Schlumberger

Contents

H1.0 POROSITY IN COMPLEX LITHOLOGY ......................................................................................1

H1.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................1
H1.2 DETERMINATION OF POROSITY AND LITHOLOGY ............................................................4
a) Crossplots............................................................................................................................4
b) Apparent Matrix Density vs. Apparent Volumetric Cross Section Matrix
Identification Plot.................................................................................................................4
H1.3 COMPLEX LITHOLOGY MIXTURES................................................................................... 12
H2.0 WORK SESSION..................................................................................................................... 15

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Introduction to Openhole Logging

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H1.0 Porosity in Complex Lithology
H1.1 INTRODUCTION
As previously mentioned, carbonate deposits
generally are complex in lithology. The min-
eral composition of the nonclay fraction (i.e.,
the matrix) usually varies within a given for-
mation. The deposition may include
- shale (silt and clay)
- limestone
- dolomite
- anhydrite/gypsum.
Accurate porosity determination becomes
more difficult when the matrix lithology is un-
known or consists of two or more minerals of
unknown proportions. The content of the for-
mation pore space, if other than water, can also
complicate analysis.
Sonic, density and neutron logs respond dif-
ferently and independently to different matrix
combinations and to the presence of light hy-
drocarbons. We use these characteristics to our
advantage by combining (crossplotting) two or
more log responses to furnish more informa-
tion about the formation and its contents than
can be obtained from a single measurement
Schlumberger
(Figures H1 through H3). In evaluating com-
plex lithologies it is essential that comparative
analysis be made only within distinct geologic
units.
The minimum required logs are a deep re-
sistivity, neutron porosity, bulk density, Pe ,
sonic velocity and gamma ray. Only clean
zones should be evaluated (GR < 30–45 API)
because the addition of shale in carbonates has
an extremely variable affect on porosity and
resistivity measurements. All measurements
should also be evaluated as to their accuracy
with respect to borehole conditions (e.g. too
high a correction on the density measurement
or invasion effect on the resistivity measure-
ment). As an aid to evaluation, additional
measurements are available that simplify as-
sumptions and aid in lithology identification
and saturation calculations. These include the
AIT Array Induction Imager logs, EPT Elec-
tromagnetic Propagation logs, Formation Mi-
croScanner images, NGS logs, and Rxo logs
(MicroSFL and microlog) to name a few.
(05/96) H-1
Introduction to Openhole Logging

Figure H1: Complex Lithology Evaluation

(05/96) H-2
 Schlumberger

φ φ

Figure H2: Porosity Tool Response to Various Factors

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Figure H3: Pe Response with Porosity Changes

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Introduction to Openhole Logging
H1.2 DETERMINATION OF
POROSITY AND LITHOLOGY
a) Crossplots
Crossplotting two porosity logs is a conven-
ient, relatively simple method of assessing
both porosity and lithology information. Con-
sider a clean (shale-free) water-filled forma-
tion. Using neutron (CNT log) and density
(Litho-Density log) porosities, charts CP-1
(Figure H4) is scaled in limestone units. The
charts are entered with porosity values com-
puted assuming the matrix is a water-
saturated limestone. Pure (water-filled)
lithology lines are displayed for other matrices.
If the formation is water-filled limestone, the
points will fall on the limestone line. A clean,
water-saturated mixture of limestone and
dolomite will fall between the limestone and
dolomite line. Formation porosity may be
evaluated and the matrix mixture estimated.
Beginning on the next page, charts for the
following crossplots are supplied:
a) Porosity and lithology determination
from Litho-Density log and CNL
Compensated Neutron log (Chart CP-
1)
b) Porosity and lithology determination
from sonic log and CNL Compen-
sated Neutron log (Chart CP-2)
c) Lithology identification from formation
density log and sonic log (Chart CP-7).
(05/96) H-4
b) Apparent Matrix Density (ρmaa) versus
apparent volumetric cross section
(Umaa) Matrix Identification Plot
A more competent method of identifying
lithology uses data from the Litho-Density log.
This common method requires two pieces of
information ρmaa and Umaa .
1. Solving for these parameters first re-
quires apparent total porosity (φta ) us-
ing the appropriate neutron-density
crossplot (CP-1e). Next, bulk density
and Pe values must be read from the
log over the section of interest.
2. Next the apparent matrix grain density
is obtained. By equation:
ρb - φta ρf
ρmaa =
1 – φta
where:
ρb is bulk density from density log
ρf is pore fluid density and
φ ta is apparent total porosity.
Chart CP-14 (Figure H7) can be used
to graphically obtain ρmaa . Using the
lower lefthand quadrant of the chart,
values for φt a and ρb are used to obtain
ρmaa from the x-axis.
 Schlumberger

