capu;g;gjhu;j;jj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; %yfq;fs;

 ,aw;ifapy; gUkl;lhf 92 %yfq;fs; fhzg;gLtjhf mwpag;gl;bUe;j NghJk; mtw;Ws;

capu;g;gjhu;j;jj;ij Mf;Fk; %yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;fif mz;zsthf,
………………………………………………….MFk;.

 ,tw;Ws; kpff;$Ljyhff; fhzg;gLk; MW %yfq;fshtd,

………………………………………………….MFk;.

 NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l MW %yfq;fSs; capu;g;gjhu;j;jj;jpy; Vwhskhf ( 96% )

mlq;fpapUf;Fk; ehd;F %yfq;fshtd,
………………………………………………….MFk;.

 mq;fpapd; KO epiwapy; mjpfg;gbahff; fhzg;gLk; %yfk;,

………………………………………………….MFk;.

 mq;fpapd; cyu; epiwapy; mjpfg;gbahff; fhzg;gLk; %yfk;,

………………………………………………….MFk;.

 mq;fpapd; cyu; epiwapy; mjpfg;gbahff; fhzg;gLk; ehd;F %yfq;fspd; ,wq;F tupir,

………………………………………………….MFk;.
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
kh%yfk; ( macro element )
 mq;fpapd; cyu; epiwapy; 0.01% my;yJ mjpYk; cau;thf mlq;fpAs;s Nghriz
%yfq;fs;
 vy;yh mq;fpfspYk; khNghrizahf mikAk; %yfq;fSk; mtw;wpd; vz;zpf;ifAk;

C, H, O, N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg, ( 09 )
[ Fe, Na , Cl vd;gd kdpjdpy; khNghriz %yfq;fs; MFk; ]

 cau; jhtu clypd; cyu; epiwapy; mjpfg;gbahff; fhzg;gLk; cNyhfk;,

………………………………………………….MFk;.
 kdpj clypd; cyu; epiwapy; mjpfg;gbahff; fhzg;gLk; cNyhfk;,

………………………………………………….MFk;.
Rtl;L %yfk; ( trace element )
 mq;fpapd; cyu; epiwapy; 0.01% ,Yk; Fiwthf mlq;fpAs;s Nghriz %yfq;fs;
 Rtl;L %yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if khwf;$baJ

B, Mo, Zn, Cu, Mn, Al, Si, V, Cr, Co, I……etc.

[ Fe, Cl vd;gd cau; jhtuq;fspy; Rtl;L %yfq;fs; MFk; ]

~1~
Nrjd Nru;itfis Mf;Ftjpy; C %yfk; Kf;fpakhf miktjw;Ff; fhuzkhd
mk;%yfj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

 ePz;l rq;fpypAUthd Nru;itfis cUthf;Fk; ty;yik.

 cWjpahd ehd;F gq;fPl;L tOg;gpizg;Gfis cUthf;Fk; Mw;wy;.
 eLj;ju msthd rpwpa mZthf ,Uj;jy; ( C =12 )
 gy; gpizg;Gr; Nru;itfis Mf;Fk; ty;yik eg:- ,ul;ilg; gpizg;Gr; Nru;itfs;

FSf;Nfh]; mkpNdhtkpyk;

capu;g;gjhu;j;jj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Nru;;itfs;

mNrjd Nru;it Nrjd Nru;it

http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
 mq;fpfs; capuw;w #oypypUe;J Neubahfg;;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nru;itfs;
mq;fpfs; mNrjd Nru;itiag;
gad;gLj;jp fyq;fSf;Fs; njhFf;Fk;
fhgd; Nru;itfs;

 fhgd; %yfj;ij cilajhfNth mw;wjhfNth vg;nghOJk; fhgd;

%yfj;ijf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,Uf;fyhk;

 ePz;l rq;fpyp mikg;G cilaitay;y ngUk;ghYk; ePz;l rq;fpyp cilait.

vspa %yf;$Wfs; rpytw;wpy; ePz;l C rq;fpyp ,y;iy

eg: CO2, H2O, CaCO3, NH3 eg:- CH4

gpujhd ehd;F capupay; %yf;$Wfs;

1) fhNghIjNul;L
2) ,ypg;gpl;L
3) Gujk;
4) epA+f;fpspf;fkpyk;

capu;g;gjhu;j;jj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd gpujhd NrjdNru;it $l;lq;fs;

1) fhNghIjNul;L
2) ,ypg;gpl;L
3) Gujk;
4) epA+f;fpspf;fkpyk;

