Contents

Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix

PA RT I D E S I G N C O N T E X T 1
CHAPTER 1 3.4 Analyzing the Site 53

AL
DESIGN PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3.5 Site Design Strategies 54
1.1 Introduction 4 3.6 Direct Sun and Daylight 56
1.2 Design Intent 7

RI
3.7 Sound and Airflow 64
1.3 Design Criteria 8 3.8 Rain and Groundwater 75

TE
1.4 Methods and Tools 8 3.9 Plants 79
1.5 Validation and Evaluation 9
1.6 Influences on the Design Process 10 CHAPTER
MA 4
1.7 A Philosophy of Design 15 COMFORT AND DESIGN STRATEGIES. . . . . . . 83
1.8 Case Study—Design Process 20 4.1 The Body 83
4.2 Thermal Comfort 86
CHAPTER 2 4.3 Design Strategies for Cooling 98
D

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.4 Design Strategies for Heating 102

2.1 Introduction 25
TE

4.5 Combining Strategies 108

2.2 Energy 27 4.6 Visual and Acoustical Comfort 109
2.3 Water 30
GH

2.4 Materials 32 CHAPTER 5

2.5 Design Challenges 37 INDOOR AIR QUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.6 How Are We Doing? 40 5.1 Indoor Air Quality and Building Design 112
RI

2.7 Case Study—Design Process and 5.2 Pollutant Sources and Impacts 113
Environmental Resources 42 5.3 Predicting Indoor Air Quality 116
PY

5.4 Zoning for IAQ 118

CHAPTER 3 5.5 Passive and Low-Energy Approaches
SITES AND RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 to Ventilation 121
CO

3.1 Climates 47 5.6 Equipment for Control of IAQ 129

3.2 Climates Within Climates 49 5.7 IAQ, Materials, and Health 144
3.3 Buildings and Sites 52

PA RT I I T H E R M A L C O N T R O L 147
CHAPTER 6 6.5 Shading 160
SOLAR GEOMETRY AND SHADING 6.6 Shadow Angles and Shading Masks 163
DEVICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.1 The Sun and Its Position 149 CHAPTER 7
6.2 Solar versus Clock Time 152 HEAT FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
6.3 True South and Magnetic Deviation 153 7.1 The Building Envelope 171
6.4 Sunpath Projections 153 7.2 Building Envelope Design Intentions 172

v
vi CONTENTS

7.3 Sensible Heat Flow Through Opaque Walls 8.13 Detailed Hourly Heat Gain (Cooling Load)
and Roofs 176 Calculations 285
7.4 Latent Heat Flow Through the Opaque 8.14 Passive Cooling Calculation Procedures 287
Envelope 193
7.5 Heat Flow Through Transparent/ CHAPTER 9
HVAC FOR SMALLER BUILDINGS . . . . . . . . . 317
Translucent Elements 195
9.1 Review of the Need for Mechanical
7.6 Trends in Envelope Thermal
Equipment 317
Performance 200
9.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
7.7 Heat Flow Via Air Movement 202
(HVAC): Typical Design Processes 318
7.8 Calculating Envelope Heat Flows 203
9.3 Equipment Location and Service
7.9 Envelope Thermal Design Standards 207
Distribution 319
CHAPTER 8 9.4 Controls for Smaller Building Systems 321
DESIGNING FOR HEATING AND 9.5 Refrigeration Cycles 321
COOLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 9.6 Cooling-Only Systems 323
8.1 Organizing the Problem 212 9.7 Heating-Only Systems 331
8.2 Zoning 216 9.8 Heating/Cooling Systems 355
8.3 Daylighting Considerations 219 9.9 Psychrometrics and Refrigeration 366
8.4 Passive Solar Heating Guidelines 223
8.5 Summer Heat Gain Guidelines 234 CHAPTER 10
LARGE BUILDING HVAC SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . 369
8.6 Passive Cooling Guidelines 236
10.1 HVAC and Building Organization 369
8.7 Reintegrating Daylighting, Passive Solar
10.2 HVAC System Types 385
Heating, and Cooling 252
10.3 Central Equipment 393
8.8 Calculating Worst-Hourly Heat Loss 254
10.4 Air Distribution Within Spaces 421
8.9 Calculations for Heating-Season Fuel Con-
10.5 All-Air HVAC Systems 428
sumption (Conventional Buildings) 256
10.6 Air and Water Systems 435
8.10 Passive Solar Heating Performance 259
10.7 All-Water Systems 444
8.11 Approximate Method for Calculating Heat
10.8 District Heating and Cooling 446
Gain (Cooling Load) 277
10.9 Cogeneration 448
8.12 Psychrometry 282

