Electric Field TM PDF

kpd;Gyr; nrwpT
myF - 06
$Nyhkpd; Neu;khW tu;f;f tpjp
,U Gs;sp Vw;wq;fSf;fpilapy; cs;s ftu;r;rptpir my;yJ js;StpirahdJ mt;

Vw;wq;fspd; ngUf;fj;jpw;F Neu;tpfpjrkdhfTk;> mt;Ntw;wq;fSf;fpilapyhd Jhuj;jpd;
tu;ff
; j;jpw;F Neu;khW tpfpj rkdhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
F  Qq F
F
1
F  Q q
r2
r
Qq
F  2
r 1 Qq 1
F   9  109 NC 2m2
4 o r2 4 o
,q;F o - kpd;dDkjpj;jpwd;
01. 2 C > 5 C Vw;wq;fs; 3 m ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sNghJ mt; Vw;wq;fspy;

njhopw;gLk; tpir ahJ?
02. A, B vDk; Gs;sp NeNuw;wq;fs; fhl;bathW cs;s NghJ P ,y; itf;fg;gLk;

Vw;wk; xd;wpy; jhf;Fk; tpisAs; tpir g+r;rpak; Mapd; A, B ,Ys;s Vw;wq;fspd;
tpfpjk; ahJ?
a b
A B
03. a gf;fePsk; nfhz;l rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzpapd; cr;rpfs; A, B, C ,y; KiwNa +q, +q,
+ Q Gs;sp Vw;wq;fs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. C ,y; cs;s Vw;wj;jpy; jhf;Fk; tpisAs;
kpd;tpir ahJ?
04. NkNy cs;s tpdhtpy; B cs;s Vw;wk; -q Mf khw;wg;gbd; C ,Ys;s Vw;wj;jpy;

jhf;Fk; tpisAs; kpd;tpir ahJ?
05. xg;gkhd fpilj;jiuapy; Gs;spfs; A, B ,y; + Q, - q Vw;wq;fs; itf;fg;gl;L + Q

it epiyahf gpbj;J - q [ nkJthf tpLtpf;fg;gl;l NghJ mJ + Q [ mZFk;
tiu mjd; Ntfk; Neuj;Jld; khWgLtijAk;> Vw;wq;fSf;fpilg;gl;l Jhuj;Jld;
Ntfk; khWgLtijAk;> Vw;wq;fSf;fpilg;gl;l Jhuk; Neuj;Jld; khWgLtijAk;
fhl;Lk; tiuGfis tiuf.
05. NkNy cs;s tpdhtpy; A, B ,Ys;s ,U Vw;wq;fSk; NeNuw;wkhf ,Ug;gpd; B

cs;s Vw;wk; tpLtpf;fg;gLk; NghJ NkNy tiue;j %d;W tiuGfisAk; tiuf.
kpd;Gyk; - myF 06 -1- Eng. T. Thapesan

06. Xg;gkhd fpilj;jiuapy; cs;s rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzpapd; cr;rpfspy; q Vw;wq;fs;
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;iwr; rkepiyapy; itj;jpUg;gjw;F Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; ikag;
Q
Nghypapy; - Q Vw;wk; itf;fg;gl Ntz;b ,Ug;gpd; q ,d; ngWkjp ahJ?
07. 20 cm gf;fKila rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzk; ABC ,d; cr;rpfs; A, B, C ,y; KiwNa

3 x 10-9 C, 2 x 10-9 C, 1 x 10-9 C Vw;wq;fs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. BC ,d; eLg;Gs;sp D ,y;
1 C Vw;wk; itf;fg;gbd; mjpy; jhf;Fk; tpirapidf; fhz;f.
08. ikaj;jpw;Fk; cr;rpf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l Jhuk; a cila n cr;rpfisf; nfhz;l

xOq;fhd gy;Nfhzp xd;wpd; n - 1 cr;rpfspy; rk Vw;wq;fs; q itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gy;Nfhzpapd; ikaj;jpy; itf;fg;gLk; Q Vw;wj;jpy; njhopw;gLk; tpisAs; tpir
ahJ?
09. fhl;ba njhFjp xg;gkhd fpil Nkir kPJs;sJ. A +Q

,ypUe;J x Jhuj;jpy; cs;s Gs;sp B ,y; + q Vw;wk;
itf;fg;gLk; NghJ RUsp tpy;ypy; Vw;gl;l neUf;fk; A
x
B
4x MFk;. RUs; tpy;ypd; neUf;fk; x Mf miktjw;F
A ,ypUe;J vt;tsT Jhuj;jpy; + q Vw;wk; itf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;? +q
A
10. A vd;Dk; + q Vw;wk; xd;W fhl;bathW epiyg;gLj;jg; gl;bUf;ifapy;
mt;Vw;wj;jpd; fPo; h Moj;jpy; B vd;Dk; m jpzpTila Vw;wk; xd;W h
itf;fg;gl mJ rkepiyapy; ,Ug;gpd; mt;Vw;wj;jpd; gUkidAk; FwpiaAk;
fhz;f. B m

flj;jpfis kpd;Ndw;Wjy;
njhLifapdhy; kpd;Ndw;wy;
kpd;Ndw;wpa flj;jp xd;Wld; kpd;Ndw;wg;glhj flj;jp xd;iw njhLifAwr; nra;Ak;

NghJ my;yJ xU fk;gp xd;wpdhy; njhLf;Fk; NghJ Vw;wKs;s flj;jpapypUe;J
Vw;wkpy;yhj flj;jpf;F Vw;wk; gha;e;J mf;flj;jp kpd;Ndw;wg;gLk;.
+ +
+ + + +
+
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
Vw;wg;glhj Nfhsk; xd;iw Vw;wpa Nfhy; xd;wpdhy; njhLifAwr; nra;Ak; NghJ

Vw;wk; guk;gy; milAk;. Nfhypy; Vw;wj;jpd; nrwpT FiwtilAk;.
J}z;lypdhy; kpd;Ndw;wy;
xU Vw;wg;glhj Nfhsf;flj;jpia Neu; Vw;wk; ngw;w Nfhy; xd;wpdhy; J}z;ly; Kiwahy;

kpd;Ndw;Wjy;>
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ +
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+
Step 4 Step 5
Vw;wg;glhj Nfhsk; xd;iw Vw;wpa Nfhy; xd;wpdhy; J}z;ly; Kiwahy; kpd;Ndw;Wk;

NghJ Nfhypy; Vw;wj;jpd; nrwpT khw;wkilahJ.

,U Vw;wg;glhj Nfhsf;flj;jpfis Neu; Vw;wk; ngw;w Nfhy; xd;wpdhy; J}z;ly;
Kiwahy; kpd;Ndw;Wjy;>
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+
Step 1 Step 2
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+
Step 3 Step 4
Step 5
cNwhQ;rypdhy; kpd;Ndw;wy;
fz;zhbf; Nfhypid gl;Lj; Jzpapdhy; cNuhQ;Rk; NghJ fz;zhbapypUe;J rpy

,yj;jpud;fs; gl;Lj; Jzpia nrd;wiltjhy; gl;L kiw Vw;wj;ijAk; fz;zhbf;
Nfhy; Neu;Vw;wj;ijAk; ngWk;.
Vgidw;Wf; Nfhypid fk;gspj; Jzpapdhy; cNuhQ;Rk; NghJ fk;gspapy; ,Ue;J rpy

,yj;jpud;fs; vgidw;iw nrd;wiltjhy; Vgidw;W Nfhy; kiw Vw;wj;ijAk; fk;gspj;
Jzp Neu; Vw;wj;ijAk; ngWk;.
nghd;dpiy kpd;fhl;b
nghd;dpiy kpd;fhl;b epiykpd;dpay; Njhw;wg;ghLfis guprPyid C

n r a;tjw ;F fe ;j Xu; v spa fU tp MF k ;. , J S vD k;
S
milg;nghd;wpw;$lhf cNyhfg; ghj;jpuk; G xd;wpw;Fs; nry;Yk; R
cNyhff; Nfhypd; fPo; Kidapy; ,U nghd;dpiyfs; (L) cilaJ. G
Nfhypd; cr;rpapy; (C) vd;Dk; cNyhfj; jl;L cz;L. ,J ghj;jpuj;jpwF

