LESSON 5

Communication for a Purpose

Purposive Communication is communicating

with a purpose. Communication through Social Communication
writing, speaking, and presenting to different • It is how we continually signal to others
audiences and for various purposes. (verbally and nonverbally) our intentions and
attitudes, whether those be friendly, or
GUIDELINES TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION romantic, or aggressive and challenging.
1. Be clear with the message. • Its objective is connection.
2. Use simple words.
3. Be other-centered. Technical Communication
4. Give respect. • Technical Writing is a genre of non-fiction
5. Expand your vocabulary. writing that encompasses not only technical
6. Avoid lengthy emails. materials, but it also includes writing produced
7. Have polite manners. in day-to-day business operations.
8. Be authentic. • It includes the communication of specialized
9. Have a call to action (a link, or image to get technical information, whether relating to
your audience to take a specific, desired action. computers and scientific instruments, or the
10. Inspire and motivate. intricacies of meditation.
11. Align your words with deeds.
12. Review yourself. Why is purposive communication considered as
transactional communication in both social and
Treat people the way you want to be treated. technical settings?
Speak to people the way you want to be spoken • Technical writing is highly
to. Respect will always be earned when it is transactional as it conveys information to
given. enable specific actions.
• Its objective is understanding.
Purposive Communication
•It is defined as a type of communication that Technical Communication
takes place with a purpose in mind. • Technical communication is transactional – it
•Its objective is persuasion. entails a purposeful transaction.
It is more than just conveying intended • Technical communicators produce a wide
messages for human discourse. It is variety of documents and other products, such
communicating for various purposes. as ...
 • Proposals and requests for proposals
(RFPs)
• Technical or research reports
• Documentation records and product
specifications
• User guides (step-by-step instructions,
procedures, manuals)
• Marketing literature (product
specifications, brochures, promotional
literature)
• Technical journalism (found in trade
magazines, media releases, etc.)

Purposive Communication as Technical and

Social Communication
Social Communication + Technical
Communication —--> Purposive Communication
 Lesson 6
Conveying Messages through Written Communication