PA RT I I I I L L U M I N AT I O N 457
CHAPTER 11 11.11 Reflectance Measurements 470
LIGHTING FUNDAMENTALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 11.12 Inverse Square Law 470
11.1 Introductory Remarks 459 11.13 Luminous Intensity: Candela
Measurements 472
PHYSICS OF LIGHT 460
11.14 Intensity Distribution Curves 472
11.2 Light as Radiant Energy 460
11.3 Transmittance and Reflectance 461 LIGHT AND SIGHT 473
11.4 Terminology and Definitions 461 11.15 The Eye 473
11.5 Luminous Intensity 463 11.16 Factors in Visual Acuity 474
11.6 Luminous Flux 463 11.17 Size of the Visual Object 476
11.7 Illuminance 464 11.18 Subjective Brightness 476
11.8 Luminance, Exitance, and Brightness 465 11.19 Contrast and Adaptation 477
11.9 Illuminance Measurement 468 11.20 Exposure Time 480
11.10 Luminance Measurement 469 11.21 Secondary Task-Related Factors 480
 CONTENTS vii

11.22 Observer-Related Visibility Factors 481 GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS 532

11.23 The Aging Eye 482 12.11 Ballasts 532
QUANTITY OF LIGHT 483 FLUORESCENT LAMPS 535
11.24 Illuminance Levels 483 12.12 Fluorescent Lamp Construction 535
11.25 Illuminance Category 484 12.13 Fluorescent Lamp Labels 537
11.26 Illuminance Recommendations 485 12.14 Fluorescent Lamp Types 538
12.15 Characteristics of Fluorescent Lamp
QUALITY OF LIGHTING 490
Operation 539
11.27 Considerations of Lighting Quality 490 12.16 Federal Standards for Fluorescent
11.28 Direct (Discomfort) Glare 490 Lamps 541
11.29 Veiling Reflections and Reflected 12.17 Special Fluorescent Lamps 542
Glare 492 12.18 Compact Fluorescent Lamps 543
11.30 Equivalent Spherical Illumination and
Relative Visual Performance 498 HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS 544
11.31 Control of Reflected Glare 500 12.19 Mercury Vapor Lamps 544
11.32 Luminance Ratios 503 12.20 Metal Halide Lamps 547
11.33 Patterns of Luminance: Subjective Reactions 12.21 Sodium Vapor Lamps 549
to Lighting 504 12.22 Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps 551
FUNDAMENTALS OF COLOR 506 OTHER ELECTRIC LAMPS 551
11.34 Color Temperature 506 12.23 Induction Lamps 551
11.35 Object Color 507 12.24 Light-Emitting Diodes 552
11.36 Reactions to Color 509 12.25 Sulfur Lamps 552
11.37 Chromaticity 511 12.26 Fiber Optics 553
11.38 Spectral Distribution of Light Sources 511
11.39 Color Rendering Index 515
CHAPTER 13
LIGHTING DESIGN PROCESS 555
CHAPTER 12 13.1 General Information 555
LIGHT SOURCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 13.2 Goals of a Lighting Design 555
12.1 Basic Characteristics of Light Sources 517 13.3 Lighting Design Procedure 556
12.2 Selecting an Appropriate Light Source 518 13.4 Cost Factors 558
13.5 Power Budgets 558
DAYLIGHT SOURCES 518
13.6 Task Analysis 559
12.3 Characteristics of Daylight 518 13.7 Energy Considerations 561
12.4 Overcast Sky 519 13.8 Preliminary Design 564
12.5 Clear Sky 521 13.9 Illumination Methods 565
12.6 Partly Cloudy Sky 522 13.10 Types of Lighting Systems 566
13.11 Indirect Lighting 566
ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES 523
13.12 Semi-Indirect Lighting 567
INCANDESCENT LAMPS 523 13.13 Direct–Indirect and General Diffuse
12.7 The Incandescent Filament Lamp 523 Lighting 568
12.8 Special Incandescent Lamps 527 13.14 Semi-Direct Lighting 568
12.9 Tungsten–Halogen (Quartz–Iodine) 13.15 Direct Lighting 568
Lamps 528 13.16 Size and Pattern of Luminaires 572
12.10 Tungsten–Halogen Lamp Types 529 13.17 Other Design Considerations 577
viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 14
DAYLIGHTING DESIGN 579
14.1 The Daylighting Opportunity 580
14.2 Human Factors in Daylighting Design 581
14.3 Site Strategies for Daylighting Buildings 581
14.4 Aperture Strategies: Sidelighting 582
14.5 Aperture Strategies: Toplighting 586
14.6 Specialized Daylighting Strategies 588