~2~
 njhopw;gLk; jhtuf;fynkhd;wpd; KOepiwapy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd Nru;itfspd; rhu; msTfis
/ rjtPjq;fis fhl;Lk; tiuG

75%
20%
02%
01%
02%

 jhtuf;fyj;jpd; cyu;epiyapy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd Nru;itf;$l;lk;

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

 njhopy;gLk; tpyq;ff;fynkhd;wpy; KOepiwapy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd Nru;itfspd; rhu;

msTfis / rjtPjq;fis fhl;Lk; tiuG

75%
20%

http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot 02%
02%
01%

 tpyq;ff;fynkhd;wpd; cyu;epiwapy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd Nru;itf;$l;lk;

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

 njhopy;gLk; jhtu / tpyq;F fyj;jpd; KO epiwapy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd Nru;itf;$l;lk;

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

ePu; / H2O

 capu;g;gjhu;j;jj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; $ba mstpyhd mNrjdr; Nru;itahFk;.

mq;fpfspy; ePupd; gpujhd njhopy;fs;

1. KjYUtpd; Kf;fpa $whf mike;J capu; epiyiag; NgZk;.
2. mfpyuPjpahd fiug;ghdhf nraw;gLk;.
3. mDNrgj;jpy; jhf;fpahf nraw;gLk;
4. ,sk; jhtug;ghfq;fspy; tPq;Fifia> Vw;gLj;jp tpiug;Gj;jd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jk;

~3~
 capu; tho;f;iff;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd ePupd; gpujhd ngsjpf ,urhad ,ay;GfSk;
mtw;wpd; gq;fspg;GfSk; cjhuzq;fSk;
,ay;G
 miw ntg;gepiyapy; jputk;
 KidTj;jd;ik
 ,urhad ,ay;G
 cau; xl;lw;gz;G gpizT
tpir
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
 cau; Nkw;gug;gpOtpir
 cau; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT
 cau; Mtpahjypd;
kiwntg;gk;
 cau; cUfspd; kiwntg;gk;
 ciwAk; NghJ fdtsT
mjpfupf;Fk; / ePupd; Neupy;
tpupT
 xspia CL GftpLkpay;G
gq;fspg;G cjhuzk;
 KjYUtpd; gpujhd
cs;slf;fkhf mike;J
 KjYUtpd; Clfk;;
capu;epiyiag; NgZk;.
 fyj;jpYs;s mNef
gjhu;j;jq;fisf; fiue;j
 rpwe;j fiug;ghd; epiyapy; itj;jpUf;Fk;.
 2. mDNrgj; jhf;fq;fs; epfo
jput Clfj;ij toq;Fk;.
 xspj;njhFg;G
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6
 rpy capupurhad
+6O2
nrad;Kiwfspy;
jhf;fpahfr; nraw;gLk;.  ePu;g;gFg;Gj; jhf;fk;
khg;nghUs; + ePu;
Nkhy;w;NwhR
 fy tpupT,
G+z;Lj;jhtuq;fspd;
 fyq;fspy; tPf;fj;ij nghwpKiw Mjhuk;, tPf;f
Vw;gLj;Jk;.
mirTfs;, fhtw;fyj;jpd;
 mq;fpfspy; gjhuj;jq;fs;
cs;nsLf;fg;glYk; mirT, G+f;fs; kyu;jy;
nfhz;L nry;yYk;.  rhw;Nw;wk;, nfhz;L nry;yy;,
kz; fiurypypUe;J ePu;
fdpAg;G mfj;JwpQ;;ry;.
 ePu; tho; G+r;rpfSf;F
thoplk;.
 ePu;r;rWf;fp
 mq;fpfspy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy;  #oy; ntg;gKs;s
ntg;gk; tpyq;FfspYk; Vida
cwpQ;rg;gl;lhNyh tpyq;FfspYk; rpwpa
,of;fg;gl;lhNyh tPr;rpDs; cly;
ntg;gkhw;wj;ijj; ntg;gepiyiag; NgZk;.
jLf;Fk;.
 cly; Nkw;gug;igf;  tpau;j;jy;
Fspuhfg; NgZjy;  MtpAapu;g;G
 ePu; ciwAk; NghJ  ePu; epiyfspYk;
mjpf ntg;gk; fyj;jpDs;Sk; ePu; ,yFtpy;
ntsptplg;gLk;. ciwtjpy;iy
 gdpf;fl;b ePupy;
 Fspu; fhyq;fspy;
kpjg;gjdhy;
ePu;tho;mq;fpfs;
ePu;epiyfspy;
jg;gpg;gpiof;ff; $bajhf
mbapYs;s ePu; Kw;whf
,Uf;Fk;.
jpz;kkhf ciwahJ.
 ePu;epiyfspy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
 ePu;epiyfspy; Moj;jpw;F
Moj;jpw;F my;fh, ePu;tho;
ePu; CLnry;Yk;.
jtuq;fs; tsUk;.
~4~
 fhNghIjNul;L / Carbohydrate