;
L
ntspNa cs;sjhFk;. ghj;jpuk; GtpAld; njhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

Xu; Vw;wk; ngw;w vgidw;Wf; Nfhy;> jl;L C ,w;F mUNf nfhz;Ltug; gLk; NghJ C,
R, L Mfpatw;iw nfhz;Ls;s cNyhfj; njhFjpapYs;s ,yj;jpud;fs; ,iyfSf;Fj;
js;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,iyfs; xj;j Vw;wq;fisg; ngw;W mjdhy; js;sg;gl;L
; d. mNj Ntisapy; Cr4grbfv J}z;ba Neu; Vw;wj;ijg;
tpupfpdw
ngw;wpUf;Fk;. vgidw;Wf; Nfhy; ePff ; g;gbd; mjhtJ Jhz;ly;
epfor; re;ju;gg
; k; ,y;yhky; nra;ag;gbd; ,iyfs; FtpAk;. NkYk;
jl;L C [ Vw;wk; ngw;w Nfhypdhy; njhl;lhy; ngUk; msTs;s
Vw;wk; ,iyfSf;F nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,iyfs;
fzprkhdsT tpupAk;.
ghj;jpuk; Gtpjn
; jhLg;Gilajhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,iyfspd; tpupjy;
$Ljyhf ,Ug;gpd; mtw;wpYs;s Vw;wKk; $Ljyhf ,Uf;Fk;
vdf; nfhs;sg;gLk;. nghd;dpiy kpd;fhl;b gpuj;jpNafkhf kpd;dOj;j NtWghLfis
xg;gplTk;> kpdd; Oj;jq;fis msf;fTk; gad;gLk;. NkYk; kpdd
; Oj;j NtWghl;bdhNyNa
,iyfs; tpupfpd;wd.
,iyfspd; tpupif  kpd;dOj;j NtWghL.

kpd;Gyr; nrwpT / kpd;Gy typik
kpd;Gyk; cs;s gpuNjrj;jpy; itf;fg;gLk; XuyF NeNuw;wj;jpy; njhopw;gLk; tpir

mg;Gs;spapYs;s kpdG
; yr;nrwpit jUk;. mt;tpirapd; jpir kpdG
; yr; nrwptpd; jpirahFk;.
F
E
q
F  Eq
E ,d; myF : NC-1
kpd;Gyr;nrwpT gUkidAk; jpiriaAk; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; mJ Xu; fhtpff

; zpakhFk;.
01. fhl;bathW xg;gkhd fpilj;jsj;jpw;F rkhe;jukhf E vDk; kpd;Gyr; nrwpT

cs;s NghJ m kg jpzpTk;> + q C Vw;wKk; nfhz;l Gs;spj; jpzpT xd;W fhl;bathW
itf;fg;gl;Lj; jsj;jpd; topNa tyg;gf;fkhf V Ntfj;jpy; vwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
1. jpzptpd; mku;KLfy; ahJ?
2. jpzpT Xa;tila vLf;Fk; Neuk; ahJ?
3. Jzpf;if Xa;tilAk; tiu nrd;w Jhuk; m, q
m,q
ahJ?
4. jpzpT kPzL ; k; vwpag;gl;l Gs;spia mila
vLf;Fk; Neuk; ahJ?
5. vwpag;gLk; jpzptpd; Ntfk; Neuj;Jld; khWgLtijf; fhl;Lk; tiuig tiuf.
02. Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy; epiyf;Fj;jhff; fPo; Nehf;fp E kpd;Gyr; nrwpTila ,lj;jpy; L

ePs vspa Crnyhd;W njhq;ftplg;gl;L miya tplg;gLfpd;wJ. Cry; Fz;bd;
jpzpT m ck;> Vw;wk; + q ck; vdpd; mjd; miyT fhyk; ahJ?
03. fhl;ba jpirapy; rPuhd kpd;Gyr; nrwpT E cs;s C
,lj;jpy;> b E
a. A  B ,w;F A
q a
B
b. B  C ,w;F
c. A  C ,w;F + q Vw;wnkhd;iwf; fhl;ba ghijtopNa nfhz;L nry;yr; nra;a
Ntz;ba Ntiyfis fhz;f.
04. fhl;bathW rPuhd kpd;Gyr;nrwpT E cs;s ,lj;jpy; A A

,ypUe;J B ,w;F miutl;lg; ghijapd; topNa + q a
Vw;wnkhd;iwf; nfhz;Lnry;yr; nra;aNtz;ba Ntiy
ahJ? B
05. fhl;bathW rPuhd kpd;Gyr;nrwpT E cs;s ,lj;jpy;

B ,ypUe;J A ,w;F Kf;fhy; tl;lg; ghijapd; topNa
+ q Vw;wnkhd;iwf; nfhz;Lnry;yr; nra;aNtz;ba A a
Ntiy ahJ?
B

Gs;sp Vw;wj;jhy; cUthFk; kpd;Gyr; nrwpT
Gs;sp Vw;wk; Q ,ypUe;J r J}uj;jpy; mt;Ntw;wj;jhy; cUthFk; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT

fPOs;s njhlu;ghy; jug;gLk;.
Q r
Q
E
4 or2
06. 20 C Vw;wj;jpypUe;J 3 m Jhuj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spapy; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT ahJ?
07. 2a ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spfs; A, B ,y; xt;nthd;Wk; + q Vw;wKs;s ,U

Gs;sp Vw;wq;fs; cs;sd. A, B ,y; ,Ue;J b Jhuj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spapy; tpisAs;
kpd;Gyr;nrwptpd; gUkd; ahJ?
08. 2a ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spfs; A, B ,y; KiwNa + q, - q Vw;wKs;s ,U

Gs;sp Vw;wq;fs; cs;sd. A, B ,y; ,Ue;J b Jhuj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spapy; tpisAs;
kpd;Gyr;nrwptpd; gUkd; ahJ?
1
09. 10 2 cm gf;fKila rJuk; ABCD ,d; cr;rpfs; A, B, C, D ,y; KiwNa  10 9 C >
3
1 2 4
 10 9 C >  10 C >  10 C Vw;wq;fs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rJuj;jpd; ikaj;jpy;
9 9
3 3 3
tpisAs; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT ahJ?
10. 12 cm ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spfs; A, B ,y; KiwNa 8 C, 2 C Vw;wq;fs;

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. A ,ypUe;J vt;tsT Jhuj;jpy; #dpag;Gs;sp ,Uf;Fk;?
11. fPNo glj;jpy; fhl;bathW ,U Vw;wq;fs; njhiytpy; xU Neu;Nfhl;by; ,Uf;FkhW

itf;fg;gl;Ls;s NghJ kpd;Gyr;nrwpT E MdJ Jhuk; r cld; khWgLk; tpjj;ij
tiuGgLj;Jf.
a. +Q
b.
-Q
E E
r r

+Q +Q +Q -Q
c. d.
E E
r r
+2Q +Q +2Q
-Q
e. E
f. E
r r

kpd;tpirf; NfhLfs;
kpd;Gyj;jpy; NeNuw;wk; xd;W mirAk; my;yJ mira vj;jdpf;Fk; ghij kpd;tpirf;

NfhLfs; vdg;gLk;.
kpd;tpirf;Nfhl;bd; ahjhapDk; xU Gs;spapYs;s kpd;Gyr;nrwptpd; jpirahdJ

mg;Gs;spapy; kpd;tpirf; Nfhl;Lf;F njhlypahf ,Uf;Fk;.
kpd;tpirf; NfhLfspd; ,ay;Gfs;
 kpd;tpirf; NfhLfs; NeNuw;wj;jpy; njhlq;Fk;.

 kpd;tpirf;NfhLfs; kiwNaw;wj;jpy; KbAk;.
 kpd;tpirf;NfhLfs; xd;iwnahd;W ,ilntl;lhJ.
 kpd;tpirf;NfhLfs; flj;jpapD}L ClWf;fhJ.
 fhtypfspD}L kpd;tpirf;NfhLfs; ClWf;Fk;.
kpd;tpirf;NfhLfs; NeNuw;wj;jpy; njhlq;fp kiwNaw;wj;jpy; Kbtilayhk;. jdpnahU