14.7 Daylight Factor 590
14.8 Components of Daylight 590
14.9 Guidelines for Preliminary Daylighting
Design 593
14.10 Design Analysis Methods 597
14.11 Daylighting Simulation Programs 610
14.12 Physical Modeling 613
14.13 Case Study—Daylighting Design 615
CHAPTER 15
ELECTRIC LIGHTING DESIGN 619
LUMINAIRES 619
15.1 Design Considerations 619
15.2 Lighting Fixture Distribution
Characteristics 620
15.3 Luminaire Light Control 622
15.4 Luminaire Diffusers 625
15.5 Uniformity of Illumination 628
15.6 Luminaire Mounting Height 635
15.7 Lighting Fixtures 636
15.8 Lighting Fixture Construction 636
15.9 Lighting Fixture Structural Support 637
15.10 Lighting Fixture Appraisal 637
15.11 Luminaire–Room System Efficiency:
Coefficient of Utilization 638
15.12 Luminaire Efficacy Rating 638
LIGHTING CONTROL 639
15.13 Requirement for Lighting Control 639
15.14 Lighting Control: Switching 640
15.15 Lighting Control: Dimming 640
15.16 Lighting Control: Control Initiation 640
15.17 Lighting Control Strategy 644
DETAILED DESIGN PROCEDURES 650
15.18 Calculation of Average Illuminance 650
15.19 Calculation of Horizontal Illuminance by the
Lumen (Flux) Method 651
15.20 Calculation of Light Loss Factor 651
15.21 Determination of the Coefficient of
Utilization by the Zonal Cavity Method 653
15.22 Zonal Cavity Calculations: Illustrative
Examples 655
15.23 Zonal Cavity Calculation by
Approximation 660
15.24 Effect of Cavity Reflectances on
Illuminance 662
15.25 Modular Lighting Design 663
15.26 Calculating Illuminance at a Point 663
15.27 Design Aids 664
15.28 Calculating Illuminance from a Point
Source 666
15.29 Calculating Illuminance from Linear and
Area Sources 668
15.30 Computer-Aided Design 668
15.31 Computer-Aided Design: Illustrative
Example 668
15.32 Average Luminance Calculations 671
EVALUATION 678
15.33 Design Evaluation 678
CHAPTER 16
ELECTRIC LIGHTING APPLICATIONS 679
16.1 Introduction 679
RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCIES 679
16.2 Residential Lighting: General
Information 679
16.3 Residential Lighting: Energy Factors 679
16.4 Residential Lighting Sources 680
16.5 Residential Lighting: Design Suggestions 680
16.6 Residential Lighting: Luminaires and
Architectural Lighting Elements 681
16.7 Residential Lighting: Control 682
EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES 685
16.8 Institutional and Educational
Buildings 685
16.9 General Classrooms 686
16.10 Special-Purpose Classrooms 688
16.11 Assembly Rooms, Auditoriums, and
Multipurpose Spaces 688
16.12 Gymnasium Lighting 690
 CONTENTS ix

16.13 Lecture Hall Lighting 690 16.27 Industrial Luminance Ratios 705
16.14 Laboratory Lighting 690 16.28 Industrial Lighting Glare 705
16.15 Library Lighting 691 16.29 Industrial Lighting Equipment 705
16.16 Special Areas 692 16.30 Vertical-Surface Illumination 706
16.17 Other Considerations in School
Lighting 693
SPECIAL LIGHTING APPLICATION
COMMERCIAL INTERIORS 693 TOPICS 706
16.18 Office Lighting: General Information 693 16.31 Emergency Lighting 706
16.19 Lighting for Areas with Visual Display 16.32 Floodlighting 711
Terminals 694 16.33 Street Lighting 711
16.20 Office Lighting Guidelines 699 16.34 Light Pollution 711
16.21 Task-Ambient Office Lighting Design Using 16.35 Remote Source Lighting 712
Ceiling-Mounted Units 702 16.36 Fiber-Optic Lighting 714
16.22 Task-Ambient Office Lighting Using 16.37 Fiber-Optic Terminology 715
Furniture-Integrated Luminaires 702 16.38 Fiber-Optic Lighting—Arrangements and
16.23 Integrated and Modular Ceilings 703 Applications 716
16.24 Lighting and Air Conditioning 703 16.39 Hollow Light Guides 717
16.40 Prismatic Light Guides 718
INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING 704 16.41 Prismatic Film Light Guide 719
16.25 General Information 704 16.42 Remote-Source Standards and
16.26 Levels and Sources 704 Nomenclature 720

