LESSON 1

Oral Communication in Context

(Atesha Pedro) (NMPL 11-8) | SEM 1 2022

Unit 1: Nature and Elements of Message

Communication
information the sender wants to
Communication (definition) communicate.

● process of exchanging information Encoding

○ conveyed as words, tone of
voice, and body language.
● originates as mental images within a
person who desires to convey those
images to another
○ include ideas, thoughts,
pictures, and emotions
● the sending and receiving of
messages
● process by which an individual (the
communicator) transmits stimuli,
usually verbal to modify the behavior of
other individuals (the audience)
● used to convey their desires and
needs, whether these may be trivial or
significant.
successful communication can lead to better
interactions and relationships.
By COMMUNICATING,
● people can learn from what they hear,
see, smell, taste, and feel from their
surroundings and as a result, they can
use the knowledge to improve their
lives and the lives of others.
● people establish goodwill and forge
alliances to do their best not only for
themselves but also for others as well.
process of converting the message
into tangible forms such as words,
actions or forms that the receiver
understands.
Channel
helps carry the message to its desired
destination.
Decoding
process of interpreting the encoded
message sent by the source to the
receiver
Receiver
the target of the message or the
decoder of the message sent.
Feedback
response of the recipient after having
intercepted the message.
Context
environment wherein the
communication act occurs.
Barrier
any factor that inhibits the conveyance
of a message; that is, anything that
gets in the way of the message being
accurately received, interpreted and
responded to.

Elements of Communication

Sender/Source

chief initiator of any communication

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LESSON 1
Oral Communication in Context
(Atesha Pedro) (NMPL 11-8) | SEM 1 2022

Lesson 2: ● Trait Indicators

Forms of Communication ● Cultural Differences
● Personal Odors
Forms of Communication
Paraverbal
1. Verbal
2. Nonverbal ● the inflection, pacing, pitch, and tone of
3. Paraverbal speech
Verbal ● not by what one says, but how one
says it
● the use of sounds or words (language) ● to establish meaning behind the words
to express oneself
● oral or written Components:
● the use of language particularly
speaking skills to communicate more ○ Pitch
effectively ○ Tone
○ Speed
Nonverbal

● communication without the use of Includes:

spoken language
1. Tone /Voice Qualities
Includes: 2. Rate of Speech
3. Cadence/Rhythm of Voice
1. Signs and Symbols (Non-verbal) 4. Volume (how loud)
2. Body Movements and Gestures
3. Eye Contact and Facial Expressions Tone /Voice Qualities
4. Touch
5. Physical Appearance ● combination of factors that convey the
6. Mannerisms meaning of the message.
7. Posture ● indicates emotion: happy, angry,
8. Distance (Proxemics) emphatic, stressed, excited.
9. Silence ● avoid monotone when reading a
10. Time (Chronemics) speech.
11. Smell (Olfactory)
Rate of Speech
Time (Chronemics) ● how fast or slow one talks.
○ slow, too slow, fast, too fast
● from punctuality to expectations around
waiting and response time, Cadence/Rhythm of Voice
● to general principles around time
● Volume Inflection
management
● High or Low (rise & fall)
● study primarily for anthropologists, who ● Voice Inflection
look at cultural norms around the use of
time

Smell (Olfactory)

● Affects Moods
● Triggers Memories

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LESSON 1
Oral Communication in Context
(Atesha Pedro) (NMPL 11-8) | SEM 1 2022
Lesson 3:
Models of Communication
Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)
● Mother of all communication models.
● Designed to mirror the functioning of
radio and telephone technologies.
● A linear form of communication.
● More effective in 1-on-1 interaction than
group or mass audience.
● Primary role sender; secondary role of
receiver.
● Noise can be a dysfunctional factor
Transactional Model (1970)
● People are connected through
communication when they engage in
transaction.
it recognizes that …
● each person is a sender-receiver
(reciprocal);
● communication is fluid/simultaneous as
it affects all parties involved
● contains ellipses (or cues) that
symbolize the communication
environment (how one interprets the
data that he is/are given)
○ where the ellipses meet is the
most effect communication area
because both communicators
share the same meaning of the
message.
★ a multi-layered feedback system
Advantages
● shows shared field of experience of the
sender and receiver
● talks about simultaneous message
sending, noise and feedback
Disadvantages:
● it’s very complex
● both the sender and receiver must
understand the cues sent by the other
Schramm Model (1954)
● modified the Shannon–Weaver model.
● the impact that a message has (both
desired and undesired) on the target of
the message (receiver) should be
examined.
● communication includes acts that
confer knowledge and experiences,
give advice and commands, and ask
questions.
○ these acts take many forms that
depends on the abilities of the
group communicating
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LESSON 1
Oral Communication in Context
(Atesha Pedro) (NMPL 11-8) | SEM 1 2022

● target can be one self, another person problems that can occur during
or being, another entity (such as a interpretation of message.
corporation or group of beings)

Schramm Model

● fields of experience
● semantic noise
● feedback
● introduced the concept of semantic
noise
● dynamic model
★ feedback makes it easier to know if the
message is interpreted by the receiver
as intended or not.
★ field of experience helps to
understand the communication process
in many other ways than the traditional
ones
★ introduced semantic noise as a
concept that helps in understanding