Something to ponder on … of thought. After completing all of the above

“The medium is the Message.” steps - review your material and start writing
your explanation essay.
Basic Structure in Essay Writing An outline can be done through words or
The Format through sentences.
I. Introduction
II. !st Paragraph of the Body I. Introduction
III. 2nd Body of the Body A. Paper’s Topic Sentence
IV. 3rd Body of the Body B. Background
V. Conclusion C. Explain Terms
D. Thesis Statement (one point per body
What do we need? paragraph)
• Topic E. Transition
• Outline/Diagram II. Body Paragraph #1
• Thesis Statement A. Paragraph Topic Sentence
• Introduction B. First Point about Topic
• Body i. Example
• Main points ii. Explanation
• Supporting Ideas C. Second Point about Topic
• Elaboration i. Example
• Conclusion ii. Explanation
• Additional information D. Paragraph Conclusion/Transition
• Editing and Proofreading III. Body Paragraph #2
A. Paragraph Topic Sentence
Once you’ve chosen a suitable topic, it is time B. First Point about Topic
to draft an outline of your explanation essay. i. Example
The best option here is to stick to five ii. Explanation
paragraphs that were mentioned : draft an C. Second Point about Topic
introduction, three main body i. Example
paragraphs, and a conclusion. ii. Explanation
The outline helps students ensure that they D. Paragraph Conclusion/Transition
follow a logical pattern to detail all their trains IV. Conclusion
 A. Restate Points as Necessary 2. clearly express what the writer is going
B. Make it clear points have been made & to say about the given topic.
Paper is Done 3. identify what topic will be discussed.
4. specify the purpose and goal of the
The typical format for an Essay is the essay.
traditional 5-paragraph essay. 5. tell the readers what is going to be
Usually, this includes an Introduction, 3 Body explained and what aspects of the topic
Paragraphs (limited to one subtopic each), and will be considered.
a Conclusion.
This is a basic essay format. Take advantage of transitions and linking
words.
Keep in mind that the essay does not need to While connecting all your body paragraphs, use
be limited to five paragraphs — you can make it transition words and sentences. They will make
longer. No matter how many paragraphs you your explanatory paper flow more smoothly.
decide to include in your essay, please look into Some of the words you can use to connect your
the following: sentences are:
1. the introduction must include a a. However,
powerful thesis statement. Incorporate b. For instance,
the thesis statement in the last c. Such as,
paragraph as well. d. In comparison,
2. the introduction should present the e. Firstly, secondly, thirdly,
topic to the reader f. On the other hand,
3. double-check if the paper is based on g. In conclusion, to summarize,
facts rather than personal opinion.
4. make sure to connect paragraphs with 5. develop the body paragraphs with the
transitions. information detailed in the thesis
statement.
As the Essay is tailored to explain or acquaint 6. include a conclusion that summarizes
the readers with something, the Thesis your essay's key points after the
Statement then restatement of the thesis.
should : Most Essays tend to be a page or two in
1. be one or two sentences that length. That is why the overall essay is
summarize the main idea of the usually around 5 paragraphs long.
academic paper.
Each Explanation Essay should start with an The CONCLUSION of the Essay
INTRODUCTION. Try to capture your audience’s 1. Restate your thesis. This way you will
attention. No matter how you decide to do that bring your readers’ attention back to the
- it may be a quote, rhetorical question, catchy main point as well as add strength to
motto, or anecdote. Feel free to improvise and your presented point of view.
use your imagination. Picking a hook thesis 2. Summarize your supporting points
statement is also important. After presenting a presented in each of the body
thesis statement, include any necessary paragraphs accordingly. Restate the
information that gives a background of the importance of each one. This way you
topic. The last sentence of your introduction will logically defend your explanation
should integrate a thesis statement to give a thesis.
preview of the content in the body paragraphs. 3. Provide an overall concluding
statement. In other words, explain the
THE BODY OF THE ESSAY value of the particular point of view
• No matter how many paragraphs you decide chosen from a global perspective. Your
to include in your explanatory essay, they all goal here is to captivate your readers to
should follow a similar style. They all should be study the subject further on.
in-line with each other and maintain a certain
flow in the paragraphs. Within each paragraph, Revise your essay
you are to include a claim that is linked to the After completing the explanatory paper, it is