PA RT I V AC O U S T I C S 727
CHAPTER 17 ROOM ACOUSTICS 763
FUNDAMENTALS OF ARCHITECTURAL
ACOUSTICS 729 18.6 Reverberation 763
17.1 Architectural Acoustics 729 18.7 Sound Fields in an Enclosed Space 765
17.2 Sound 730 18.8 Sound Power Level and Sound Pressure
17.3 Hearing 733 Level 765
17.4 Sound Sources 738 18.9 Noise Reduction by Absorption 767
17.5 Expressing Sound Magnitude 739 18.10 Noise Reduction Coefficient 770
17.6 Noise 747
ROOM DESIGN 772
17.7 Vibration 755
18.11 Reverberation Criteria for Speech
Rooms 772
CHAPTER 18 18.12 Criteria for Music Performance 774
SOUND IN ENCLOSED SPACES 757
18.13 Sound Paths 775
18.1 Sound in Enclosures 757
18.14 Ray Diagrams 778
18.15 Auditorium Design 779
ABSORPTION 757
18.2 Sound Absorption 757 SOUND REINFORCEMENT SYSTEMS 782
18.3 Mechanics of Absorption 758 18.16 Objectives and Criteria 782
18.4 Absorptive Materials 760 18.17 Components and Specifications 782
18.5 Installation of Absorptive Materials 762 18.18 Loudspeaker Considerations 784
x CONTENTS

CHAPTER 19 STRUCTURE-BORNE NOISE 831

BUILDING NOISE CONTROL 787
19.22 Structure-Borne Impact Noise 831
NOISE REDUCTION 787
19.23 Control of Impact Noise 832
ABSORPTION 787 19.24 Impact Isolation Class 833
19.1 The Role of Absorption 787
19.2 Panel and Cavity Resonators 788 MECHANICAL SYSTEM NOISE
19.3 Acoustically Transparent Surfaces 790 CONTROL 833
19.4 Absorption Recommendations 791
19.25 Mechanical Noise Sources 833
19.5 Characteristics of Absorptive Materials 791
19.26 Quieting of Machines 834
19.27 Duct System Noise Reduction 835
SOUND ISOLATION 794
19.28 Active Noise Cancellation 838
19.6 Airborne and Structure-Borne Sound 794 19.29 Piping System Noise Reduction 840
19.30 Electrical Equipment Noise 840
AIRBORNE SOUND 797 19.31 Noise Problems Due to Equipment
19.7 Transmission Loss and Noise Reduction 797 Location 842
19.8 Barrier Mass 798 19.32 Sound Isolation Enclosures, Barriers, and
19.9 Stiffness and Resonance 798 Damping 842
19.10 Compound Barriers (Cavity Walls) 800
19.11 Sound Transmission Class 804 STC AND IIC RECOMMENDATIONS AND
19.12 Composite Walls and Leaks 805 CRITERIA 843
19.13 Doors and Windows 809
19.33 Multiple-Occupancy Residential STC/IIC
19.14 Diffraction: Barriers 812
Criteria 843
19.15 Flanking 814
19.34 Specific Occupancies 844

SPEECH PRIVACY 815

OUTDOOR ACOUSTIC
19.16 Principles of Speech Privacy Between CONSIDERATIONS 847
Enclosed Spaces 815
19.35 Sound Power and Pressure Levels in Free
19.17 Sound Isolation Descriptors 817
Space (Outdoors) 847
19.18 Speech Privacy Design for Enclosed
19.36 Building Siting 847
Spaces 819
19.19 Principles of Speech Privacy in Open-Area
Offices 822 REFERENCE MATERIAL 849
19.20 Open-Office Speech Privacy Levels and 19.37 Glossary 849
Descriptors 826 19.38 Reference Standards 851
19.21 Design Recommendations for Speech Privacy 19.39 Units and Conversions 851
in Open Offices 828 19.40 Symbols 852