Porosity and Lithology Determination from Litho-Density*

Log and CNL* Compensated Neutron Log
Liquid-Filled Holes ρf = 1.000 g/cc, Cf = 0 ppm

Liquid-filled holes (ρf = 1.000 g/cm3; Cf = 0 ppm)

1.9
45 45
40
2.0
Sulfur 40 40
Salt
35
2.1 Ap 35
pro 35
xim
co gas ate 30
rre
ctio ity
n ros 30 35 30
2.2
Po
25 ne
sto

φD, density porosity (p.u.) (ρma = 2.71; ρf = 1.0)

nd
sa 25
rtz ) 30 25
2.3 20 a ne
Qu sto
e
20 (lim
ρb, bulk density (g/cm3)

te 20
15 lci 25
2.4 Ca

15 15
10 20 ite
lom
2.5 Do
10 10
5 15
2.6
5
5
0
10
2.7 0
0
5

2.8 –5
0
–10
2.9

–15
Anhydrite
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
φCNLcor, neutron porosity index (p.u.) (apparent limestone porosity)

CP-1e

Figure H4

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Introduction to Openhole Logging

Porosity and Lithology Determination from Sonic Log

and CNL* Compensated Neutron Log
tf = 620 µs/m, Cf = 0 ppm

t f = 620 µsec/m; Cf = 0 ppm

360

40
Time average
Field observation

40
340

35

3535
ne
30 30
320

sto
nd
sa

35
tz
ar
300 Qu
y
sit

30
ro

25
Po

35
25

30
280 30
25
20

e)
t , sonic transit time (µsec/m)

ton
es

25
25 (lim

260
20

te

30
lci
20
15

Ca

ite
lom

240
20
Do
15
10

15

20

25
lt
Sa

220
15
10

15
5

10

20

200 5
10

0 10
15
0

180
5

5
ite
dr

10
hy

5
An

0
160
5
0

0
0

140

0 10 20 30 40
φCNLcor , neutron porosity index (p.u.) (apparent limestone porosity)

CP-2cm

Figure H5

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 Schlumberger

Lithology Identification from

Formation Density Log and Sonic Log
tf = 620 µs/m ρf = 1.0
t f = 620 µsec/m; ρf = 1.0
1.8

Sylvite
1.9
Time average
Field observation

2.0
40

40
40
Salt
Sulfur
2.1 Trona

40
40

30
30 30
30

2.2
ty
si
oro
P
ρb, bulk density (g/cm3)

2.3
30
20
20

Gypsum
20

20

2.4

2.5
10
10
20

20
10
) 10
ne
to

2.6
es
(lim
ite
0 alc

0
ne
0
0 C

sto

2.7
10

10
and
s
tz
ar
Qu

2.8 Polyhalite
ite
m
olo
0 D

2.9
0

Anhydrite
3.0
150 200 250 300 350 400
t , sonic transit time (µsec/m)
CP-7m
Figure H6

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Introduction to Openhole Logging

Determination of Apparent Matrix Parameters from Bulk

Density or Interval Transit Time and Apparent Total Porosity
Fluid Density = 1.0

Fluid density = 1.0

t maa, apparent matrix transit time (µsec/m)

350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100
3 350

2.9 325

40
2.8 300

Apparent
2.7 30 crossplot 275
porosity

t , interval transit time (µsec/m)

ρb, bulk density (g/cm3)

2.6 250
c

20
ni
so
n-
tro
eu

10
N

2.5 225
n
tro
eu
-n

2.4 200
ty
si

10
en
D

2.3 20 175

2.2 30 150

2.1 40 125

2 100
3 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2

ρmaa, apparent matrix density (g/cm3)

