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Contents

D1.0 BASIC QUICKLOOK INTERPRETATION ......................................................................................1

D1.1 QUICKLOOK METHODS ........................................................................................................1
D1.2 METHOD ONE: OVERLAY TECHNIQUE.................................................................................1
D1.3 METHOD TWO: RWA TECHNIQUE..........................................................................................2
D1.4 METHOD THREE: DIRECT METHOD OF CALCULATING WATER
SATURATION FOR CLEAN ZONES ......................................................................................5

D2.0 WORK SESSION.........................................................................................................................9

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Introduction to Openhole Logging

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D1.0 Basic Quicklook Interpretation
D1.1 QUICKLOOK METHODS
Quicklook methods of log interpretation can
be classified as those used to identify possible
producing intervals, usually at the wellsite. The
requirements are to locate permeable beds, cal-
culate bed thicknesses, porosities and satura-
tions of hydrocarbon zones and predict pro-
ducibility. These generally simplified
techniques are not intended as a substitute for
more comprehensive methods of interpreta-
tions.
The methods covered here are
1) overlay technique
2) Rwa
3) direct method of calculating Sw.
A note of caution, though, because there are
some assumptions that should be considered
when using quicklook techniques. The zone
should have
1) constant Rw
2) thick, homogenous formation
3) continuous clean lithology
4) clean-water-bearing zone
5) moderate invasion and of step profile.
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D1.2 METHOD ONE:
OVERLAY TECHNIQUE
a. Define the clean zones (no clay) on the
log with the GR and SP.
b. Find a clean, 100%-wet zone on the
log: this should have a good SP de-
flection, low GR, good porosity and
low resistivity.
c. In the clean, wet zone found in Step
(b), overlay the sonic ∆t on the deep
resistivity curve. (If no sonic is avail-
able use density porosity.)
d. Keeping the logs parallel and in the
same relative position, trace the deep
resistivity curve on the sonic log for
the zones found in Step (a).
e. Any zone where there is high resistiv-
ity relative to sonic porosity (∆t) has
hydrocarbon and should be evaluated
further.
f. Use the same 100%-wet zone found in
Step (b), and overlay the sonic ∆t on
the neutron porosity curve.
g. Trace the neutron porosity curve on
the sonic log for the clean zones de-
fined in Step (a). Make sure the neu-
tron and sonic log stay parallel and in
the same relative position.
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h. In the hydrocarbon zones defined in Rt

Step (e), where the neutron porosity Rwa =
decreases and the sonic ∆t increases
F
the zone is gas bearing. All other hy-
drocarbon zones contain oil.
This value will represent Rw for the forma-
i. On the density porosity log define a
cutoff value of porosity based on test tion if the assumption that all zones are wet is
and production experience for the area. correct.
j. When the density porosity is above
this value, the zone will produce fluid. If the zones are not all at Sw = 100%, the
Below the cutoff value, no production value of Rwa will vary depending upon the ac-
will occur. tual Sw of the formation.
D1.3 METHOD TWO:
If we select the minimum value of Rwa and
Rwa TECHNIQUE
call it Rw, then we can make a comparison of
This technique assumes that all zones are all calculated Rwa values against this Rwa
100% wet, estimates a value for Rw, and sub-
(minimum) value through substitution into
sequently studies the anomalies to the first as- Archie's equation as follows:
sumption.
FR w
Consider Archie's equation:
Given S w
2
=
aRw FR w Rt
S
w
2
= =
φ Rt
m
Rt If Sw = 100%, then

Assume: Sw = 100% Rt
Rwa =
FR w F
then =1
Rt or conversely, Rt = FRwa

Rt Substituting Rwa (minimum ) for Rw, and FR wa

Rearrange to solve for Rw: Rw = for Rt yields
F FRwa(minimum )
S 2
=
Because we assume that all zones have Sw = w

