Lesson 2.

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
 Part 1
FARADAY’S EXPERIMENTS
AND FACTORS
INFLUENCING THE INDUCED
EMF
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
01 02 Identify the
Describe
factors that
Faraday’s
affect the
observation
magnitude of
from his
the induced
experiment.
emf.
 Hans Christian
Oersted
Discovered that an
electric current can
produce magnetic
fields
 Several scientists
began to get
curious about the
possibility of a
magnetic field to
produce an electric
current.
 Michael Faraday

One of the curious

scientists who
wanted to know if a
magnetic field can
produce electric
current
 Michael Faraday

British physicist and

chemist who is famous
with his discoveries of
electromagnetic
induction and the laws
of electrolysis
 Michael Faraday
Conducted two
experiments to prove his
hypothesis and answer his
curiosity on the possibility
of reversing Oersted’s
discovery
 Could magnetic fields
create, or induce, an electric
current?
 Faraday’s
Experiments
FIRST EXPERIMENT
 FIRST EXPERIMENT
GALVANOMETER – an
instrument that can detect and
measure small amounts of
current in an electrical circuit
SECOND EXPERIMENT
 WHAT DID FARADAY DISCOVERED?

Faraday found out that in order to

generate current, either the
conductor can move through a
magnetic field or a magnetic field can
move past the conductor.
WHAT DID FARADAY DISCOVERED?
Constant magnetic field will not
produce a current in a
conductor but a changing
magnetic field can produce an
electric current.
 WHAT DID FARADAY DISCOVERED?
1. Induced current – current that
was created in the set-up
2. Induced emf – corresponding
emf required to cause this
current
Electromagnetic
Induction
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

The process by which a

current can be induced to
flow due to a changing
magnetic field.
 Factors influencing
the magnitude of the
induced emf
 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INDUCED EMF

1. Change in magnetic flux or

magnetic field
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INDUCED EMF

2. Change of shape,
location, and
orientation.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INDUCED EMF

3. Change of magnitude of the

magnetic field, B.
• Faster motion = greater
induced current
• Slower motion = lesser induced
current
QUIZ
 QUIZ
Give what is/are asked in the following items. Write your
answers neatly on a ½ cw sheet of paper.
1. What are the factors that affect the magnitude of an
induced emf? (5 pts)
2. A phenomenon wherein an emf or a current is induced
if there is a change in the magnetic flux or magnetic field
through a circuit. (2 pts)
3. What was Faraday’s observation during his
experiment? (3 pts)
 Part 2
MAGNETIC FLUX
AND FARADAY’S
LAW
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
01 Calculate the 02 Determine
induced emf in a the
closed loop due to
direction
a time-varying
magnetic flux of an
using Faraday’s induced
Law. emf.
 Faraday’s
Experiments
 FARADAY’s EXPERIMENT

Faraday’s experiments have one thing

in common: in each case, a current or
emf is induced in a loop when the
magnetic flux through the loop
changes with time.
 FARADAY’S EXPERIMENT

In general, this emf is directly

proportional to the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux
through the loop.
MAGNETIC FLUX
 MAGNETIC FLUX (𝚽𝑩 )

A measurement of the
total magnetic field which
passes through a given
area.
 MAGNETIC FLUX (𝚽𝑩 )

This is needed to be
calculated first in order
to calculate the induced
area.
 MAGNETIC FLUX (𝚽𝑩 )
Ԧ
Is equivalent to the area (𝐴)
which should be expressed in 𝑚 2

times the magnetic field (𝐵) and

the angle (θ) between the
magnetic field and the area.
 MAGNETIC FLUX (𝚽𝑩 )
In symbols,
𝜱𝑩 = 𝑩 ∙ 𝑨 = 𝐁𝐀 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