PA RT V W AT E R A N D W A S T E 853
CHAPTER 20 20.6 Rainwater and Site Planning 873
WATER AND BASIC DESIGN 855 20.7 Components 883
20.1 Water in Architecture 855
20.2 The Hydrologic Cycle 858 CHAPTER 21
20.3 Basic Planning 860 WATER SUPPLY 893
20.4 Rainwater 866 21.1 Water Quality 893
20.5 Collection and Storage 868 21.2 Filtration 897
 CONTENTS xi

21.3 Disinfection 899 22.6 On-Site Individual Building Sewage

21.4 Other Water Treatments 902 Treatment 1011
21.5 Water Sources 905 22.7 On-Site Multiple-Building Sewage
21.6 Hot Water Systems and Equipment 916 Treatment 1020
21.7 Fixtures and Water Conservation 942 22.8 Larger-Scale Sewage Treatment
21.8 Fixture Accessibility and Privacy 953 Systems 1032
21.9 Water Distribution 957 22.9 Recycling and Graywater 1036
21.10 Piping, Tubing, Fittings, and Controls 965 22.10 Stormwater Treatment 1042
21.11 Sizing of Water Pipes 969
21.12 Irrigation 976 CHAPTER 23
SOLID WASTE 1047
CHAPTER 22 23.1 Waste and Resources 1047
LIQUID WASTE 981 23.2 Resource Recovery: Central or
22.1 Waterless Toilets and Urinals 981 Local? 1052
22.2 Principles of Drainage 987 23.3 Solid Waste in Small Buildings 1054
22.3 Piping, Fittings, and Accessories 990 23.4 Solid Waste in Large Buildings 1056
22.4 Design of Residential Waste Piping 999 23.5 Equipment for the Handling of Solid
22.5 Design of Larger-Building Waste Waste 1059
Piping 1004 23.6 The Service Core 1060