FRwa
100%, we state
Rwa(minimum )
or S w
2
=
Rwa

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Hence, we can compare the minimum Rwa
value against all other Rwa values calculated and
compute Sw.
To work effectively, this technique requires
that we in fact have a zone at Sw = 100% and
that Rt or φ vary through the zones to be
evaluated.
Procedure for Rwa Analysis:
Problem: Find: Sw given a resistivity log,
plus either a sonic, neutron or density log.
Solution: This interpretation method is
generally suited to sands, where porosity
plus resistivity logs are available (refer to
Nomograph in Figure D1).
- Logs must be zoned so that the forma-
tions to be evaluated have reasonably
consistent matrix and Rw values.
- Calculate a series of Rwa values in perme-
able zones. Check the Rwa values (see
later comments).
- When Rwa ≥ 3Rw, investigate the zone for
possible hydrocarbon presence, because
Sw < 58% where Rwa > 3Rw.
- If Rw is known, Sw may be calculated by
Sw2 = Rw/Rwa.
- If Rw is unknown, choose a minimum Rwa
value ≅ Rw. Several points should be ex-
amined to establish a suitable Rw value
(i.e., anomalously low Rw values should
be avoided, because they may be due to
calcareous streaks or other matrix influ-
ences, etc.).
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- The general rule for indicating zones of
potential hydrocarbons is when Rwa ≥ 3Rw
(approximate Sw = 58%). When Rmf > Rw, such
an Rwa calculation may be due to the influence
of invasion on the Rt device in a water sand.
To help resolve this problem, an apparent mud
filtrate resistivity value (Rmfa) may be computed
using a shallow investigation resistivity read-
ing e.g., Micro-SFL, SFL tool and AT-10.
R(shallow device )
Rmfa =
F
Quality Checks on Rwa Values:
Assuming that Rw< Rmf:
1. If Rmfa ≅ Rwa ≅ Rw, invasion is shallow
and Rwa is correct. The zone is water
bearing.
2. If Rmfa > Rmf, there is probably some
residual hydrocarbon saturation in the
flushed zone. This would confirm a
hydrocarbon indication on the Rwa
curve.
3. If Rmfa ≅ Rmf and Rw < Rwa < Rmf, deep
invasion may have occurred. Check
favorable Rwa indications further.
- Having checked Rwa values and
selected an Rw value, proceed
to calculate Sw for all zones
where Rwa ≥ 3Rw (Sw2 = Rw/Rwa).
Limitations
Limitations of this technique are similar to
those for crossplots. The influence of invasion,
shale, gas and matrix changes for each device
should be recognized.
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Figure D1

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D1.4 METHOD THREE: DIRECT
METHOD OF CALCULATING
WATER SATURATION FOR
CLEAN ZONES
All water saturation calculations are based on
one form or other of Archie's saturation for-
mula, where:
FRw
S n
= F - Formation Factor
w
Rt
aRw
= Rxo
φ m Rt
By calculating suitable input parameters we
can solve these equations for water satura-
tion in shale-free zones.
Rw - Formation Water Resistivity
An accurate knowledge of Rw is essential but
often difficult to obtain. Rw values can be ob-
tained from:
a. Production Water Samples: samples
should be collected prior to any
chemical treatment; measure resistivity
and temperature of the sample.
b. Drillstem Tests (DSTs): if possible,
collect three samples, at top, middle
and bottom of the tool. Measure all
three resistivities and record tempera-
tures. The sample with the lowest
value should be most representative of
R w.
c. SP Log: if necessary, bed thickness
corrections, etc., should be made prior
to calculating Rw. (When shale is pres-
ent, the SSP may be estimated by
PSP).
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PSP
SSP =
1-Vsh
where Vsh is from the GR.
d. Water Catalog: This is a summary of
DSTs and produced water samples.
Some countries have logging societies
that publish these catalogs.
Formation factor may be obtained for Rxo
measurements (e.g., Micro-SFL Focused Log,
electromagnetic propagation resistivity [EPR]).
F = Sxo 2
Rmf
φ - Porosity
Porosity may be obtained from neutron,
density, sonic or a combination of these de-
vices.
Rt - True Resistivity
True resistivity may be obtained from ILD,
IDPH or LLD; any borehole and invasion cor-
rections should be applied to the raw readings
to obtain Rt .
Chart Sw -1a (Figure D2) is a convenient
method of solving this formula. However,
note that the F versus φ relationship used is F
= 1/φ2.
If any other relationship is used, F must be
calculated before entering the chart.
Remember, knowledge of formation water
resistivity is essential for making an accurate
interpretation.
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Saturation Determination
(Clean Formations - Humble Relationship)

This nomograph solves the Archie water saturation equation Sw =

R0 FrRw
=
Rt Rt
It should be used in clean (nonshaly) formations only. If R 0 (resistivity when 100% water saturated) is known, a
straight line from the known R0 value through the measured Rt value gives saturation, Sw . If R0 is known, it may
be determined by connecting the formation water resistivity, R w , with the formation resistivity factor, F R , or
porosity, Ø
Example: Rw = 0.05 Ω.m at formation temperature
Ø = 20% (F R = 20)
Rt = 10 Ω.m
Thus, Sw = 31.6%
Chart Sw-1a

Figure D2

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Saturation Determination
(Clean Formations - m = 2)
Sw
(%)
R0 Rt 5
(ohm-m) (ohm-m)
30 10,000
Rw φ FR 8,000 6
(ohm-m) (%) 6,000
5,000 7
0.01 2000 20 4,000
2.5 18 3,000
16 8
3 1000 14 2,000
800 9
4 12
600 1,000 10
0.02 10
5 400 9 800 11
6 300 8 600
0.03 7 500 12
7 200 400
6 13
0.04 8 300 14
9 5
10 100 200 15
0.05 80 4 16
0.06 60 100
15 50 3 18
0.07 40 80
0.08 30 60 20
0.09 20 50
0.1 20 2 40
25 1.8 30
1.6 25
30 10 1.4 20
35 8 1.2
40 6 30
0.2 45 5 1.0 10
50 4 0.9 8
0.8 6
0.3 1 0.7 5
FR = 4 40
φ2.0 0.6 3
0.4 0.5
2
0.5 0.4 50
0.6 m = 2.0 1.0
0.7 0.3 0.8 60
0.8 0.6
0.9 0.5 70
1 0.2 0.4
0.18 0.3
0.16 80
1.5 0.14 0.2
0.12 90
2 0.10 0.1 100