NeNuw;wk; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kpd;tpirf;NfhL mt;Ntw;wj;jpypUe;J njhlq;Fk; Mdhy;
KbtilahJ.
kpd;tpirf; NfhLfspd; vz;zpf;if Vw;wj;jpd; gUkDf;F Neu;tpfpjrkdhf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;.
kpd;tpirf;NfhLfs; - rpy cjhuzq;fs;

01. +2Q, -Q Vw;wKila ,U Vw;wq;fs; fhl;bathW r ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
NghJ mt;Ntw;wq;fSf;fpilapyhd kpdt ; pirf; NfhLfs; mikAk; tpjj;ij tiue;J
fhl;Lf.
+2Q r -Q
02. +2Q, +Q Vw;wKila ,U Vw;wq;fs; fhl;bathW r ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;

NghJ mt;Ntw;wq;fSf;fpilapyhd kpdt ; pirf; NfhLfs; mikAk; tpjj;ij tiue;J
fhl;Lf.
+2Q r -Q
03. nghs; Nfhsk; xd;wpy; +Q Vw;wk; 04. Vw;wkw;w nghs;flj;jp xd;wpd; ikaj;jpy;
tplg;gLk; NghJ kpd; tpirf; NfhLfs; +Q Vw;wk; epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mikAk; tpjj;ij tiue;J fhl;Lf. kpd;tpirf;NfhLfs; mikAk; tpjj;ij
tiuf.
+Q
+Q
05. nghs; Nfhsk; xd;wpd; ikaj;jpy; +Q 06. nghs; Nfhsk; xd;wpd; ikaj;jpy; + Q
Vw;wj;ij epiyg;gLj;jp Nfhsj;jpy; - Q Vw;wj;ij epiyg;gLj;jp Nfhsj;jpy; - Q
Vw; w k; tplg; g Lfpd; w J. kpd; t pirf; Vw;wk; tplg;gLfpdw
; J. kpdt
; pirf; NfhLfs;
NfhLfs; mikAk; tpjj;ij tiue;J mikAk; tpjj;ij tiue;J fhl;Lf.
fhl;Lf.
+Q +Q
+Q
+ +Q
Q
kpd;Gyk; - myF 06 - 10 - Eng. T. Thapesan

07. nghs; Nfhsk; xd;wpd; ikaj;jpy; +Q 08. nghs; Nfhs Xl;bd; ikaj;jpy; Neu;
Vw;wj;ij epiyg;gLj;jp Nfhsj;jpy; Vw;wk; Q epiyahf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
+ Q Vw;wk; tplg;gLfpd;wJ. kpd;tpirf; kpd; tpirf;NfhLfs; mikAk; tpjj;ij
NfhLfs; mikAk; tpjj;ij tiue;J tiuf.
fhl;Lf.
+Q
+Q
+Q
09. xU jbj; j nghs; Nfhs Xl; b d; 10. Nfhsk; A MdJ +Q Vw;wg;gl;Lk;>

ikaj;jpy; +Q [ epiyg;gLj;jp -2Q Nfhs XL B MdJ Vw;wg;glhkYk;
Vw; w k; Nfhsj; j py; tplg; g Lfpd; w J. cs;sNghJ kpd;tpirf; NfhLfis
kpdt; pirf; NfhLfs; mikAk; tpjj;ij tiuf.
tiuf.
+Q
A
+Q
- 2Q
11. Nfhsk; A MdJ +Q Vw;wg;gl;Lk;> Nfhs 12. +Q, -Q Vw;wg;gl;l ,U rkhe;juj; jl;Lf;
XL B MdJ +Q Vw;wg;gl;Lk; cs;sNghJ flj;j pfs; mUfUNf itf; fg;g l; L
kpd;tpirf; NfhLfis tiuf. ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kpd;tpirf; NfhLfis
tiuf.
+Q -Q
+Q + -
B + -
+Q + -
A
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -

13. Vw;wkw;w flj;jp xd;wpd; Kd;dhy; Gs;sp 14. +Q, -Q Vw;wg;gl;l ,U rkhe;juj; jl;Lf;
Neu; Vw;wk; xd;W itf;fg;gl;Ls;sij flj;j pfs; mUfUNf itf; fg;g l; L
glk; fhl;Lfpdw
; J. kpd;tpirf; NfhLfs; ,Uf; F k; NghJ mtw; W f; f pilNa
mikAk; tpjj;ij tiuf. Vw;wg;glhj flj;jpf; Nfhsk; itf;fg;gL
fpd;wJ. kpd;tpirf; NfhLfs; mikAk;
tpjj;ij tiuf.
+Q -Q
+ -
+ -
+ -
+Q + -
+ -
+ -
+ -
15. +Q, -Q Vw;wg;gl;l ,U rkhe;juj; jl;Lf; 16. ++Q, -Q Vw;wg;gl;l ,U rkhe;juj; jl;Lf;
flj;jpfs; mUfUNf itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; flj;j pfs; mUfUNf itf; fg;g l; L
NghJ mtw;Wf;fpilNa Vw;wg;glhj ,Uf; F k; NghJ mtw; W f; f pilNa
flj; j pg; ghyk; itf; f g; g Lfpd; w J. kpd;Dioag; ghyk; itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
kpdt; pirf; NfhLfs; mikAk; tpjj;ij kpdt
; pirf; NfhLfs; mikAk; tpjj;ij
tiuf. tiuf.
+Q -Q
+Q -Q
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
17. Nfhsf; flj;jp XL xd;wpDs; ikak; ,y;yhj xU Gs;sp A ,y; Gs;sp Vw;wk; + Q
epiyahf itf;fg;gLk; NghJ kpd;tpirf; NfhLfspd; tpjj;ij tiue;J fhl;Lf.
A +Q
A +Q

kpd;dOj;jk;
kpd;Gyj;jpYs;s Gs;spf;F KbtpypapypUe;J XuyF NeNuj;ij nfhz;LtUk;NghJ

kpd;Gyj;jpw;F vjpuhf nra;aNtz;ba Ntiy mg;Gs;spapYs;s kpd;dOj;jk; vdg;gLk;.
Q
W
W
V
V Q
myF : J C-1
 kpd;dOj;jk; Xu; vz;zpf;fzpakhFk;.

 kpdG; yj;jpwF
; vjpuhf nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy Vw;wj;ij mirf;Fk; ghijapy; jq;fpapyi
; y.
vdNt kpd;dOj;jk; Vw;wk; mirAk; ghijapy; jq;fpapy;iy.
 kpd;tpir Xu; fhg;GtpirahFk;.
 kpd;Gyj;jpw;F vjpuhf nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy Neuhf fUjg;gLtjdhy;> NeNuw;wj;jhy;
cUthFk; mOj;jk; NeuhfTk; kw;Naw;wj;jhy; cUthFk; mOj;jk; kiwahfTk;
fUjg;gLk;.
Gs;sp Vw;wj;jhy; cUthFk; kpd;dOj;jk;
Gs;sp Vw;wk; Q ,ypUe;J r J}uj;jpy; cUthFk; kpd;dOj;jk;>
Q r
Q
V
4 or
01. 10 2 cm gf;fKila rJunkhd;wpd; cr;rpfs; xt;nthd;wpYk; 1 x 10-8 C Vw;wq;fs;

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rJuj;jpd; ikak; O ,y; tpisAs; kpd;dOj;jj;ijAk; fhz;f.
02. 10 2 cm gf;fKila rJunkhd;wpd; cr;rpfs; A, B, C, D ,y; KiwNa 1 x 10-9 C,,

2 x 10-9 C, -3 x 10-9 C, 4 x 10-9 C Vw;wq;fs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rJuj;jpd; ikaj;jpy;
kpd;dOj;jk; ahJ?
r A
+q
03. B ,ypUe;J A ,w;F Xu; Vw;wk; + Q [ nfhz;L
nry;tjw;F nra;aNtz;ba Ntiy ahJ?
2r

04. X, Y vDk; Gs;spfspy; + 2q, + q vDk; Gs;sp Vw;wq;fs; epiyahf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
A ,ypUe;J B ,w;F Vw;wk; + Q [ nfhz;L nry;yr; nra;aNtz;ba Ntiy ahJ?
+2Q A B +Q
X Y
a a a
05. glj;jpy; fhl;bathW + Q Vw;wj;jpypUe;J Kbtpyp

a
Jhuj;jpy; cs;s Gs;sp A ,ypUe;J fhl;lg;gl;l A
D B
ghij topNa Gs;sp D ,w;F + q Vw;wk; xd;iwf; +Q 
nfhz;L nry;yr; nra;aNtz;ba Ntiy ahJ?