CP-14m

Figure H7

(05/96) H-8
 Schlumberger

3. Finally, the apparent matrix volumetric Table H1 lists the photoelectric absorption
cross section is computed from the cross-section index, bulk density and the
photoelectric cross-section index, bulk volumetric cross section for common minerals
density measurements and apparent and fluids. For the minerals, the listed value is
total porosity by equation the matrix value (ρma , Uma ); for the fluids, it is
Pe ρe – φta Uf the fluid value (ρf , Uf ). Chart CP-21 (Figure
Umaa = H9) shows the location of these minerals on a
1 – φta ρmaa versus Umaa crossplot. The triangle en-
where compassing the three common matrix miner-
Pe is photoelectric absorption cross- als of quartz, calcite and dolomite is scaled in
section index, the percentages of each mineral. For example,
ρb + 0.1883 a point exhibiting an apparent matrix grain
ρe is electron density, ρe = density of 2.76 g/cm3 and volumetric cross
1.0704
section of 10.2 barns/cm3 would be defined by
and the crossplot as 40% calcite, 40% dolomite and
φ ta is apparent total porosity. 20% quartz provided no other minerals exist
and the pores are liquid saturated.
On this crossplot, gas saturation displaces
Chart CP-20 (Figure H8) can be used points to the right. Clays and shales plot
to graphically obtain Umaa . below the dolomite point.

Pe Specific ρbLOG U
gravity
Quartz 1.810 2.65 2.64 4.780
Calcite 5.080 2.71 2.71 13.800
Dolomite 3.140 2.85 2.85 9.000
Anhydrite 5.050 2.96 2.98 14.900
Halite 4.650 2.17 2.04 9.680
Siderite 14.700 3.94 3.89 55.900
Pyrite 17.000 5.00 4.99 82.100
Barite 267.000 4.48 4.09 1065.000
Water (fresh) 0.358 1.00 1.00 0.398
Water (100K ppm NaCl) 0.734 1.06 1.05 0.850
Water (200K ppm NaCl) 1.120 1.12 1.11 1.360
Oil (n(CH2)) 0.119 ρo 1.22 ρo – 0.118 0.136 ρo
Gas (CH4) 0.095 ρg 1.33 ρg – 0.188 0.119ρg

Table H1

(05/96) H-9
Introduction to Openhole Logging

Determination of
Apparent Matrix Volumetric Photoelectric Factor
3.0
Fresh water (0 ppk), ρf = 1.0, U f = 0.398
Salt water (200 ppk), ρf = 1.11, U f = 1.36 %
2.5 0

10

φ ta, apparent total porosity (%)

ρb, bulk density (g/cm3)

2.0 20

30

40

6 5 4 3 2 1 4 6 8 10 12 14
Pe, photoelectric factor Umaa, apparent matrix
volumetric photoelectric factor

The Matrix Identification Plot

ρmaa vs Umaa

MID Plot CP-21 identifies rock mineralogy through a comparison of apparent matrix grain density and apparent volumetric
ph otoelectric factor.
To use, apparent matrix grain density, ρmaa, and apparent volumetric photoelectric factor, Umaa, are entered in ordinate and
abscissa, respectively, of the MID Plot. Rock mineralogy is identified by the proximity of the plotted data point to the la-
beled points on the plot.
To determine apparent matrix grain density, an apparent total porosity must first be determined (using, for example, a ne u-
tron-density crossplot). Then Chart CP-14 may be used with bulk density, ρb , to define the apparent matrix grain density,
ρmaa.
To find the apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor, Umaa, enter the nomograph above with the photoelectric fac-
tor, Pe; go vertically to the bulk density, ρb; then go horizontally across to the total porosity, φt ; and finally, go vertically
downward to define the matrix volumetric photoelectric factor, U maa.

