

n 1.95 2.35

82
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Table (4.8) Cementation Factor from Special Core Analysis

WELL Cementation Factor

KM-3

Jribe 1.3

Euphrates 1.6

Bajwan 1.52

JA-35

Jribe 1.71

EUPHRATES 1.9

BAJWAN -----

JA-51

JRIBE -----

EUPHRATES 1.81

SERKAGNI 1.79

KA-2

JRIBE 1.47

EUPHRATES 1.23

83
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

4-12 Determination of Fluid Saturation

The determination of water saturation is the most important step in log

interpretation as all above work done to get more accurate water and
hydrocarbon saturation.

Water saturation is determined by three methods in this work:

4-12-1 Archie Equation78

Water saturation (Sw) is given by:

Swn= (4.40)

Water saturation in flushed zone (Sxo) is given by:

Sxon= (4.41)

4-12-2 Dual water model38, 79

Calculate water saturation formation resistivity:

a R WF R WB
Ro 
R WB  S WB RWF  RWB rm (4.42)
Rwf=Rt clean/Fclean (4.43)

RwB=Rtshale/Fshale (4.44)
1/n
S w  Ro / Rt  (4.45)

1
n
 a R mf R WB 
S XO  
  
 R WB  S WB Rmf  RWB  Tm .R XO 
 (4.46)

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Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

4-12-3 Indonesian model37

1 Vclay 1Vclay / 2   m / 2  n
  Sw 2 (4.47)
Rt  Rclay aRw 

1 V 1Vclay / 2   m/2  n
clay
   S xo 2
Rxo  Rclay xo aRmf 
  (4.48)

The result of previous calculations is shown in figures (4.41) to (4.44). As

seen that Bajwan unit in KM-3 and KM-7 has no100% water saturation
zone. The results of the other wells are in appendix A.

85
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.41 Water Saturation Determination for Well KM-3

86
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.42 Flushed Zone Water Saturation for Well KM-3

87
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.43 Water Saturation Determination for Well KM-7

88
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.44 Flushed Zone Water Saturation for Well KM-7

89
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

4-13 Bulk Analysis of Formation Fluid42, 79

The following equations are used:

Bulk of Free Water

Vwf=φe Sw (4.49)

Bulk of Flushed Zone Water

Vwxo=φe Sxo (4.50)

Bulk of Hydrocarbon

BHC=φe(1-sw) (4.51)

Bulk of Moveable Hydrocarbon

Moveable hydrocarbon=φe(Sxo-Sw) (4.52)

Bulk of Residual Hydrocarbon

Residual hydrocarbon=φe(1-sxo) (4.53)

The figures (4.45) and (4.46) show the result of above equations, tthese
plots represent computer process interpretation (CPI) .The CPI for the
neighboring wells are in appendix A.

90
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.45 CPI Plot for Well KM-3

91
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.46 CPI Plot for Well KM-7

92
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

There is difference between CPI that obtain from this study and Global CPI,
in Global CPI constant Archie parameters (a=1, m=2, and n=2) were used to
determine fluids saturation while in this work these parameters are variable
and determine from previously mentioned methods.

4-14 Determination of Irreducible Water Saturation (Swi) 76

Swi can be determined by plotting water saturation versus porosity in

a linear scale and drawing hyperbola from minimum water saturation and
select the levels that fall on this parabola which represent irreducible water
saturation levels (Morris and Bigges 1968). The application of this method is
shown in figures (4.47) to (4.52). The results for the addition wells are
presented in appendix A.

Fig. 4.47 Swi for Jribe Formation KM-3

93
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.48 Swi for Euphrates Formation KM-3

Fig. 4.49 Swi for Bajwan Formation KM-3

94
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.50 Swi for Jribe Formation KM-7

Fig. 4.51 Swi for Euphrates Formation KM-7

95
Chapter Four Well Log Interpretation

Fig. 4.52 Swi for Bajwan Formation KM-7

96