C
06. a gf;fk; nfhz;l rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; cr;rpfspwF

; q, 2q, 3q vDk; Vw;wq;fis
itg;gjw;F nra;a Ntz;ba Ntiy ahJ?
07. fhl;bathW xg;gkhd fpilj;jiuapy; 2a ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; cs;s A, B vd;Dk;

Gs;spfspy; + q, - q vDk; Vw;wq;fs; itf;fg;gl;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. - q Vw;wj;jpdJ
jpzpT m MFk;. A ,Ys;s Vw;wk; epiyahf ,Uf;f B ,Ys;s Vw;wk; tpLtpff ; g;gbd;
,U Vw;wq;fSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l Jhuk; a Mf tUk; NghJ tpLtpf;fg;gl;l Vw;wj;jpd;
Ntfk; ahJ? +q -q
A B
a a
08. epiyahf cs;s Xu; +Q Vw;wj;ij Nehf;fp Kbtpyp Jhuj;jpy; cs;s Gs;sp
xd;wpypUe;J m jpzpTk;> + q Vw;wKk; cila xU Jzpf;if u Ntfj;Jld;
vwpag;gLfpd;wJ. mj; Jzpf;if +Q Vw;wj;jpypUe;J vt;tsT Jhuj;jpy; fzepiy
Xa;tilAk;?
09. fPNo glj;jpy; fhl;bathW ,U Vw;wq;fs; xU Neu;Nfhl;by; ,Uf;FkhW itf;fg;gl;Ls;s

NghJ kpd;dOj;jk; V MdJ Jhuk; r cld; khWgLk; tpjj;ij tiuGgLj;Jf.
+Q -Q
a. E b. E
r r
+Q +Q
c. d. +Q -Q
E E
r r

 kpd;Gyr;nrwpTf;Fk; mOj;j NtWgbw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s njhlu;G
V E
VA VB
A d B
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
56. gpd;tUk; mOj;j Jhu tiuGfSf;F xj;j kpd;Gyk; nrwpT Jhu tiuGfis tiuf.
a. V b. V
x x
E E
x x
V
E
c.
PhysicS -28- ThapesaN

[ gf;fk; 29 [g; ghu;f;f
57. gpd;tUk; kpd;Gyr; nrwpT Jhu tiuGfSf;F xj;j mOj;j Jhu tiuGfis tiuf.
E E
a. b.
x x
V V
x x
E E
c. d.
x
V V
x x
E E
e. f.
x
x
V V
x x
g. E V
x x

58. V mOj;j NtWghl;Lf;F Vw;wg;gl;Ls;s fhl;ba jl;LfSf;fpilapy; m jpzpTila q
Vw;wk; xd;W nkJthf tpLtpf;fg;gl mJ jl;Lf;fis tpl;L ntspNaWfpd;wJ.
a. Vw;wj;jpy; jhf;Fk; tpir ahJ? V
+ d -
..............................................................................................
.............................................................................................. U=0
..............................................................................................
b. Vw;wj;jpd; Mu;KLfy; ahJ?
..............................................................................................
V
..............................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
c. Vw;wk; jl;il tpl;L ntspNaWk; Ntfk; ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
59. fhl;bathW Vw;wg;gl;l flj;Jk; rkhe;juj; jl;LfSf;fpilapy; Vw;wg;gl;l jpzpnthd;W

rkepiyapy; ,Ug;gpd;>
a. Vw;wk; q ,d; gUkd; ahJ?
b. jl;LfSf;fpilg;gl; mOj;jNtWghL khwhjpUf;f Fwp khw;wg;gbd; Vw;wj;jpd; Mu;KLfy;
ahJ?
+ + + + + + + + +
d q m V
- - - - - - - - -
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
60. fhl;lg;gl;l mikg;gpy; P ,y; 10000V
,Ue;J tpLtpf;fg;gLk; ,yj;jpud;
- + E F
Q ,Ys; s Jthuj; j pDhlhf
- - - - - -
ntspNawp Vw; w g; g l; l fpilj;
jl;L fSf; F ,ilapy; GFe; J
U=0
fpilj;jl;L GH [ Gs;sp X ,y; Q
P
milfpd;wJ. Mapd; GX ,d; e
d
ngWkjp ahJ? ( d  0.01m )
+ + + + + +
G X H
......................................................
.....................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
 kpd;ghak;
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
 kpd;ghak; - Gauss’s Law
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Note :
................................................................................................................................................
 kpd;ghak; rhu;ghf kpd;Gyr;nrwpT
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
 xU Gs;sp Vw;wk; Q [ Ro tiuag;gLk; r MiuAila Nfhsg;gug;gpDhL ntspr; nry;Yk;

nkhj;j kpd;ghak;>
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
 xU Gs;sp Vw;wk; - Q [ Ro tiuag;gLk; r MiuAila Nfhsg;gug;gpDhL ntspr;

nry;Yk; nkhj;j kpd;ghak;>
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

 fTrpd; Njw;wk; - Gauss’s Law
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
61. %ba gug;G xd;wpDs; cs;s Vw;wk; 1C Mapd; mg;gug;gpypUe;jhd ntspNehf;fpa
kpd;ghak; ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
62. f h l; b a m i k g ; g p y ; ,  F w p x N u
gUkDila Vw;wj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; vk; %ba + +
+
gug; g pD hlh d n tspN e hf;fpa g hak; +
+
S3
cau;tha; ,Uf;Fk;? - +
S2 -
+ -
.....................................................................
+ +
S1 + + -
..................................................................... S4 S5
+ +
..................................................................... -
63. d gf;fk; nfhz;l rJuj; jl;bd; ikaj;jpypUe;J d 2

cauj;jpy; Q Vw;wnkhd;W cs;s NghJ jl;bDhlhd
kpd;ghak;?
........................................................................................... +Q
...........................................................................................
d/2
...........................................................................................
d
...........................................................................................
d

64. $k;G xd;wpd; mbapd; ikaj;jpy; Q Vw;wk; fhl;bathW itf;fg;gl;L
cs;sJ. $k;gpd; tisgug;gpDhlhd kpd;ghaj;jpd; msT ahJ?
................................................................................................................
+Q
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
65. a gf;fePsKs;s rJuKfp xd;wpd; xU cr;rpapy; Q Vw;wk;

+Q
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
.......................................................................................................
a
.......................................................................................................
a
....................................................................................................... a
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
66. Nkw;gug;Gfs; S1,S2 fspDhlhd tpisAs; kpd;ghaj;jpd; msT ahJ?