 capu;g;gjhu;j;jq;fspy; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLk; Nrjd Nru;itfshFk;.

rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
1. C,H,O Mfpa %yfq;fis gpujhdkhff; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
2. H,O tpfpjk; 2 : 1 MFk;. H : O = 2 : 1
3. vdNt nghJr;#j;jpuk; C x (H2O) y MFk;
4. epwk; thrk; mw;w Nru;itfs;
5. rpwpa %yf;$Wfs; ngUk;ghYk; ,dpg;Gr;Rit cs;sit. ,it nty;yq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
6. ngupa %yf;$Wfs; ngUk;ghYk; ePupy; fiuahJ. vspait fiuAk;. ( nty;yq;fs; ahTk;
fiuAk; )
7. tspkz;lyj;jpy; ntg;gNkw;Wifapy; gpupifaile;J CO2, H2O vd;gtw;iw jUtJld; C
kPjpahf vQ;rpapUf;Fk;.
8. gpujhdkhf 3 tifg;gLk;.
xUrf;fiul;L eg: Glucose
,Urf;fiul;L eg: Sucrose
gy;rf;fiul;L eg: khg;nghUs; (Amylose)

9. NtW %yfq;fSld; Nru;e;J gy;NtW ngWjpfis cUthf;Fk; eg: Chitin

xU rf;fiul;L ,Urf;fiul;L gy;rf;fiul;L

1. vspa xUgFjpa %yf;$W ,UgFjpa %yf;$W gy;gFjpa / gy;ghj;J %yf;$W
2. ahTk; ePupy; fiuAk; ahTk; ePupy; fiuAk; ngUk;ghYk; fiuahJ
( vspait ePupy; fiuAk; )
3. ,dpg;Gr;RitAs;sit ,dpg;Gr;RitAs;sit ,dpg;Gr;Ritaw;wit

http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
( Galactose ,dpg;G Fiwe;jJ)
/ nty;yq;fs;
4. gspq;fhf;fyhk; /
ePupy; fiuaf;$bait
5. ahTk; jho;j;Jk; nty;yq;fs;
/ nty;yq;fs;
gspq;fhf;fyhk; / ePupy; fiutij khj;jpuk;
ePupy; fiuaf;$bait gspq;fhf;fyhk; eg: ,dpAypd;
( Sucrose jtpu ) jho;j;Jk; ,ay;gw;wJ
vy;yhk; jho;j;Jk;; nty;yq;fs;

Glucose Lactose Cellulose

 jho;j;Jk; nty;yq;fs; Fehlings or Benadicts Nrhjidg;nghUSld; nfhjpf;f itf;Fk;NghJ

nrq;fl;b rptg;G tPo;gbitj; jUk;.

xU rf;fiul;L / Monosaccharide

 kpf vspa jdp nty;y %yf;$Wfs; ( xUg;gFjpa %yf;$Wfs; )MFk;.

 ,tw;wpd; nghJr;#j;jpuk; [CH2O] n ,q;F n = x = y

 nfhz;Ls;s C vz;zpf;if 3 njhlf;fk; 7 tiu NtWglyhk;.

 ,jd; mbg;gilapy; gy tifg;gLk;.

3C nty;yq;fs; / jpiwNah]; ( Triose )

 #j;jpuk; − C3H6O3
 jhtu tpyq;Ffspd; mDNrgj;jhf;fj;jpd; NghJ Njhd;Wk; ,ilepiyr;Nru;itfshFk;
eg: fpspruy;bifl;L ( Glyceraldehyde )

~5~
4C nty;yq;fs; / njj;jpNwh]; ( Tetrose )
 #j;jpuk; − C4H8O4
 ,aw;ifapy; mupjhdJ.
 Bacteria f;fspy; xJf;Fzthf fhzg;gLk;
eg: vupj;jpNuh]; ( Erythrose )

5C nty;yq;fs; / nge;Njh]; ( Pentose )