Units: Weber (Wb) which is equal

to Tm2 (1 Wb = 1 Tm2)
 MAGNETIC FLUX (𝚽𝑩 )
If the magnetic field 𝑩
and area vector (𝑨) are
parallel, then the angle θ
is zero. 1
𝜱𝑩 = 𝐁𝐀 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟎 = 𝑩𝑨
MAGNETIC FLUX (𝚽𝑩 )
If the surface is tilted, the
angle between 𝑩 and 𝑨 is
the θ. To calculate the
magnetic flux of a tilted
surface:
𝜱𝑩 = 𝐁𝐀 cos 𝜽
 MAGNETIC FLUX (𝚽𝑩 )
If the magnetic field 𝑩 and
area vector ( 𝑨 ) are
perpendicular, then the angle
θ is 90⁰. This means that
there is no magnetic flux
since cos 90⁰ is zero. 0
𝜱𝑩 = 𝐁𝐀 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟗𝟎⁰ = 𝟎
 SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
A square loop of wire 15.0 cm on
a side is in a 1.30 – T magnetic
field, B. What are the maximum
and minimum values of flux that
can pass through the loop?
 SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
Given:
• A = 15.0 cm = 0.0225 m2
2
2
1.00 𝑚
15.0𝑐𝑚 × = 0.0225 𝑚2
100.0 𝑐𝑚
• B = 1.30 T
• Minimum θ = 0⁰
• Maximum θ = 90⁰
 SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
Find the flux in Sample
Problem #1 when the
surface makes 45⁰ angle
with the magnetic field.
FARADAY’S LAW OF
INDUCTION
 FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION

“The induced emf in a closed loop

equals the negative of the time
rate of change of magnetic flux
through the loop.”
 FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION

In symbols:
𝑑Φ𝐵
𝜀=−
𝑑𝑡
 FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION
Why negative?
The negative sign refers to the
direction of the induced emf and change
in the direction of the magnetic fields
which have opposite signs. This is also
known as the Lenz Law.
 FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION
LENZ LAW
“The induced current in a loop is in
the direction that creates a magnetic
field that opposes the change in
magnetic flux through the area
enclosed by the loop.”
 FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION
LENZ LAW
𝑑Φ𝐵
𝜀 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡

N = number of coils
 SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
A square coil of wire with side l = 6.00 cm and resistance of
100.0-Ω contains 110 loops and is positioned perpendicular
to a uniform 0.700 T magnetic field. It is quickly pulled from
the field at constant speed (moving perpendicular) to a
region where B drops abruptly to zero. At t=0, the right
edge of the coil is at the edge of the field. It takes 0.150s
for the whole coil to reach the field-free region. Find (a) the
rate of change in flux through the coil, and (b) the emf and
current induced.
DIRECTION OF THE
INDUCED EMF
 DIRECTION OF THE INDUCED EMF
We can find the
direction of an
induced emf or
current by the
diagram below with
some simple sign
rules.
 DIRECTION OF THE INDUCED EMF
Here’s the procedure:
1. Define a positive direction for the vector area
Ԧ
𝐴.
2. From the directions of 𝐴Ԧ and the magnetic field
𝐵, determine the magnetic flux and its rate of
change.
 DIRECTION OF THE INDUCED EMF
3. Determine the sign of the induced emf or
current. If the flux is increasing, the rate of
change is positive and the induced emf or
current is negative; if the flux is decreasing,
rate of change is negative and the induced
emf or current is positive.
 DIRECTION OF THE INDUCED EMF
4. Finally, determine the direction of the induced
emf or current using your right hand. Curl the
fingers of your right hand around the A vector,
with your right thumb in the direction of A. If the
induced emf or current in the circuit is positive, it
is in the same direction as your curled fingers; if
the induced emf or current is negative, it is in the
opposite direction.
DIRECTION OF THE INDUCED EMF
 DIRECTION OF THE INDUCED EMF
A is upward, ε is
counterclockwise. Both A and B
are upward, so flux is positive;
the magnitude B is increasing, so
the rate of change is positive.
Hence, ε is negative. Its actual
direction is thus clockwise
around the loop, as seen from
above.
QUIZ
Problem Solving. Write your answers
systematically on a ½ crosswise. Box your final
answer/s.
1. A magnetic field between the poles of the
magnet is uniform at any time, but its
magnitude is increasing at the rate of 0.030 T/s.
The area of the loop in the field is 130.0 cm2,
and the total circuit resistance is 6.0 Ω. Find the
(a) induced emf and (b) induced current in the
circuit.
2. A 500-loop circular wire coil with
radius 4.00 cm is placed between the
poles of a large electromagnet. The
magnetic field is uniform and makes
an angle of 60⁰ with the plane of the
coil; it decreases at 0.200 T/s. What is
the magnitude of the induced emf?