PA RT V I F I R E P R OT E C T I O N 1065
CHAPTER 24 24.16 Automatic Fire Detection: Incipient
FIRE PROTECTION 1067 Stage 1125
FIRE RESISTANCE, EGRESS, AND 24.17 Automatic Fire Detection: Smoldering
EXTINGUISHMENT 1067 Stage 1127
24.1 Design for Fire Resistance 1067 24.18 Automatic Fire Detection: Flame
24.2 Smoke Management 1079 Stage 1131
24.3 Water for Fire Suppression 1084 24.19 Automatic Fire Detection: Heat
24.4 Other Fire Suppression Methods 1106 Stage 1132
24.5 Lightning Protection 1111 24.20 Special Types of Fire Detectors 1135
24.21 False Alarm Mitigation 1135
FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS 1115 24.22 Manual Stations 1137
24.6 General Considerations 1115 24.23 Sprinkler Alarms 1138
24.7 Fire Codes, Authorities, and 24.24 Audible and Visual Alarm
Standards 1116 Devices 1138
24.8 Fire Alarm Definitions and Terms 1118 24.25 General Recommendations 1139
24.9 Types of Fire Alarm Systems 1119 24.26 Residential Fire Alarms 1139
24.10 Circuit Supervision 1121 24.27 Multiple-Dwelling Alarm
24.11 Conventional Systems 1121 Systems 1140
24.12 System Coding 1122 24.28 Commercial and Institutional
24.13 Signal Processing 1124 Building Alarm Systems 1140
24.14 Addressable Fire Alarm Systems 1124 24.29 High-Rise Office Building Fire Alarm
24.15 Addressable Analog (Intelligent) Systems 1141
Systems 1125 24.30 Industrial Facilities 1143
xii CONTENTS
PA RT V I I E L E C T R I C I T Y
CHAPTER 25
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY 1147
25.1 Electric Energy 1147
25.2 Unit of Electric Current—the Ampere 1147
25.3 Unit of Electric Potential—the Volt 1148
25.4 Unit of Electric Resistance—the
Ohm 1148
25.5 Ohm’s Law 1148
25.6 Circuit Arrangements 1149
25.7 Direct Current and Alternating
Current 1151
25.8 Electric Power Generation—dc 1152
25.9 Electric Power Generation—ac 1152
25.10 Power and Energy 1153
25.11 Power in Electric Circuits 1154
25.12 Energy in Electric Circuits 1155
25.13 Electric Demand Charges 1157
25.14 Electric Demand Control 1158
25.15 Electrical Measurements 1162
CHAPTER 26
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS:
SERVICE AND UTILIZATION 1167
26.1 Electric Service 1167
26.2 Overhead Service 1167
26.3 Underground Service 1168
26.4 Underground Wiring 1168
26.5 Service Equipment 1171
26.6 Transformers 1171
26.7 Transformers Outdoors 1173
26.8 Transformers Indoors: Heat Loss 1175
26.9 Transformers Indoors: Selection 1175
26.10 Transformer Vaults 1176
26.11 Service Equipment Arrangements
and Metering 1176
26.12 Service Switch(es) 1177
26.13 Switches 1177
26.14 Contactors 1181
26.15 Special Switches 1181
26.16 Solid-State Switches, Programmable
Switches, Microprocessors, and
Programmable Controllers 1183
26.17 Equipment Enclosures 1185
26.18 Circuit-Protective Devices 1185
26.19 Switchboards and Switchgear 1187
1145
26.20 Unit Substations (Transformer Load
Centers) 1191
26.21 Panelboards 1192
26.22 Principles of Electric Load Control 1193
26.23 Intelligent Panelboards 1194
26.24 Electric Motors 1197
26.25 Motor Control Standards 1198
26.26 Motor Control 1198
26.27 Motor Control Equipment 1200
26.28 Wiring Devices: General Description 1201
26.29 Wiring Devices: Receptacles 1201
26.30 Wiring Devices: Switches 1205
26.31 Wiring Devices: Specialties 1207
26.32 Low-Voltage Switching 1208
26.33 Wireless Switching and Control 1210
26.34 Power Line Carrier Systems 1210
26.35 Power Conditioning 1212
26.36 Power Conditioning Equipment 1213
26.37 Surge Suppression 1215
26.38 Uninterruptible Power Supply 1220
26.39 Emergency/Standby Power
Equipment 1223
26.40 System Inspection 1225
CHAPTER 27
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS: WIRING
AND RACEWAYS 1227
27.1 System Components 1227
27.2 National Electrical Code 1227
27.3 Economics of Material Selection 1228
27.4 Energy Considerations 1230
27.5 Electrical Equipment Ratings 1230
27.6 Interior Wiring Systems 1230
27.7 Conductors 1231
27.8 Conductor Ampacity 1231
27.9 Conductor Insulation and Jackets 1232
27.10 Copper and Aluminum Conductors 1232
27.11 Flexible Armored Cable 1234
27.12 Nonmetallic Sheathed Cable
(Romex) 1234
27.13 Conductors for General Wiring 1235
27.14 Special Cable Types 1235
27.15 Busway/Busduct/Cablebus 1235
27.16 Light-Duty Busway, Flat-Cable Assemblies,
and Lighting Track 1238