R0
R0 = FRRw Sw =
©Schlumberger √ Rt

This nomograph solves the Archie water saturation equation Sw =

R0 FrRw
=
Rt Rt
It should be used in clean (nonshaly) formations only. If R 0 (resistivity when 100% water saturated) is known, a
straight line from the known R0 value through the measured Rt value gives saturation, Sw . If R0 is known, it may
be determined by connecting the formation water resistivity, R w , with the formation resistivity factor, F R , or
porosity, Ø
Example: Rw = 0.05 Ω.m at formation temperature
Ø = 20% (F R = 20)
Rt = 10 Ω.m
Thus, Sw = 31.6%
Chart Sw-1b
Figure D3

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D2.0 Work Session

1. Using the logs of Figures D4 to D6, follow the overlay technique outlined on pages D1
and D2.

2. Given ∆tma = 182 µsec/m tabulate the values and do an Rwa analysis of the example using
Figures D4 to D6. First find Sw from φs only and then do the calculation again using φT
from the CNT/Litho-Density log to get Sw. Compare the two results.

Depth ∆t φS Rt Rwa Sw φN φD φ T = φ N + φD Rwa Sw

2

605

600

595

592.5

590

587.5

585

580

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DUAL INDUCTION - SP/SFL

FILE 2

ILM
0.2000 (OHMM) 2000.0000

ILD
0.2000 (OHMM) 2000.0000

SP SFLU
-150.0000 (MV) 0.0000 0.2000 (OHMM) 2000.0000

600

Figure D4

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BOREHOLE COMPENSATED SONIC

FILE 2

BS
125.0000 (MM) 375.0000

CALI
125.0000 (MM) 375.0000

GR DT
0.0000 (GAPI) 150.0000 500.0000 (US/M) 100.0000

600

Figure D5

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COMPENSATED NEUTRON LITHODENSITY (NO PEF CURVE)

FILE 2

BS
125.0000 (MM) 375.0000

CALI DPHI
125.0000 (MM) 375.0000 0.6000 (K/M3) 0.0000

GR NPHI
0.0000 (GAPI) 150.0000 0.6000 (V/V) 0.0000

600

Figure D6

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3. Use Chart Sw -1 (Figure D2) to calculate Sw for depths 1943 m and 1945 m on Figures D7
and D8. (Rw = 0.06 at formation tempurature.)

Depth RID φN φD Pe φT Ro RT Sw
(m)
_____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

1943

1945

a. What can be said about the lithology from the Pe curve?

b. What can be said about permeability from the caliper?

Can the gamma ray curve add anything to this discussion?

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DUAL INDUCTION - SFL

ILM(OHMM)
.20000 2000.0
ILD(OHMM)
.20000 2000.0
SP(MV ) SFL(OHMM)
-80.00 20.000 .20000 2000.0

CP 32.6 FILE 14 20-MAY-1992 12:06

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1 20-MAY-1992 16:21

1/240

1925

---SP
ILM---
ILD---
SFL---

1950

Figure D7

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COMPENSATED NEUTRON - LITHO DENSITY

C2(MM ) DRHO(K/M3)
125.00 375.00 -250.0 250.00
BS(MM ) PEF
125.00 375.00 0.0 10.000
GR(GAPI) NPHI(V/V )
0.0 150.00 .45000 -.1500
CALI(MM ) DPHI(V/V )
125.00 375.00 .45000 -.1500

SANDSTONE

CP 32.6 FILE 4 20-MAY-1992 11:32

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1 20-MAY-1992 15:57

1/240

1925

---BS
GR---
PEF---
NPHI---
DPHI---
DRHO---
---CALI

1950

Figure D8

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4. Interpret the logs in Figures D9 and D10 using the direct method of calculating water
saturation in clean zones. Rmf = 2.35 at formation temperature (24 oC); a = 1; m = 2

a. Zone 303 to 325 m: Rw = at formation temperature

b. Zone 303 to 308 m: Sw = %

c. Zone 309 to 317 m: Sw = %

d. Zone 317 to 325 m: Sw = %

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DUAL INDUCTION -SFL

ILM(OHMM)
.20000 2000.0
ILD(OHMM)
.20000 2000.0
SP(MV ) SFL(OHMM)
-100.0 0.0 .20000 2000.0

CP 32.6 FILE 12 20-MAY-1992 12:00

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1 20-MAY-1992 14:16

1/240

300

325

SP---
---ILM
---ILD
---SFL

350

Figure D9

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LITHO - DENSITY

BS(MM ) DRHO(K/M3)
125.00 375.00 -250.0 250.00
GR(GAPI) NPHI(V/V )
0.0 150.00 .60000 0.0
CALI(MM ) DPHI(V/V )
125.00 375.00 .60000 0.0

CP 32.6 FILE 3 20-MAY-1992 11:23

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1 20-MAY-1992 14:02

1/240

---BS
GR---
---NPHI
DPHI---
DRHO---
---CALI

300

325

350

Figure D10

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