S1 S2
+ -Q -
............................................................................................................... ++Q
+
-
-
+ -
+ -
+ -
............................................................................................................... + -
+ -
...............................................................................................................
 fTrpd; Njw;wj;jpd; gpuNahfq;fs;
 Gs;sp Vw;wk; Q ,dhy; r Jhuj;jpy; cUthFk; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
r
................................................................................................................................................
+Q
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
 a MiuAila Vw;wg;gl;l nghs;Nfhsk; xd;wpd; ikaj;jpypUe;J r Jhuj;jpy;
kpd;Gyr; nrwpT>
tif I r  a 
................................................................................................................................................
r
a
................................................................................................................................................
+Q
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
tif II r  a 
a
................................................................................................................................................
r=
................................................................................................................................................
+Q
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
tif III r  a 
................................................................................................................................................
r
a
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
+Q
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

 rPuhf Vw;wg;gl;l ( Q) > L ePs nky;ypa flj;jpapypUe;J r Jhuj;jpy; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
 a MiuAila rPuhf Vw;wg;gl;l jpz;kf; Nfhsk; xd;wpd; ikaj;jpypUe;J r

Jhuj;jpy; kpd;Gyr; nrwpT>
tif I r  a 
................................................................................................................................................
r
................................................................................................................................................
a
................................................................................................................................................
+Q
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

tif II r  a 
................................................................................................................................................
a
r=
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
+Q
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
tif III r  a 
................................................................................................................................................
r
................................................................................................................................................
a
................................................................................................................................................
+Q
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Note: Vw;wg;gl;l nghs; Nfhsj;jpd; ikaj;jpypUe;J Jhuk; r cld; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT khWgLk;

tpjk; gpd;tUkhW mikAk;>
+Q

Note: rPuhf Vw;wg;gl;l jpz;kf; Nfhsj;jpd; ikaj;jpypUe;J Jhuk; r cld; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT
khWgLk; tpjk; gpd;tUkhW mikAk;>
+Q
 Vw;wg;gl;l Nfhsf;flj;jpapdhy; cUthFk; mOj;jk;>
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
a
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
+Q
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

67. gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F kpd;Gyr;nrwpT (E) Juhj;Jld; khWgLk; tiuig tiuf.
a. a b. 2a
+Q +Q a
E E
r r
c. 2a d. 2a
+Q -Q
a a
+Q +Q
E E
r r
e. f.
2a 2a
+2Q +2Q
a a
+Q -Q
E E
r r

68. a,2a Miufis cila xU ikaf; Nfhs XLfs; A,B
B
,d; xt;nthU Nkw;gug;gpYk; cs;s Vw;wj;jpd; msTfis
fhz;f.
-2Q A
2a
.................................................................................................. a
.................................................................................................. +Q
...................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
69. A,B vDk; a,b Miufis cila xNu ikaf; Nfhs XLfSs;
B
cs; XL Q Mf Vw;wg;gl;L ntspNahL Gtpf;Fj; njhLf;fg;
gbd;> ntsp Xl;by; Jhz;lg;gl;bUf;Fk; tpisAs; Vw;wk;? b
A
...................................................................................................... a
+Q
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
70. NkNy cs;s mikg;gpy; ntsp XL Q Mf Vw;wg;gl;L cs;NshL B

Gtpf;F ,izf;fg;gbd;> cs; Xl;by; Jhz;lg;gbd; tpisAs;
Vw;wk;? b
A
........................................................................................................ a
........................................................................................................
+Q
........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

71. fhl;bathwhd xNu ika A,B,C vDk; Nfhs XLfspy;
cs;> ntsp XLfs; Gtpf;Fj; njhLf;fg;gl;bUf;f eL
XL B > Q Mf Vw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mapd; A,C XLfspy;
Jhz;lg;gLk;. Vw;wf;fisf; fhz;gJld; xt;n thU B
Xl;bd; cs;> ntsp Nkw;gug;Gfspy; cs;s Vw;wq;fspd;
msTfisf; fhz;f. A 10cm
15cm 5cm
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
+Q
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

 Vw;wg;gug;glu;j;jp
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
72. A gypjg; gug;gsTila flj;jpj; jl;L xd;wpy; Q Vw;wk; tpLtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;jl;bd;

Vw;wg;gug;glu;j;jp ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
73. A gypjg; gug;Gila Kbtpyp ePs nghypj;jd

P ; jhspd; xU gf;fj;jpy; Q Vw;wk; rPuhf
tplg;gLfpd;wJ. mg; nghypj;jPd; jhspy; Vw;wg;gug;glu;j;jp ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
74. ntspahiu a cila Nfhsk; xd;wpw;F Q Vw;wk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; Nkw;gug;gpd;

Vw;wg;gug;glu;j;jp ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
75. xU ika Nfhs XLfs; ,uz;by; cs;Nshl;by; Q Vw;wk; tplg;gl;L

cs;sJ. xt;nthU Nkw;gug;gpdJk; Vw;wg;gug;glu;j;jpiaf; fhz;f.
2r
...............................................................................................................
r
............................................................................................................... +Q
...............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

76. a MiuAila Nfhsk; xd;wpd; Nkw;gug;gpd; Vw;wg;gug;glu;j;jp  MFk;. Nfhsj;jpw;F
ntspNa mjd; ikaj;jpypUe;J r Jhuj;jpy; kpd;dOj;jj;ijAk;> kpd;Gyr; nrwpitAk;
fhz;f.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
77. a MiuAila Nfhsk; xd;wpd; Nkw;gug;gpd; Vw;wg;gug;glu;j;jp  MFk;. Nfhsj;jpd;

cs;Ns mjd; ikaj;jpypUe;J r Jhuj;jpy; kpd;dOj;jj;ijAk;> kpd;Gyr; nrwpitAk;
fhz;f.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
78. fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s xUikaf; Nfhs XLfspy; cs;NshL  Vw;wg;gug;glu;j;jp ,Uf;FkhW

Vw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ikaj;jpypUe;J 2r Jhuj;jpy; kpd;Gyr; nrwpitAk; kpd;dOj;jj;ijAk;
fhz;f.
.............................................................................................
3r
.............................................................................................
r
............................................................................................. +
.............................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

 rPuhf Vw;wg;gl;l flj;jpapdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT
............................................................................................
+
............................................................................................ ++ +
+
+ + +
+ + + +
............................................................................................
+++ ++ +
............................................................................................ ++ + +
+
+
............................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
79. a gf;fk; nfhz;l flj;Jk; fdf;Fw;wp xd;W Q Mf Vw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;Fw;wpapd;

Kfnkhd;wpd; ikaj;jpw;F mUfhikapy; cs;s kpd;Gyr;nrwpT ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
80. epiyf;Fj;jhf cs;s Neuhf Vw;wpa flj;Jk; jl;bw;F mUfpy; Neuhf Vw;wg;gl;l (Q) > m
jpzpTila rpwpa Nfhsk; xd;W ,io xd;wpy; njhq;ftplg;gl; L cs;sJ. ,io
epiyf;Fj;Jld;  Nfhzj;ij mikf;fpd;wJ vdpd; jl;bd; Vw;wg;gug;glu;j;jp ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
+
................................................................................................................................................
+
+ 
................................................................................................................................................
+
+
................................................................................................................................................
+
+
+
................................................................................................................................................
+
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
 rPuhf Vw;wg;gl;l nghypj;jPd; jhspdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT
............................................................................................
++
+ ++ + ++
+
............................................................................................ + + ++ ++ + + +
+ ++ + + + +
+
............................................................................................ + ++
+ +
+++ ++ +
............................................................................................ + + + ++ +
+ ++
++
............................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
81. gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; kpd;Gyr; nrwpitf; fhz;f.
a. A gug;Gila flj;jpj; jl;by; Q Vw;wk; tplg;gLk; NghJ jl;bd; eLg; gFjpf;F mz;ikapy;
kpd;Gyr; nrwpT ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
b. A gug;Gila fhtypj; jl;bd; xU gf;fj;jpy; Vw;wk; Q rPuhf gutpAs;sJ. jl;bd; eLg;

gFjpf;F mz;ikapy; kpd;Gyr; nrwpT ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
c. a gf;f ePsk; cila fhtypr; rJuKfpapy; Q Vw;wk; Nkw;gug;gpy; rPuhf gutp ,Ug;gpd; xU
Kfj;jpw;F mz;ikapy; kpd;Gyr; nrwpT ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

 flj;jp xd;wpd; nfhs;ssT
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
 Nfhsf; flj;jp xd;wpd; nfhs;ssT
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
a
................................................................................................................................................
+Q
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
 ,U Vw;wg;gl;l flj;jpfis ,izj;jy;
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

 Vw;wg;gl;l flj;jpf; nfhs;sstp xd;wpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rf;jp
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Note:
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
82. A,B vd;Dk; flj;Jk; Nfhs XLfs; KiwNa +Q