EXAMPLE: P e = 3.65
ρ b = 2.52 g/cm 2 (ρf = 1.0 g/cm 2 )
φta = 16%
Giving, ρ maa = 2.81 g/cm 2 (from CP-14)
and U maa = 10.9
Plotting these values on the MID Plot indicates the level to be a dolomite-limestone mixture approximately 60% dolomite -
40% limestone.
See Reference 27 for more information.
CP-20

Figure H8

(05/96) H-10
 Schlumberger

Matrix Identification Plot

ρmaa vs Umaa

ρmaa versus Umaa

2.2

2.3

Salt

2.4
tion
Gas direc

2.5
ρmaa, apparent matrix grain density (g/cm3)

2.6 K-Feldspar

% Calcit
20 e
Quartz
40
60
2.7 80
80
Calcite
60
20
40
%

40 Barite
2.8
Q
ua

ite
60
rtz

20 olom
D
80 %

2.9 Dolomite
Heavy minerals

Anhydrite
3.0
Kaolinite

Illite

3.1
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Umaa, apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor

CP-21

Figure H9

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Introduction to Openhole Logging

Additionally, the quartz point can be flipped where

about the limestone-dolomite line to form a ρb and φ N are the measured bulk density and
limestone-anhydrite-dolomite model. This apparent limestone porosity from the density
model is a useful variation of Chart CP-21 and neutron logs, respectively
(Figure H9) in carbonate sequences.
HI is the hydrogen index
H1.3 COMPLEX LITHOLOGY
MIXTURES ρf and [HI]f are the density and hydrogen index
Mathematically, the transformation of the of the fluid saturating the pores investigated by
basic measurement of a porosity or other ap- the density and neutron logs
propriate log into porosity and/or lithology
and/or pore fluid identification is simply the φ is the porosity;
solution of one or more simultaneous equa-
tions. When the rock matrix contains only a ρmaL and ρmaD are the grain densities of lime-
single known mineral and the saturating fluid
is also known, any one of the porosity logs can stone and dolomite, respectively;
be used for porosity identification. In other
words, a single equation (single log measure- [HI]maL and [HI]maD are the hydrogen indices of
ment) is sufficient to solve for a single un- limestone and dolomite
known (in this case, porosity).
L and D are the fractions of limestone and
If, however, in addition to porosity, the rock dolomite in the rock matrix mixture.
matrix is an unknown mixture of two known
minerals, then two independent equations (two
log measurements) are needed to solve for the
two unknowns (in this case, the porosity and
the mineral fractions). For example, in a lime-
stone-dolomite mixture, the combination of
neutron and density logs could be used. Their
responses to porosity and lithology are

ρ b = φρ f + (1 – φ)(LρmaL + DρmaD)

and

φ N = φ [HI]f + (1 – φ)(L[HI]maL + D[HI]maD),

(05/96) H-12

Three unknowns exist in these two equa-
tions: φ, L and D. However, because the min-
eral fractions of the rock matrix must total
unity, the dolomite fraction could be expressed
in terms of the limestone fraction as D = 1 – L,
thereby reducing the number of unknowns in
the above equation to two; or a third material
balance equation of L + D = 1 could be in-
cluded. In either event, solution for φ, L and
D is possible because the number of equations
(and independent log measurements) equals
the number of unknowns.
The several crossplot charts that plot one log
measurement against another are simply ap-
proximate graphical solutions of the responses
of two log measurements for porosity and
lithology determination. Charts CP-1, CP-2,
and CP-7 (Figures H4, H5 and H6, respec-
tively) are examples. These charts can also be
used when the rock matrix is composed of a
single, but unknown, mineral. The problem is
the same; it is one of two equations and two
unknowns. The unknowns, in this situation,
are porosity and mineral identification (i.e., its
ρma and φma characteristics). It is presumed that
ρma and φ m a are known for most minerals ex-
pected in sedimentary rocks.
Schlumberger
When more unknowns exist, such as in a
rock matrix made up of three minerals, another
independent equation (or log measurement) is
required. Using sonic porosity as an example,
the equations for a limestone-dolomite-quartz
mixture become
ρ b = φρ f + (1 – φ)(LρmaL + DρmaD + SρmaS )
φ N = φ [HI]f + (1–φ)(L[HI]maL + D[HI]maD +
S[HI]maS )
t = φ tf + (1 - φ)(LtmaL + DtmaD + StmaS )
1 = L + D + S.
Simultaneous solution of these four equations
yields values for the four unknowns (L, D, S
and φ). The ρmaa versus Umaa matrix identifica-
tion plot (Chart CP-21 in Figure H9) is a
graphical solution to a four unknown – four
equation system.
Even more complex mixtures can be unrav-
elled by adding more equations (log measure-
ments). Of course, the additional log meas-
urements must respond to the same, but not
necessarily all, unknown petrophysical pa-
rameters; they should not introduce additional
unknowns into the problem.
(05/96) H-13
Introduction to Openhole Logging

(05/96) H-14
 Schlumberger

H2.0 Work Session

1. Using the complex lithology example logs (Figures H10 – H12) determine

a. Lithology and φ at 1377 m.

b. Lithology and φ from 1360-1370 m.

c. Lithology and φ at 1342-1349 m.

d. Is there any secondary φ in any of the zones?