 #j;jpuk; − C5H10O5

eg: 1. ,iwNgh]; ( Ribose ) − RNA ,dJ fl;likg;ig Mf;Fk;

2. bnahl;rpiwNgh]; ( Deoxyribose - tpNrl #j;jpuk; − C5H10O4 ) − DNA ,d;
fl;likg;ig Mf;Fk;.
3. wpgpANyh]; ( Ribulose ) - xspj;njhFg;gpd; ,ilr;Nru;it – RuBP tbtpy;

6C nty;yq;fs; / vl;Nrh]; ( Hexose )

 #j;jpuk; − C6H12O6

eg: 1. FSNfh]; / jpuhl;ir nty;yk; ( Glucose ) – mizj;J mq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk;

( virus jtpu )
2. gpuf;Nlh]; / go nty;yk; ( Fructose ) – mNef goq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Nrkpg;GzT
3. fyf;Nlh]; ( Galactose ) – ,yf;Nlh]; / Lactose ( ghy;nty;yk; ) ,d; xU $W

http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot

fpspruy;bifl;L iwNgh];

FSf;Nfh];

xU rf;fiul;Lf;fspd; njhopy;fs;

1. kw;Wk; Nrjd Nru;itfis njhFg;gjw;F %yg;nghUshfj; njhopw;gLk;.

eg: a) ,Urf;fiul;;Lf;fs; , gyrf;fiul;Lfs; njhFg;gjw;F
b) fpspruy;bifl;bypUe;J fpsprNuhy; njhFg;gpy;
2. Rthr fPo;g;gilahf nraw;gl;L ATP I cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; eg:- Glucose (mfpy uPjpahd
Rthrf; fPo;g;gil )
3. RNA ,dJ Kf;fpa $whf eg: ,iwNgh];
5. DNA ,dJ Kf;fpa $whf eg: bnahl;rp ,iwNgh];
6. ATP ,dJ Kf;fpa $whf eg: ,iwNgh];
+ +
7. NAD / NADP ,dJ Kf;fpa $whf eg: ,iwNgh];
8. xspj;njhFg;G, Rthrk; vd;gtw;wpy; ,ilr;Nru;itfshfr; nraw;gLk;.
eg: a) xspj;njhFg;gpy; CO2 thq;fpahf RuBP
b) fpspruy;bifl;L Rthrj;jpy; ,ilepiyahf mikAk;

~6~
9. rf;jpf;fsQ;rpak; / Nrkpg;GzT eg:- goq;fspy; gpwl;Nlh];
fpisNfhrpbf; gpizg;G

 ,U xUrf;fiul;LfSf;F ,ilapy; xLq;fw;jhf;fk; eilg;ngWtjhy; cUthFk; gpizg;G.

 rhjuzkhf ngUk;ghYk; mUfUNf cs;s xUrf;fiul;Lf;fspd; 1k; fhgDf;Fk; 4k;
,ilapy; cUthFk;. ( 1- 4 Glycosidic bonds )

Nkhw;NwhR

 fpis cs;s ,lq;fspy; kl;Lk; 1k; fhgDf;Fk; 6k; fhgDf;Fkpilapy; cUthFk;.

( 1- 6 Glycosidic bonds ) eg : Glycogen

http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot

 tpNrl epiyikapy; 1k; fhgDf;Fk; 2k; fhgDf;Fkpilapy; cUthFk;.

( 1- 2 Glycosidic bonds ) eg : Sucrose

,Urf;fiul;L / Disaccharides
~7~
 6C nty;y myFfs; ,uz;L ,ize;J ePu; %yf;$W xd;W ntspNaw;wg;gLtjdhy; Njhd;Wk;
,U gFjpaq;fs;
 #j;jpuk; − C12H22O11
 Njhd;Wk; tpjk; : C6H12 O6 + C6H12 O6 C12 H22O11 + H2O
 ,q;F xUrf;fiul;L myFfs; 1- 4 Glycosidic gpizg;Gfshy; my;yJ 1 - 2 Glycosidic
gpizg;Gfshy; ,izf;fg;gLk;.