+2Q
Q, 2Q Mf Vw;wg;g l;Ls;s d. ,tw;w pd; 2a
Miufs; KiwNa 2a, a MFk;. a
S
a. Nfhs XLfspYs;s nkhj;j epiy kpd; rf;jp B
ahJ? A
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

b. Msp S Nghlg;gLtjhy; cUthFk; nghJ mOj;jk; ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
c. ,izg;gpd; gpd; njhFjpapYs;s nkhj;j epiykpd; rf;jp ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
d. ,izg;gpdhy; Vw;gl;l rf;jp el;lj;ijAk;> ,r;rf;jp el;lk; vq;F tpuakhf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gijAk;

$Wf.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
e. ,izg;gpd; gpd; A,B XLfsps;s Vw;wg;gug;glu;j;jpfspd; tpfpjk; ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

83. Q Vw;wg;gl;Ls;s 3a MiuAila Nfhsk; fhl;bathW 2a MiuAila Vw;wg;glhj
flj;jpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Msp %lg;gLk; NghJ
+Q 3a
2a
S
nghJ mOj;jj;ijf; fhz;f.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
xU Nfhsj;jpypUe;J kw;iwa Nfhsj;jpw;F ,lk;khWk; Vw;wj;jpd; msT ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
84. Msp S %lg;gLk; NghJ>

xU Nfhsj;jpypUe;J kw;iwajpw;F ,lk;ngaUk; Vw;wj;jpd; msT
ahJ? 2r
...................................................................................................... r
S
+Q
......................................................................................................
ntspNkw;gug;gpd; mOj;jk; ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
cs;Nkw;gug;gpd; mOj;jk; ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

85. xU jl;by; Q Vw;wk; tplg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU Nkw;gug;gpYk; cs;s Vw;wj;jpd; msT
ahJ?
+Q
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
86. fhl;bathW Vw;wg;gl;l ,U jl;Lf;fs; mUfUNf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Nkw;gug;Gf;fs; A,B,C,D

,y; cs;s Vw;wq;fspd; msT ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
+Q +2Q
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
A B C D
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
87. fhl;bathW Vw;wg;gl;l ,U jl;Lf;fs; mUfUNf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Nkw;gug;Gf;fs; A,B, C,D

,y; cs;s Vw;wq;fspd; msT ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
+Q -2Q
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
A B C D
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
88. fhl;bathW Vw;wg;gl;l ,U Vw;wgl;l jl;Lf;fSk; Vw;wg;glhj xU jl;Lk; mUfUNf

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Nkw;gug;Gf;fs; A,B,C,D,E,F ,y; cs;s Vw;wq;fspd; msT ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
+Q +2Q
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
A B C D E F
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

 kpd;Dioaq;fs;
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
 rhu; mDkjpj;jpwd; my;yJ kpd;Dioa khwpyp
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
89. 2C, 5C Vw;wq;fis tspapy; xU Fwpj;j ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; itf;Fk; NghJ mtw;wpw;F
,ilapyhd js;Sif tpir 100N MFk;. mt; Vw;wq;fis mNj ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy;
,Uf;FkhW rhu; mDkjpj;jpwd; 5 cila Clfj;jpy; itf;Fk; NghJ mtw;wpw;fpilNa
njhopw;gLk; tpir ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
 nfhs;sstpfs; my;yJ xLf;fpfs;
Vw;wq;fisr; Nrkpg;gjw;fhd rhjdNk xLf;fpahFk;. ,uz;L cNyhfj; jl;Lf;fis xU

Fwpg;gpl;l ,ilj; Jhuj;jpy; itg;gjd; %yk; xU nfhs;sstpia cUthf;fyhk;. ,J
rkhe;juj; jl;Lf; top xLf;fp vdg;gLk;.
xU xLf;fpapd; jl;Lf;fis xU fyj;jpd; KidfSf;F ,izj;jhy; jl;LfSf;F

FWf;N fahd mOj;jNtWghL fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;ftpirf;Fr; rkdhFk; tiu fz
Neuj;jpw;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; fyj;jpd; Neu; KidTld; ,izf;fg;gl;l jl;by; NeNuw;wKk;>
kiwKidTld; ,izf;fg;gl;l jl;by; kiwNaw;wKk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,U jl;Lf;fspYk;
cs;s Vw;wj;jpd; gUkd;fs; rkdhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 nfhs;sstpffis kpd;Ndw;Wjy;
nfhs;sstpfis kpd;Ndw;Wk; NghJ mjd; jl;LfSf;F ,ilapyhd mOj;jNtWghL

V > fyj;jpDhlhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; I > xLf;fpapd; jl;by; cs;s Vw;wk; Q vd;gd Neuk; t
cld; khWgLk; tpjk; gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.

 nfhs;sstpffis kpd;dpwf;fy;
Vw;wg;gl;l xLf;fp xd;wpd; jl;Lf;fis Xu; fk;gpapdhy;

njhLg;gjdhy; mjid kpd;dpwf;fyhk;. mg;NghJ xLf;fpapy;
cs; s Vw; w k; g+r; r pakhFk; tiu fz Neuj; j pw; F
kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;.
kpd;dpwf;fj;jpd; NghJ mjd; jl;LfSf;F ,ilapyhd

mOj; j NtWghL V > fyj; j pDhlhd kpd; N dhl; l k; I >
xLf;fpapd; jl;by; cs;s Vw;wk; Q vd;gd Neuk; t cld;
khWgLk; tpjk; gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.
Note:
 nfhs;sstpahdJ xNu mOj;j NtWghl;bw;F Vw;wg;gl;L jilfs; R1, R2 R1  R2  ,id
jdpj;jdpNa ,izg; gjd; %yk; kpd;dpwf;fg;gLfpd;wd. me; epiyapy; kpd;Ndhl;lk;
Neuj;Jld; khWgLk; tiuG gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.
R1
R2
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

 nfhs;sstp xd;wpd; nfhs;sstk;
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
 nfhs;sstpfspd; Nru;khdk;
 njhlu;epiyr; Nru;khdk;
X Y X Y
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
 rkhe;ju epiyr; Nru;khdk;
X Y X Y
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

90. gpd;tUk; nfhs;sstpfspd; tpisAs; nfhs;sstq;fis fhz;f.
a.
X Y
6 F 3 F
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
b.
X Y
12 F 4 F
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
c.
X Y
9 F 18 F
................................................................................................................................................
d.
X Y
6 F 3 F 2 F
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
e.
4 F
X Y
6 F 3 F 12 F
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
f.
2 F
X Y
6 F 12 F 2 F
3 F
................................................................................................................................................

91. fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s mikg;gpy; re;jp X ,y; cs;s mOj;jk;> + 2V + 3V
xt;nthU nfhs;sstpapYk; cs;s Vw;wk; vd;gtw;iwf;
fhz;f.
2 F 3 F
.............................................................................................
X
.............................................................................................
4 F
.............................................................................................
............................................................................................. - 1V
................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
92. gpd;tUk; nfhs;sstpfspd; tpisAs; nfhs;sstq;fis fhz;f.
a.
12 F
A B
12 F 12 F
12 F
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
b.
8 F
6 F
A B
6 F
4 F
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

93. 12F, 6F nfhs;ssTila ,uz;L nfhs;sstpfs; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;L Nru;khdj;jpwF
;
FWf; Nf 600V fy mLf;F ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;n thU nfhs;sstpapYk; cs;s
Vw;wj;ijAk; mtw;Wf;Ff; FWf;Nfahd mOj;j NtWghl;ilAk; fhz;f.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
 nfhs;sstpfspy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; rf;jp
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

94. 12F, 4F nfhs;ssTila ,U nfhs;sstpfs; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;L Nru;khdj;jpw;F
FWf;Nf 1200V fy mLf;F ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;NghJ ,t;tpU nfhs;sstpfSk;
kpd;Kjypy; ,Ue; J Jz; b f;f g; gl; L gpd;d u; xj; j jl; Lf;f s; xUkpj;J ,Uf;F khW
,izf; f g; g Lfpd; w J. jw; N ghJ nfhs; s stpfl; F k; FWf; N fahd nghJ mOj; j
NtWghl;ilAk; ,izg;gpdhy; Vw;gl;l kpd;dOj;j rf;jp el;lj;ijAk; fhz;f.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
95. 3F,2F nfhs;ssTila ,U nfhs;sstpfs; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;L Nru;khdj;jpw;F

