Applied Physics Lab (DL Mode)

Report # 2

Submitted by: Group A4

ME-12 (C)

Members:
• Syed Tallay Haider
• Syed Muhammad Hassan Kazmi
• Muhammad Haroon

Submitted to: Madam Ayesha Zaheer

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)

National University of Sciences and Technology
(NUST) H-12, Islamabad
Q1. Why is voltmeter connected in parallel?
Ans. A voltmeter is a device that measures the potential difference between 2 points on a
circuit. To measure the potential difference across a resistor or another object, it must be
connected in parallel with the resistor because objects in parallel experience the same
potential difference. Also, a good voltmeter has a very high resistance so by connecting it in
parallel, current can take the path of least resistance through the resistor instead of the
voltmeter.
Q2. Why is ammeter connected in series?
Ans. An ammeter is a device used to measure current between two points in a circuit. It must
always be connected in series when measuring the current through any component of a
circuit. This is because the same current is experienced in components connected in series. A
good ammeter has a very low “shunt” resistance inside to increase its measuring range.
Heavy current passes through the shunt resistance.

Q3. Calculate the equivalent resistance for the following circuit:

Ans. Let R1 = 5kΩ R2 = 2kΩ R3 = 6kΩ R4 = 16kΩ R5=10kΩ and R6 = 14kΩ

Applying delta star principle to R2 R3 R4
r1= (R2*R3)/ (R2+R3+R4) = (2*6)/ (2+6+16) = 0.5kΩ
r2= (R3*R4)/ (R2+R3+R4) = (6*16)/ (2+6+16) = 4kΩ
r3= (R2*R4)/ (R2+R3+R4) = (2*16)/ (2+6+16) = 1.3kΩ
Now the simplified circuit is shown below:

Now equivalent resistance is given as:

Re = R1 + r1+ { (r2+R5) * (r3+R6) ) / (r2+R5+r3+R6) }
Re = 5 + 0.5 + { (4+10) * (1.3+14) / (4+10+1.3+14) }
Re = 5.5 + (214.2 / 29.3)
Re = 12.8 k Ω

Q4. Find the Requi, Current and Voltage across each resistance in the following circuits,
theoretically.
Data:
(In series)
R1 = 7.8 Ω
R2 = 150 Ω
R3 = 170 Ω
V = 12 V
To find:
Requi, I, V1 (Voltage across R1), V2 (Voltage across R2), V3(Voltage across R3)
Solution:
1) Requi = R1 + R2 + R3 = 7.8 + 150 + 170
Requi = 327.8 Ω

2) I = V/ Requi ⇒ I = 12 / 327.8 (from Ohm’s law; V = IR)

I = 0.037 A (Current is the same in series.)
 3) V1 = I*R1 = 0.037 * 7.8 (from Ohm’s law; V = IR)
V1 = 0.29 V

V2 = I*R2 = 0.037 * 150

V2 = 5.55 V

V3 = I*R3 = 0.037 * 170

V3 = 6.29 V

Data:
(In parallel)
R1 = 7.8 Ω
R2 = 150 Ω
R3 = 170 Ω
V = 12 V (Voltage is the same in parallel)
To find:
Requi, I1 (Current across R1), I2 (Current across R2),
I3(Current across R3)

Solution:
1) 1 / Requi = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3 = 1 / 7.8 + 1 / 150 + 1 / 170
1 / Requi = 1 / (2333 / 16575) ⇒ 1 / Requi = 16575 / 2333
Requi = 7.10 Ω

2) Ie = V / Requi ⇒ Ie = 12 / 7.1 (from Ohm’s law; V = IR)

Ie = 1.69 A

3) I1 = V / R1 = 12 / 7.8 (from Ohm’s law; V = IR)

I1 = 1.54 A

I2 = V / R2 = 12 / 150
I2 = 0.08 A

I3 = V / R3 = 12 / 170
I3 = 0.07 A

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