2a. Find the crossplot porosities for points A and B (Figures H13 and H14).
A φ = ________%
B φ = ________%

b. What is the lithology in these zones?

3a. Cross plot Pe and DPHI for both points A and B (use chart CP-16, Figure H15).
A φ =________%
B φ =________%

b. What is the lithology at points A and B?

A _________
B _________

c. What effect is occurring at point A?

d. Apply proper correction for point A to find correct crossplot porosity.

A φ =________%

(05/96) H-15
Introduction to Openhole Logging

BS1 PEF
125.00 375.00 0.0 10.000
CALI(MM ) NPHI(V/V )
125.00 375.00 .45000 -.1500
GR(GAPI) DPHI(V/V )
0.0 150.00 .45000 -.1500

LIMESTONE
CP 32.6 FILE 2 05-JUN-1992 11:26 MDEN = 2710 K/M3
FD = 1000 K/M3

1350

---PEF
NPHI---
DPHI---
---BS1
---CALI
---GR

1375

Figure H10: Complex Lithology

(05/96) H-16
 Schlumberger

BS1
125.00 375.00
CALI(MM )
125.00 375.00
GR(GAPI) DT(US/M)
0.0 150.00 500.00 300.00

CP 32.6 FILE 1 05-JUN-1992 11:17

DT---
---BS1
---CALI
---GR

1350

1375

Figure H11: Complex Lithology

(05/96) H-17
Introduction to Openhole Logging

BS1
125.00 375.00 1325
CALI(MM ) DRHO(K/M3)
125.00 375.00 250.00 -250.0
GR(GAPI) RHOB(K/M3)
0.0 150.00 2000.0 3000.0

CP 32.6 FILE 5 01-APR-1941 18:52

RHOB---

1350

---BS1
---DRHO
---CALI
---GR

1375

Figure H12: Complex Lithology

(05/96) H-18
 Schlumberger

BS1
125.00 375.00
GR(GAPI) NPHI(V/V )
0.0 150.00 .45000 -.1500
CALI(MM ) DPHI(V/V )
125.00 375.00 .45000 -.1500

LIMESTONE LIMESTONE
CP 32.6 FILE 7 09-JUN-1992 14:30

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1 09-JUN-1992 14:05

1/240

---BS1

25

---GR
NPHI---
---CALI
DPHI---

---BS1
---GR
NPHI---

50 B
---CALI
DPHI---

Figure H13: Complex Lithology

(05/96) H-19
Introduction to Openhole Logging

BS1 PEF
125.00 375.00 0.0 10.000
GR(GAPI) NPHI(V/V )
0.0 150.00 .45000 -.1500
CALI(MM ) DPHI(V/V )
125.00 375.00 .45000 -.1500

LIMESTONE LIMESTONE
CP 32.6 FILE 5 09-JUN-1992 14:28

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1 09-JUN-1992 14:05

1/240

A
---PEF
---BS1
---GR

25

NPHI---
---CALI
DPHI---

---PEF
---BS1
---GR
NPHI---
---CALI
DPHI---

50
B

Figure H14: Complex Lithology

(05/96) H-20
 Schlumberger

Porosity and Lithology Determination

from Litho-Density* Log
Fresh Water, Liquid-Filled Holes, ρf = 1.0

Fresh water, liquid-filled holes (ρf = 1.0)

1.9

2.0 40

Salt
40

0
2.1
40
30

30
2.2
Quartz sandstone

2.3 ne)
30

(limesto
20

20
ρb, bulk density (g/cm3)

Calcite

2.4
Dolomite
10

20

2.5
10

2.6
0

10

2.7
0

2.8
0

2.9
Anhydrite

3.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Pe, photoelectric factor

See Reference 27 for more information

CP-16

Figure H15

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Introduction to Openhole Logging

(05/96) H-22