FWf;Nf 400V fy mLf;F ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;NghJ ,t;tpU nfhs;sstpfSk;
kpd;Kjypy; ,Ue; J Jz; b f;f g; gl; L gpd;d u; xj; j jl; Lf;f s; xUkpj;J ,Uf;F khW
,izf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jw;NghJ nfhs;sstpfl;F FWf;Nfahd nghJ mOj;j NtWghl;ilAk;
,izg;gpdhy; Vw;gl;l kpd;dOj;j rf;jp el;lj;ijAk; fhz;f.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

96. xt;nthU nfhs;sstpfSk; jdpj;jdpNa 200V > 300V ,w;F + -
kpd;Ndw;wg;gl;L fhl;bathW Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Msp
S %lg;gLk; NghJ nfhs;sstpfSf;fpilapyhd nghJ mOj;jk; 5 F
ahJ?
....................................................................................................... S
2 F
.......................................................................................................
+ -
.......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
97. xt;n thU nfhs;sstpfSk; jdpj;j dpNa 200V,100V ,w;F

- +
kpd;Ndw;wg;gl;L fhl;bathW Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Msp
S %lg;gLk; NghJ nfhs;sstpfSf;fpilapyhd nghJ mOj;jk; 3 F
ahJ?
....................................................................................................... S
4 F
.......................................................................................................
+ -
.......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

98. 12F, 6F, 4Fnfhs; s sTila %d; W nfhs; s stpfs; njhluhf ,izf; f g; g l; L
Nru;khdj;jpw;F FWf;Nf 1100V fy mLf;F ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;NghJ ,t;%d;W
nfhs;sstpfSk; kpd;Kjypy; ,Ue;J Jz;bf;fg;gl;L gpd;du; xj;j jl;Lf;fs; xUkpj;J
,Uf;F khW ,izf; fg;g Lfpd; w J. jw;N ghJ nfhs; s stpfl; F FWf;N fahd nghJ
mOj;jj;ijf; fhz;f.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
99. 2F nfhs;ssTila nfhs;sstp xd;W 200V mOj;j NtWghl;bw;F Vw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3F nfhs;ssTila nfhs;sstp xd;W 400V mOj;j NtWghl;bw;F Vw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,g;NghJ ,t;tpU nfhs;sstpfSk; kpd;Kjypy; ,Ue;J Jz;bf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; xt;thj
jl;Lf;fs; xUkpj;jpUf;Fk; gbahf rkhe;jukhf ,izf;fg;gl;ld. nghJ mOj;jj;ijAk;
kpd;dOj;j rf;jp el;lj;ijAk; fhz;f.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

 rkhe;juj; jl;Lf; nfhs;sstpapd; nfhs;ssT
+ + + + + +
d V
- - - - - -
A gypjg; gug;gsTs;s ,U flj;Jk; rkhe;juj; jl;Lfs; d ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;L

cs;sJ vd;f. ,J Vw;wg;gl> Neu;j;jl;by; cs;s Vw;wk; Q vd;f.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
 rkhe;juj; jl;Lf; nfhs;sstpapd; jl;LfSf;fpilNa flj;jpg; ghyk; itf;fg;gLk;

NghJ tpisAs; nfhs;sstk;
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
 rkhe;juj; jl;Lf; nfhs;sstpapd; jl;LfSf;fpilNa kpdD

; ioag; ghyk; itf;fg;gLk;
NghJ tpisAs; nfhs;sstk;
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Note:
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

100. gpd;tUk; rkhe;juj; jl;Lf; nfhs;sstpj; jl;LfSf;fpilapy; tsp cs;sNghJ mjd;
nfhs;sstk; C Mapd;> fhl;bathW jl;LfSf;fpilg;gl;l gFjp kpd;Dioaj;jpdhy;
epug;gg;gl;Ls;s NghJ njhFjpapd; nfhs;ssitf; fhz;f.
a.
r
................................................................................................................................................
b. r = 3
r = 3/2
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
c. r = 4
r = 2
r = 4/3
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
d. r = 4 r = 2
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
e.
r = 6 r = 9
r = 3 r = 18
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

101. gypj gug; g sT A cila ehd; F jl; L f; f s; A
xt;nthd;Wk; d ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. d
tpisAs; nfhs;sstk; ahJ?
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
102. gypj gug; g sT A cila ehd; F jl; L f; f s;

xt;nthd;Wk; d ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
103. gypj gug; g sT A cila ehd; F jl; L f;f s;

xt;nthd;Wk; d ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

104. fPOs;s xt;nthU re;ju;gg; j;jpYk; gypj gug;gsT A cila jl;Lf;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; d
,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fkhd tpisAs; nfhs;sstk;
vt;tsT vdf; fhz;f.
a.
Y
X
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
b.
Y
X
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
c.
Y
X
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
d.
Y
X
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
105. Xu; rkhe;juj; jl;L tsp xLf;fpahdJ khwh
kpd;dpaf;f tpirAila Nrkpg;Gf; fyj;Jld;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fhl;bathW nfhs;sstpj;
jl;LfSf;fpilapy; kpd;Dioak; nrUFk; NghJ +
gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F ahJ epfOnkdf; $Wf.
-
a. nfhs;sstpapd; nfhs;sstk;.
..............................................................................
b. nfhs;sstpf;Ff; FWf;Nf cs;s mOj;j NtWghL.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
c. nfhs;sstpapYs;s Vw;wk;.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
d. nfhs;sstpapy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l rf;jp.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
e. nfhs;sstpj; jl;LfSf;F ,ilapYs;s kpd;Gyr; nrwpT.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
f. fyk; kpd;dpwf;fg;gl;gLkh? my;yJ kpd;Ndw;wg;gLkh?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
g. kpd;Dioaj;ijr; nrUFjy; ,yFthdjh? fbdkhdjh?
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
106. Vw;wg;gl;l nfhs;sstp xd;W fyj;jpypUe;J jdpahf;fg;gl;l
gpd; fhl;b athW nfhs;s stpj; jl; LfSf; F ,ilapy;
kpd;Dioak; nrUFtjhy; gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F ahJ epfOk;? +
a. nfhs;sstpapd; nfhs;sstk;. -
..................................................................................................
b. nfhs;sstpf;Ff; FWf;NfAs;s mOj;j NtWghL.
................................................................................................................................................
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c. nfhs;sstpay; cs;s Vw;wk;.
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d. nfhs;sstpapy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l rf;jp.
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e. nfhs;sstpj; jl;Lf;fSf;F ,ilapYs;s kpd;Gyr; nrwpT.
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f. kpd;Eioaj;ijr; nrUFjy; ,yFthdjh? fbdkhdjh?
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107. ntsp XL Gtpf;F njhLf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; cs;Nshl;bw;F Q

Vw;wk; Nru;f;fg;gLk; NghJ cs; ntsp jl;LfSf;fpilapyhd a
nfhs;ssit fhz;f.
A
b
........................................................................................................... B
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108. cs; XL Gtpf;F njhLf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; ntspNshl;bw;F Q Vw;wk;

Nru;f;fg;gLk; NghJ cs; ntsp jl;LfSf;fpilapyhd nfhs;ssit
fhz;f. a
................................................................................................................. A
b
B
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109. khWk; nfhs;sstp xd;wpd; nfhs;ssit 2F ,ypUe;J 20F tiu khw;wyhk;. ,f;
nfhs; s stpahdJ cau; T nfhs; s stp epiyapy; 200V mOj; j NtWghl; b w; F
kpd;Ndw;wg;gl;l gpd;du; kpd;KjypypUe;J jdpahf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;NghJ mJ ,opTf;
nfhs;ssit jUk;gbahf mjd; jl;Lf;fs; Row;wg;gLfpd;wd. gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fhz;f.
a. jw;NghJ nfhs;sstpapy; cs;s Vw;wk; ahJ?
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b. jw;NghJ nfhs;sstpf;F FWf;Nf mOj;jNtWghL ahJ?
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c. cuha;itg; Gwf;fzpf;fyhk; vdf; fUjp jl;Lf;fis Row;Wtjpy; nra;ag;gl;l nghwpKiw