27.17 Cable Tray 1240
27.18 Design Considerations for Raceway
Systems 1240
27.19 Steel Conduit 1241
27.20 Aluminum Conduit 1244
27.21 Flexible Metal Conduit 1244
27.22 Nonmetallic Conduit 1244
27.23 Surface Metal Raceways (Metallic and
Nonmetallic) 1245
27.24 Outlet and Device Boxes 1245
27.25 Floor Raceways 1248
27.26 Underfloor Duct 1248
27.27 Cellular Metal Floor Raceway 1252
27.28 Precast Cellular Concrete Floor
Raceways 1252
27.29 Full-Access Floor 1253
27.30 Under-Carpet Wiring System 1254
27.31 Ceiling Raceways and Manufactured Wiring
Systems 1257
CHAPTER 28
ELECTRIC WIRING DESIGN 1263
28.1 General Considerations 1263
28.2 Load Estimating 1264
28.3 System Voltage 1267
28.4 Grounding and Ground-Fault
Protection 1273
28.5 Energy Conservation
Considerations 1275
28.6 Design Procedure 1277
28.7 Electrical Equipment Spaces 1278
28.8 Electrical Closets 1280
28.9 Equipment Layout 1281
PA RT V I I I S I G N A L S YS T E M S
CHAPTER 30
SIGNAL SYSTEMS 1337
30.1 Introduction 1337
30.2 Principles of Intrusion Detection 1337
PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS 1339
30.3 General Information 1339
30.4 Residential Intrusion Alarm Systems 1344
30.5 Residential Intercom Systems 1344
CONTENTS xiii
28.10 Application of Overcurrent
Equipment 1282
28.11 Branch Circuit Design 1282
28.12 Branch Circuit Design Guidelines:
Residential 1287
28.13 Branch Circuit Design Guidelines:
Nonresidential 1290
28.14 Load Tabulation 1296
28.15 Spare Capacity 1298
28.16 Feeder Capacity 1298
28.17 Panel Feeder Load Calculation 1301
28.18 Harmonic Currents 1303
28.19 Riser Diagrams 1304
28.20 Service Equipment and Switchboard
Design 1305
28.21 Emergency Systems 1306
CHAPTER 29
PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 1311
29.1 A Context for Photovoltaics 1311
29.2 Terminology and Definitions 1313
29.3 PV Cells 1313
29.4 PV Arrays 1315
29.5 PV System Types and Applications 1316
29.6 PV System Batteries 1320
29.7 Balance of System 1321
29.8 Design of a Stand-Alone
PV System 1322
29.9 Design of a Grid-Connected PV
System 1325
29.10 Codes and Standards 1328
29.11 PV Installations 1329
29.12 Case Study: PV 1331
1335
30.6 Residential Telecommunication and Data
System 1344
30.7 Premise Wiring 1345
MULTIPLE-DWELLING SYSTEMS 1346
30.8 Multiple-Dwelling Entry and Security
Systems 1346
30.9 Multiple-Dwelling Television
Systems 1347
xiv CONTENTS

30.10 Multiple-Dwelling Telephone 30.22 Office Building Control and Automation

Systems 1347
30.11 Hotels and Motels 1348
SCHOOL SYSTEMS 1349
30.12 General Information 1349
30.13 School Security Systems 1349
30.14 School Clock and Program Systems
30.15 School Intercom Systems 1351
30.16 School Sound Systems 1352
30.17 School Electronic Teaching
Equipment 1353
OFFICE BUILDING SYSTEMS 1354
30.18 General Information 1354
30.19 Office Building Security Systems 1354
30.20 Office Building Communications
Systems 1355
30.21 Office Building Communications
Planning 1355
Systems 1358
INDUSTRIAL BUILDING SYSTEMS 1358
30.23 General Information 1358
30.24 Industrial Building Personnel Access
Control 1358
1350 30.25 Industrial Building Sound and Paging
Systems 1360
AUTOMATION 1360
30.26 General Information 1360
30.27 Stand-Alone Lighting Control
Systems 1363
30.28 Building Automation Systems 1364
30.29 Glossary of Computer and Control
Terminology 1365
30.30 BAS Arrangement 1367
30.31 Intelligent Buildings 1369
30.32 Intelligent Residences 1372

PA RT I X T R A N S P O RTAT I O N 1373
CHAPTER 31 31.14 Variable-Voltage dc Motor Control 1390
VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION: PASSENGER 31.15 Variable-Voltage, Variable-Frequency ac
ELEVATORS 1375 Motor Control 1390
GENERAL INFORMATION 1375 31.16 Elevator Operating Control 1391
31.1 Introduction 1375 31.17 System Control Requirements 1391
31.2 Passenger Elevators 1375 31.18 Single Automatic Pushbutton Control 1392
31.3 Codes and Standards 1376 31.19 Collective Control 1392
31.20 Selective Collective Operation 1392
ELEVATOR EQUIPMENT 1376 31.21 Computerized System Control 1392
31.4 Principal Components 1376 31.22 Rehabilitation Work: Performance
31.5 Gearless Traction Machines 1378 Prediction 1394
31.6 Geared Traction Machines 1379 31.23 Lobby Elevator Panel 1395
31.7 Arrangement of Elevator Machines, Sheaves, 31.24 Car Operating Panel 1395
and Ropes 1379
31.8 Safety Devices 1380 ELEVATOR SELECTION 1396
31.9 Elevator Doors 1380 31.25 General Considerations 1396
31.10 Cars and Signals 1383 31.26 Definitions 1396
31.11 Requirements for the Disabled 1384 31.27 Interval or Lobby Dispatch Time and Average
Lobby Waiting Time 1397
ELEVATOR CAR CONTROL 1388 31.28 Handling Capacity 1397
31.12 Drive Control 1388 31.29 Travel Time or Average Trip Time 1399
31.13 Thyristor Control, ac and dc 1389 31.30 Round-Trip Time 1399
 CONTENTS xv