thesis statement. This way, it will be easier to always a good tip to revise it a couple of times.
connect all the points. To make the revision phase more effective the
following questions can be answered:
Each of the body paragraphs in your a. Does the essay give an objective
Explanation Essay should follow this format : analysis that unfolds logically? Were
1. Try to support your claims with relevant facts and examples used?
evidence from external sources. Make b. Has the information in the paper been
your readers feel confident about the communicated to the audience? Is the
information you present to them. word choice precise?
2. Don’t forget to integrate a concluding c. Were transitions and linking words
statement that offers a summary of the used in the essay to help the reader’s
claim's significance. Concluding understanding?
statement should go along with the d. Does the concluding paragraph
thesis statement. communicate the value and meaning of
 the thesis statement and supporting • the action or process of classifying
ideas? something according to shared qualities
or characteristics.
Edit your essay Example:
Double-check your paper for different of Speech acts can be classified as representative,
mistakes and typos. When proofreading your directive, commissive, expressive and
paper, make sure that nobody distracts you. It declarative.
would be perfect if you revise and proofread
your essay in silence. If you notice any kinds of 3. Process
errors - edit your paper to improve both style • describes a series of connected actions
and clarity. Even though your essay should be chronologically.
clear and concise, also think on how to make it • a series of actions or steps taken in
engaging and lively as well. order to achieve a particular end.
Examples:
METHODS OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT Gifted children should first be
1. Definition closely-monitored. Then assessments may be
• Explain the meaning of a concept/idea conducted. Lastly, their achievements and
• A definition is a statement of the failures may have to be tracked, too.
meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or
other set of symbols). 4. Comparison and Contrast
• Definitions can be classified into two • discusses similarities and differences.
large categories: intentional definitions • comparing involves identifying
(which try to give the sense of a term), similarities and/or differences (e.g.,
and extensional definitions (which try to apples and oranges are both fruit)
list the objects that a term describes). whereas contrasting involves comparing
Example: two or more objects or events in order to
A troubleshooter is the problem solver who show their differences (e.g., an apple has
settles conflicts that may arise in a situation. He a thin skin that we can eat; an orange
looks into the source of the trouble and comes has a thick skin that we cannot eat).
up with all the options to resolve it... Example:
The rich have the advantage of reaching the
2. Classification tertiary level, while the poor are lucky to finish
• breaking down information into parts the secondary level.
5. Cause and Effect description, the mechanisms that make
• discusses the reason and its up the personal.
consequences and results 2. Concrete-Particular (objective factual)
• cause-and-effect describes a • The concrete-particular is when the
relationship between actions or events in writer is able to set forth, pass
which at least one action or event is a judgement upon, and draw general
direct result of the others. conclusions from relevant data, which
Example: layout a platform for the depiction of
Due to the steadfastness of first-world leaders different themes rather than speak
to maintain world peace, terrorist attacks are about themselves.
kept at bay 3. Abstract Universal (better abstractions
that personal experiences)
6. Narration The abstract-universal is when the writer
• tells a story in the order of occurrence. relies on “the world of high abstractions”
• the act or process of narrating; the as opposed to being personal or mention
telling of a story or of happenings. facts in experiences.
• a story or account; narrative. For instance, the narrator illustrates the
Example: concept of time in relation to us human
Savannah woke up at dawn yesterday and beings.
headed to the gym for her weekend workout.
The Opinion Essay
The Essay in a Three-Poled Frame Building blocks in forming an argument
1. Personal (autobiographical) 1. Claim: The Writer’s stance, or overall
• The personal frame is when the writer argument
relies on autobiography in order to look 2. Reasons: Main points that use logic or
at the world through the keyhole of reasoning to justify the writer’s claim.
anecdote and description. 3. Data: Evidence (facts) that support the
• He writes about his life by relying on reasons (claim).
autobiography, anecdotes, and
 Lesson 7
Expressing Oneself Through Oral Communication