Ntiy ahJ?
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110. Xu; ,bKfpy; MdJ 25km2 gug;gilaJ. mJ epyj;jpypUe;J 750m cauj;jpy; cs;sJ.
mk;KfpiyAk; epyj;ijAk; Nru;j;J Xu; rkhe;juj;jl;L nfhs;sstpahf fUjg;glyhk;.
o  8.85  10 12 Fm1
vdpd; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fhz;f.
a. nfhs;sstpapd; nfhs;ssT.
b. kpd;Kfpypd; mOj;jk; 105 V vdpd; nfhs;sstpapd; kpd;dOj;j rf;jp
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112. 6F nfhs;sstp xd;W xU kpd; fyj;jpw;F ,izf;fg;gl;bUg;gij glk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
Msp S %lg;gLk; NghJ gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fhz;f.
6 F
R
S 100V
a. nfhs;sstpapy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; rf;jp.
................................................................................................................................................
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b. jilapy; tpiuakhd rf;jp ahJ?
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c. fyk; ,oe;j rf;jp ahJ?
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kpd;Gyr; nrwpT

,U Gs;sp Vw;wq;fSf;fpilapy; cs;s ftu;r;rptpir my;yJ js;StpirahdJ mt;

01. 2 C > 5 C Vw;wq;fs; 3 m ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sNghJ mt; Vw;wq;fspy;

02. A, B vDk; Gs;sp NeNuw;wq;fs; fhl;bathW cs;s NghJ P ,y; itf;fg;gLk;

04. NkNy cs;s tpdhtpy; B cs;s Vw;wk; -q Mf khw;wg;gbd; C ,Ys;s Vw;wj;jpy;

05. xg;gkhd fpilj;jiuapy; Gs;spfs; A, B ,y; + Q, - q Vw;wq;fs; itf;fg;gl;L + Q

05. NkNy cs;s tpdhtpy; A, B ,Ys;s ,U Vw;wq;fSk; NeNuw;wkhf ,Ug;gpd; B

kpd;Gyk; - myF 06 -1- Eng. T. Thapesan

07. 20 cm gf;fKila rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzk; ABC ,d; cr;rpfs; A, B, C ,y; KiwNa

08. ikaj;jpw;Fk; cr;rpf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l Jhuk; a cila n cr;rpfisf; nfhz;l

09. fhl;ba njhFjp xg;gkhd fpil Nkir kPJs;sJ. A +Q

kpd;Gyk; - myF 06 -2- Eng. T. Thapesan

kpd;Ndw;wpa flj;jp xd;Wld; kpd;Ndw;wg;glhj flj;jp xd;iw njhLifAwr; nra;Ak;

Vw;wg;glhj Nfhsk; xd;iw Vw;wpa Nfhy; xd;wpdhy; njhLifAwr; nra;Ak; NghJ

xU Vw;wg;glhj Nfhsf;flj;jpia Neu; Vw;wk; ngw;w Nfhy; xd;wpdhy; J}z;ly; Kiwahy;

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Vw;wg;glhj Nfhsk; xd;iw Vw;wpa Nfhy; xd;wpdhy; J}z;ly; Kiwahy; kpd;Ndw;Wk;

kpd;Gyk; - myF 06 -3- Eng. T. Thapesan

fz;zhbf; Nfhypid gl;Lj; Jzpapdhy; cNuhQ;Rk; NghJ fz;zhbapypUe;J rpy

Vgidw;Wf; Nfhypid fk;gspj; Jzpapdhy; cNuhQ;Rk; NghJ fk;gspapy; ,Ue;J rpy

nghd;dpiy kpd;fhl;b epiykpd;dpay; Njhw;wg;ghLfis guprPyid C

Nfhypd; cr;rpapy; (C) vd;Dk; cNyhfj; jl;L cz;L. ,J ghj;jpuj;jpwF

kpd;Gyk; - myF 06 -4- Eng. T. Thapesan

,iyfspd; tpupif  kpd;dOj;j NtWghL.

kpd;Gyk; - myF 06 -5- Eng. T. Thapesan

kpd;Gyk; cs;s gpuNjrj;jpy; itf;fg;gLk; XuyF NeNuw;wj;jpy; njhopw;gLk; tpir

E ,d; myF : NC-1

kpd;Gyr;nrwpT gUkidAk; jpiriaAk; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; mJ Xu; fhtpff

01. fhl;bathW xg;gkhd fpilj;jsj;jpw;F rkhe;jukhf E vDk; kpd;Gyr; nrwpT

02. Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy; epiyf;Fj;jhff; fPo; Nehf;fp E kpd;Gyr; nrwpTila ,lj;jpy; L

03. fhl;ba jpirapy; rPuhd kpd;Gyr; nrwpT E cs;s C

04. fhl;bathW rPuhd kpd;Gyr;nrwpT E cs;s ,lj;jpy; A A

05. fhl;bathW rPuhd kpd;Gyr;nrwpT E cs;s ,lj;jpy;

kpd;Gyk; - myF 06 -6- Eng. T. Thapesan

Gs;sp Vw;wk; Q ,ypUe;J r J}uj;jpy; mt;Ntw;wj;jhy; cUthFk; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT

06. 20 C Vw;wj;jpypUe;J 3 m Jhuj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spapy; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT ahJ?

07. 2a ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spfs; A, B ,y; xt;nthd;Wk; + q Vw;wKs;s ,U

08. 2a ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spfs; A, B ,y; KiwNa + q, - q Vw;wKs;s ,U

10. 12 cm ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spfs; A, B ,y; KiwNa 8 C, 2 C Vw;wq;fs;

11. fPNo glj;jpy; fhl;bathW ,U Vw;wq;fs; njhiytpy; xU Neu;Nfhl;by; ,Uf;FkhW

kpd;Gyk; - myF 06 -7- Eng. T. Thapesan

kpd;Gyk; - myF 06 -8- Eng. T. Thapesan

kpd;Gyj;jpy; NeNuw;wk; xd;W mirAk; my;yJ mira vj;jdpf;Fk; ghij kpd;tpirf;

kpd;tpirf;Nfhl;bd; ahjhapDk; xU Gs;spapYs;s kpd;Gyr;nrwptpd; jpirahdJ

kpd;tpirf; NfhLfspd; ,ay;Gfs;

 kpd;tpirf; NfhLfs; NeNuw;wj;jpy; njhlq;Fk;.

kpd;tpirf;NfhLfs; NeNuw;wj;jpy; njhlq;fp kiwNaw;wj;jpy; Kbtilayhk;. jdpnahU

kpd;tpirf; NfhLfspd; vz;zpf;if Vw;wj;jpd; gUkDf;F Neu;tpfpjrkdhf ,Uf;f

kpd;tpirf;NfhLfs; - rpy cjhuzq;fs;

kpd;Gyk; - myF 06 -9- Eng. T. Thapesan

02. +2Q, +Q Vw;wKila ,U Vw;wq;fs; fhl;bathW r ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;

kpd;Gyk; - myF 06 - 10 - Eng. T. Thapesan

09. xU jbj; j nghs; Nfhs Xl; b d; 10. Nfhsk; A MdJ +Q Vw;wg;gl;Lk;>

kpd;Gyk; - myF 06 - 11 - Eng. T. Thapesan

kpd;Gyk; - myF 06 - 12 - Eng. T. Thapesan

kpd;Gyj;jpYs;s Gs;spf;F KbtpypapypUe;J XuyF NeNuj;ij nfhz;LtUk;NghJ

 kpd;dOj;jk; Xu; vz;zpf;fzpakhFk;.

Gs;sp Vw;wj;jhy; cUthFk; kpd;dOj;jk;

Gs;sp Vw;wk; Q ,ypUe;J r J}uj;jpy; cUthFk; kpd;dOj;jk;>

01. 10 2 cm gf;fKila rJunkhd;wpd; cr;rpfs; xt;nthd;wpYk; 1 x 10-8 C Vw;wq;fs;

02. 10 2 cm gf;fKila rJunkhd;wpd; cr;rpfs; A, B, C, D ,y; KiwNa 1 x 10-9 C,,

kpd;Gyk; - myF 06 - 13 - Eng. T. Thapesan