31.31 System Relationships 1407 SPECIAL ELEVATOR DESIGNS 1438

31.32 Car Speed 1407 32.11 Observation Cars 1438
31.33 Single-Zone Systems 1408 32.12 Inclined Elevators 1441
31.34 Multizone Systems 1410 32.13 Rack and Pinion Elevators 1443
31.35 Other Elevator Selection 32.14 Residential Elevators and Chair Lifts 1444
Recommendations 1410 32.15 Linear Elevator Motor Drive 1446
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND SPATIAL MATERIAL HANDLING 1446
REQUIREMENTS OF ELEVATORS 1412
32.16 General Information 1446
31.36 Shafts and Lobbies 1412 32.17 Manual Load/Unload Dumbwaiters 1449
31.37 Dimensions and Weights 1413 32.18 Automated Dumbwaiters 1449
31.38 Structural Stresses 1416 32.19 Horizontal Conveyors 1449
32.20 Selective Vertical Conveyors 1453
POWER AND ENERGY 1419
32.21 Pneumatic Tubes 1453
31.39 Power Requirements 1419 32.22 Pneumatic Trash and Linen Systems 1453
31.40 Energy Requirements 1420 32.23 Automated Container Delivery
31.41 Energy Conservation 1421 Systems 1453
31.42 Emergency Power 1421 32.24 Automated Self-Propelled Vehicles 1455
32.25 Summary 1457
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 1422
31.43 Fire Safety 1422
31.44 Elevator Security 1422 CHAPTER33
31.45 Elevator Noise 1423 MOVING STAIRWAYS AND WALKS 1459
31.46 Elevator Specifications 1423 MOVING ELECTRIC STAIRWAYS 1459
31.47 Novel Designs 1426 33.1 General Information 1459
33.2 Parallel and Crisscross Arrangements 1459
CHAPTER 32 33.3 Location 1462
VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION: SPECIAL 33.4 Size, Speed, Capacity, and Rise 1465
TOPICS 1429 33.5 Components 1466
SPECIAL SHAFT ARRANGEMENTS 1429 33.6 Safety Features 1467
32.1 Sky Lobby Elevator System 1429 33.7 Fire Protection 1468
32.2 Double-Deck Elevators 1430 33.8 Lighting 1468
33.9 Application 1469
HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS 1430 33.10 Elevators and Escalators 1471
32.3 Conventional Plunger-Type Hydraulic 33.11 Electric Power Requirements 1472
Elevators 1430 33.12 Special-Design Escalators 1472
32.4 Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators 1434 33.13 Preliminary Design Data and Installation
32.5 Roped Hydraulic Elevators 1435 Drawings 1472
33.14 Budget Estimating for Escalators 1473
FREIGHT ELEVATORS 1435
32.6 General Information 1435 MOVING WALKS AND RAMPS 1474
32.7 Freight Car Capacity 1436 33.15 General Information 1474
32.8 Freight Elevator Description 1436 33.16 Application of Moving Walks 1474
32.9 Freight Elevator Cars, Gates, and 33.17 Application of Moving Ramps 1475
Doors 1437 33.18 Size, Capacity, and Speed 1475
32.10 Freight Elevator Cost Data 1437 33.19 Components 1476
xvi CONTENTS

PA RT X A P P E N D I C E S 1479
APPENDIX A APPENDIX G
Metrication, SI Units, and Conversions 1481 Standards/Guidelines for Energy- and
Resource-Efficient Building Design 1625
APPENDIX B
Climatic Conditions for the United States, APPENDIX H
Canada, and Mexico 1487 Annual Solar Performance 1631

APPENDIX I
APPENDIX C Economic Analysis 1663
Solar and Daylighting Design Data 1501
APPENDIX J
APPENDIX D Lamp Data 1669
Solar Geometry 1533
APPENDIX K
Sound Transmission Data for Walls 1673
APPENDIX E
Thermal Properties of Materials and
APPENDIX L
Assemblies 1547 Sound Transmission and Impact Insulation
Data for Floor/Ceiling Constructions 1685
APPENDIX F
Heating and Cooling Design Guidelines and APPENDIX M
Information 1605 Design Analysis Software 1695

Index 1699