Advanced

interpretation of
wireline logs
 NOTE

This book is the second in a series of four Schlumberger documents

extracted from Oberto Serra’s book : “Fundamentals of Well-log Interpreta-
tion - 2. The interpretation of logging data”.

“Wellsite Interpretation of Wireline Logs” represents the Introduction

and Chapter 1, and references to other chapters in the book correspond as
follows :
Chapters 2,3,7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 : “Advanced Interpretation of Wireline
Logs”.
Chapters 4. 5, and 6 : “Sedimentary Environments from Wireline Logs”.
Chapters 13, 14, and 15 : “Stratigraphy, Tectonics, and Multi-well Studies
using Wireline Logs”.
ADVANCED INTERPRETATION
OF WIRELINE LOGS

0. SERRA
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

2. Information on rock composition (Rock description) .................................... 5

2.1. The three major classifications of rocks ............................................ 5
2.2. Relative abundance of rocks ................................................................ 6
2.3. Composition of rocks .............................................................................. 7
2.4. Classification of rocks ............................................................................ 11
2.5. Rock composition from well logs ........................................................ 15
2.6. Preparation of well log data ................................................................ 17
2.7. Well log classification of rocks.. .......................................................... 21
2.6. Interpretation of unaltered igneous rocks ........................................ 22
2.9. Interpretation of chemical sedimentary rocks - evaporites ........ 27
2.10. Detection and evaluation of organic rocks from well logs .......... 38
2.11. Interpretation of metamorphic rocks .................................................. 45
2.12. Automatic lithology determination - the LITHO program ............ 48
2.13. References ................................................................................................ 50
3. Information on texture (Rock description) ...................................................... 53
3.1. Review of petrographic concepts ........................................................ 53
3.2. Texture of detrital rocks ........................................................................ 53
3.3. Texture of carbonate rocks .................................................................. 59
3.4. How to obtain information on texture from well logging .............. 63
3.5. References ................................................................................................ 78
7. Information on diagenesis (Transformation of rocks and sediments) ...... 81
7.1. Definition and review of diagenesis .................................................... 81
7.2. The need for diagenetic studies .......................................................... 89
7.3. Detection of diagenetic changes using well logs.. .......................... 91
1.4. References ................................................................................................ 105
8. Compaction study .................................................................................................. 107
6.1. Definitions .................................................................................................. 107
8.2. Compaction of sands .............................................................................. 109
8.3. Study of sand compaction using well logs ...................................... 113
8.4. Compaction of carbonates .................................................................... 114
8.5. Compaction of shales ............................................................................ 115
8.6. Compaction of organic sediments (peats) ........................................ 126
8.7. Compaction anomalies .......................................................................... 126
8.8. Compaction studies from well logs .................................................... 127
6.9. Applications of compaction profiles .................................................. 133
8.10. Decompaction .......................................................................................... 143
8.11. References ................................................................................................ 144
9. Reservoir evaluation (Description of petrophysical properties : static
behaviour) ................................................................................................................ 149
9.1. Introduction (porosity and permeability) ............................................ 149
9.2. ObjectIves of reservoir evaluation ...................................................... 149

3
 9.3. Necessary information ............................................................................ 150
9.4. Identification of reservoirs .................................................................... 150
9.5. Reservoir fluid characteristics .............................................................. 150
9.6. Classification of reservoirs .................................................................... 151
9.7. Classification of reservoirs from well logs ........................................ 161
9.8. Quantitative interpretation of well logs .............................................. 169
9.9. Determination of fundamental parameters (temperature, mud
properties, R,.,, ph) .................................................................................... 170
9.10. Determination of well log measurements belonging to each
sample level .............................................................................................. 184
9.11. References ................................................................................................ 216
10. Reservoir evaluation (Petrophysical characteristic : dynamic behaviour) 221
10.1. Objectives of reservoir evaluation ...................................................... 221
10.2. Permeability determination .................................................................... 221
10.3. Permeability from well logs .................................................................. 225
10.4. Permeability from the RFT .................................................................... 230
10.5. Pressure measurements ........................................................................ 234
10.6. References ................................................................................................ 236
11. Fractured formation evaluation .......................................................................... 239
11.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 239
11.2. Review of general concepts .................................................................. 241
11.3. Mechanical properties evaluation from logs .................................... 249
11.4. Effects of fractures on the responses of the logging tools .......... 252
11.5. Detection of fractures from well logs ................................................ 270
11.6. Evaluation of fractures .......................................................................... 276
11.7. References ................................................................................................ 281
12. Geophysical applications of well logs .............................................................. 285
12.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 285
12.2. Sonic calibration ...................................................................................... 285
12.3. Density log correction ............................................................................ 292
12.4. GEOGRAM (Synthetic seismic section) .............................................. 292
12.5. Comparison of GEOGRAM with the seismic sections .................... 293
12.6. VSP interpretation .................................................................................. 295
12.7. References ................................................................................................ 295