,Urf;fiul;L Mf;ff;$W %yf;$W nghJg;ngau;

Maltose / Nkhy;w;NwhR Glucose + Glucose Malt Sugar

1- 4 Glycosidic bond
Sucrose / Rf;FNuhR Glucose + Fructose fWk;G / gPw; nty;yk;
1- 2 Glycosidic bond
Lactose / ,yf;NlhR Glucose + Galactose Milk Sugar ( KiyA+l;fbfspy; kl;Lk;
)
1- 4 Glycosidic bond

 kdpjdpd; FlypYk; tpj;Jf;fs; Kisf;Fk;NghJk; ePu;g;gFg;G nehjpaq;fs; ,tw;iw xU

rf;fiul;L myFfshf cilf;Fk;
 Maltose Maltase Glucose

 Sucrose Sucrase Glucose + Fructose

 Lactose Lactase Glucose + Galactos

 ,tw;Ws; sucrose khj;jpuk; xU jho;j;jhj nty;ykhFk;.

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,Urf;fiul;bd; njhopy;fs;

1. cupaf; nfhz;L nry;yypy; eg: Rf;FNuhR

2. jhtuq;fspd; rf;jpf;fsQ;rpak; /Nrkpg;GzT eg:-Rf;FNuhR ( goq;fs;, fWk;Gj; jz;L, gPwW
; Ntu;;)
3. KiyA+l;bfspd; ghypy; rf;jpf;fsQ;rpak; / Nrkpg;GzT eg:- ,yw;Nwh];
4 tpj;J Kisj;jypd; NghJ ,ilr;Nru;it eg:- Nkhw;NwhR

capu;g;gy;gFjpak; / gy;ghj;J / Biopolymers

 capu;f;fyq;fspy; rpwpa (xUgFjpa) %yf;$Wfs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ,iztjdhy; cUthFk;
ngupa %yf;$Wfs;.
4 10
 ,tw;Ws; rhu;%yf;$w;Wj; jpzpT 10 – 10 cilait kh%yf;$Wfs; ( macro molecules)
vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.
 rpwpa %yf;$Wfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,izf;fg;gLk; epfo;r;rp gy;ghj;Jr;Nru;f;if (Polymarization)
vdg;gLk;.
 ,jw;fhf Njitg;gLk; rf;jpia ATP toq;Fk;.
 capu;g;gjhu;j;jj;jpy; gpujhd gy;gFjpa Nru;itfspdJ %d;W $l;lq;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
~8~
 gy;ghj;Jr; Nru;it $l;lk; Mf;ff;$W %yf;$W cjhuzk;

1. gy;rf;fiul;L xUrf;fiul;L gy;gFjpak; Cellulose

2. gy;ngg;ill;L / Gujq;fs; mkpNdhtkpyk; Albumin
3. gy;epA+f;spNahill;L / epA+f;spf;fkpyk; epA+f;spNahill;L DNA / RNA

 Lipid %yf;$Wfs; xUgFjpakhff; fUjg;gLk; mit gy;gFjpaq;fs; my;y

 capu;g;gjhu;j;jj;jpy; mjpfg;gbahd gy;ghj;Jr; Nru;itf;$lk; gy;rf;fiul;Lfs; MFk;;.

 Lignin xU tpNrl rpf;fy; fl;likg;Gila capu;g;gy;gFjpakhFk;. ( C,H,O,N )

 ,ypf;dpd; , Aneline sulphate ( epwkw;wJ ) ,dhy; kQ;rs; epwkhfTk; Safronin (rptg;Gr;rhak;)

,dhy; rptg;G / ,sk; rptg;GepwkhfTk; rhaNkw;wg;gLk;.

gy; rf;fiul;L / Polysaccharide

 xU rf;fiul;L myFfs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ,iztjdhy; (gy;ghj;Jr;Nru;f;ifapdhy;) Njhd;Wk;

capu;g;gy;gFjpaq;fs;
 capu;g;gjhu;j;jj;jpy; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;gFjpakhFk;.
 capu;g;gjhu;j;jj;jpy; kpf mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd 3 gy;rf;fiul;Lf;fs;

1. Cellulose ( plants, Algae )

2. khg;nghUs; ( plants, Green Algae)
3. Glycogen ( Animals , Fungi , Bacteria )
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
 ,tw;iw mLj;J fhzg;gLk; xU gy;rf;fiul;L

 ,dpAypd; ( Nlypah Kfpy;fspy; Nrkpg;GzT )

 gpujhd gy;rf;fiul;L ngWjpfs; ( rw;W NtWgl;lit )

1. ngf;bd; ( plants, Algae )

2. miur;nrYNyhR ( plants )
3. Chitin ( Animals , Fungi )