Speech and Public Speaking : Definition thousands of years ago with the ancient
Public speaking, also called oratory or oration, Greeks.
has traditionally meant the act of speaking face •The main purpose of an informative speech is
to face to a live audience. to provide information regarding a specific
Today it includes any form of speaking to an topic that the audience knows nothing about.
audience, including pre-recorded speech These speeches require facts and figures that
delivered over great distance by means of support the idea of the speech. These facts and
technology. figures are collected from reliable sources to
It's a presentation that is given live before an enhance the credibility of the topic.
audience. Public speeches can cover a wide
variety of different topics. The goal of the 2. PERSUASIVE SPEECH
speech may be to educate, entertain, or It convinces and encourages listeners. A
influence the listeners. Often, visual aids in the persuasive speech is a speech that is given with
form of an electronic slideshow are used to the intention of convincing the audience to
supplement the speech. This makes it more believe or do something. This could be virtually
interesting to the listeners. anything - voting, organ donation, recycling,
and so on.
Types of Speeches According to PURPOSE
1. EXPOSITORY SPEECH/INFORMATIVE Persuasive Speech
SPEECH • A successful persuasive speech effectively
It describes facts, truths, and principles. convinces the audience to your point of view,
It is a type of speech that is intended to providing you come across as trustworthy and
educate the audience about a particular knowledgeable about the topic you’re
subject. It presents information to explain a discussing.
subject, an idea or a concept through visual
aids” 3. ENTERTAINMENT
The goal of informative speech is to teach an It provides fun and laughter
audience something using objective and factual The after-dinner speech is a typical example of
information. Interestingly, informative speaking an entertaining speech. The speaker provides
is a newcomer in the world of public speaking pleasure and enjoyment that make the
theorizing and instruction, which began
audience laugh or identify with anecdotal A memorized speech is simply a speech which
information. you memorize what you wish to speak about
Some examples of entertaining speeches: and do not use any notes.
Excuses for any occasion Memorized Speeches
Jokes for all Memorized speeches can be impressive, but
Things you wouldn’t know without the require a certain amount of skill and
movies preparation:
- Takes a lot of time to memorize
According to DELIVERY - Requires a degree of acting ability
1. Reading from a Manuscript - Risk of forgetting speech is high without
• Most formal and controlled help
What is a manuscript speech? - Speaker will struggle with changes and
- It is when a speaker writes down can be distracted from the message.
everything they plan to say to their Memorized speeches should only be delivered
listeners, then bring their manuscripts to when necessary and/or when the speaker is
the podium and read them to the comfortable with their skill and the situation.
audience.
Manuscript Speeches 3. Impromptu Speech
Manuscript speeches can be dangerous • Little to no preparation
because they: Imprompt speaking is a speech and debate
- Reduce eye contact with the audience consolation event that involves a five to eight
- Can be boring if simply read (without minute speech with a characteristically short
emotion) preparation time of one to three minutes. The
- Can cause the speaker to be more speeches tend to follow basic speech format
involved with the words than the and cover a variety of topics, both humorous
message. and profound.
To succeed in a manuscript speech, the speaker
should: An Impromptu Speech
- Type in CAPS and triple space - An impromptu speech is the most
- Practice delivery aloud difficult form of public speaking
- Use markings to indicate where assignment.
emphasis and emotion should be. - It’s a type of speech that will not give
2. Memorized Speech you enough time to prepare.
• Best for accepting awards, introducing
speakers, and making announcements
 - But even with a little to no preparation, PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEECH
you are still expected to deliver a great DELIVERY
speech. 1. Articulation (producing clear and distinct
- A badly delivered speech is inexcusable sounds)
even though you didn’t have any time to Articulateness in pronouncing the words
prepare. and speaking with clear diction that
effectively transmits the Message of the
4. Extemporaneous Speech Speaker.
It is researched and planned. 2. Modulation (adequate volume)
It is neither read nor memorized, so it is never It refers to the the capability to adjust or
delivered exactly the same way. Most manipulate the resonance and timbre of the
extemporaneous speakers rely on notes of vocal tone.
some sort, using index cards or technology.
Because extemporaneous speeches are not 3. Facial Expressions, gestures and
read or memorized, the extemporaneous movements (appropriateness and proper
speaker needs to stay in the moment and be timing)
able to “think on their feet” which allows for a Facial expressions should change with the
high level of spontaneity, leading to a natural, content of the Speech. Gestures should
conversational style. emphasize only certain points. Movement
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH should allow the Speaker to carry the Speech
The word extemporaneous means “without around, forward, and to the Audience,
planning” and is considered a synonym for the metaphorically speaking. It should also direct
word impromptu. the Audience to follow the Speaker and keep
However, an extemporaneous speech is actually them hanging on to his/her every word.
a well-prepared speech that relies on research,
clear organization, and practiced delivery. 4. Stage Presence (naturalness, composure and
Because they are composed almost entirely in confidence)
the moment, extemporaneous speeches have a The opposite of stage presence is stage fright,
higher level of spontaneity. However, because which is considered by many as the topmost
they require extensive research and fear in the world of public speaking! But instead
preparation, they tend to have significantly of trying to get rid of stage fright (which cannot
more depth, and therefore are generally the be done anyway), all that energy that is making
preferred method for speech delivery one feel shaky and nervous should be used to
make the Speaker become an interesting,
enthusiastic speaker capable of being heard 10 COMMANDMENTS OF ORAL
and able to move about on stage. COMMUNICATION
1.Believe in what you say
5. Rapport with the audience (attentiveness to 2.Believe in the people to whom you speak.
reactions) 3.Live what you say.
One should know how to deliver the Message to 4. Know when you say it.
the Audience and connect with them at a 5. Know why you say it.
deeper level. 6. Know how to say it.
7. Have fun saying it.
6. Silence (room for pauses) 8. Show it as you say it.
Indicate a change in tone or topic - pausing 9. Say it so people can own it.
between two different parts of your talk can tell 10. Say it so people will do it.
the audience something new is starting. You
can also do this after an introduction or before “Courage isn’t having the strength to go on - it
a conclusion to help the audience understand is going on when you don’t have strength.”
the progression through your speech. - Napoleon Bonaparte