 N cila rpy gy;rf;fiul;L ngWjpfs; Mtd

 Chitin – ( gq;frpd; fyr;Rtu; , G+r;rpfspd; ntsptd;$L )
 Chondrin – (frpapioaj;jpd; Kf;fpaf;$W )
 Heparin – (FUjpapy; fhzg;gLk; ciwjy; vjpup )
 Hyaluronic acid – (tpyq;Ff; fyf;ftrk; , njhLg;gpioaq;fs;>
Bacteria f;fspd; tpy;iyak; )

 Peptydoglycan / Mucopeptide / Murin / Muramic acid – Prokaryota f;fspy; fyr;Rtupy;

fhzg;gLk; rpwg;ghd gy;gFjpankhd;whFk;. ,it monosaccharide myFfSk; amino acid
myFfSk; fye;J gy;ghj;Jr;Nru;f;ifaile;J cUthdit.

 Agar, Callose, gprpd; (gum), Fq;Fopak; (Resin) vd;gd gy;rf;fiul;Lfspd; rpf;fyhd

Nru;itfshFk;.

~9~
 gpujhd gy;r;rf;fiul;L Mf;ff;$W %yf;$W gpujhd njhopy;

 Cellulose Glucose jhtuf;fyr;Rtupd; gpujhd $W

 khg;nghUs; (Amylose) Glucose jhtuq;fspd; rf;jpf; fsQ;rpak;
 Glycogen Glucose tpyq;Ffspd; rf;jpf; fsQ;rpak;
 Pectin ( ngj;jpd; ) fyf;;LNuhdpf;fkpyk; jhtu fyr;Rtupd; eLnkd;wl;bd;
$W
 Inulin ( ,D}ypd; ) Fructose rpy jhtuq;fspd; rf;jp rf;jpf;
fsQ;rpak;
 miur; nrYNyhR Pentose / hexose myFfs; jhtuf;fyr;Rtupd; xU $W
 Chitin ( ifw;wpd; ) Glucosoamine Fungus ,d; fyr;Rtupd; $W
Athropoda Gwtd;$l;bd; $W
nrYNyhR / Cellulose
 kpf ePz;l fpisaw;w %yf;$W xd;whFk;.
 ,q;F 1 - 4 Glycosidic gpizg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;.
 gy %yf;$Wfs; rkhe;jukhf mLf;fg;gl;L H gpizg;Gfshy; Md FWf;Fg;ghyq;fshy;
,izf;fg;gl;L Cellulose Ez;ehu;fs; cUthFk;.

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~ 10 ~
 khg;nghUs; ( Amylose )

 XusT ePz;l fpis mw;w my;yJ fpis cs;s %yf;$Wfs;

 ,Utifg;gLk; α − Amylose
β − Amylose
 α − Amylose fpisaw;w rq;fpypfs; cilaJ. vdNt 1-4 Glycosidic gpizg;Gfs; kl;Lk;
cz;L.
 β − Amylose fpis nfhz;l rq;fpypfs; cilaJ. vdNt 1 – 4 Glycosidic gpizG;GfSk;
fpisnfhs;Sk; ,lq;fspy; 1 - 6 Glycosidic gpizG;GfSk; fhzg;gLk;.

α − Amylose

β − Amylose

fpisNfh[d; / Glycogen

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

kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; fpis nfhz;l eLj;ju msthd %yf;$Wfs;
1 - 4 Glycosidic gpizG;GfSk; 1 – 6 Glycosidic gpizG;GfSk; cz;L

~ 11 ~
 gy; rf;fiul;Lf;fspd; njhopy;fs;

1. fl;likg;Gfis Mf;Fk;
eg:- a) fyr;Rtu; fl;likg;G – Cellulose

b) eLnkd;wl;bd; fl;likg;;G – Pectin

2. rf;jpf;fsQ;rpak; / Nrkpg;GzT
eg:- a) jhtuq;fspy; – khg;nghUs; , ,dpAypd;

b) tpyq;Ffspy; – fpisNfhrd;

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3. ciwjy; vjpupahf nraw;gLk;.
eg: n`g;gupd;

fhNghIjNul;Lf;fspd; njhopy;fs;

1. fl;likg;Gfis Mf;Fk; eg:- Cellulose

2. rf;jpf;fsQ;rpak; / Nrkpg;GzT eg:- khg;nghUs;
3. Rthr fPo;g;gilahf nraw;gl;L ATP I cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; eg:- Glucose
4. kw;Wk; Nrjd Nru;itfis njhFg;gjw;F %yg;nghUshfj; njhopw;gLk;
5. ciwjy; vjpupahf nraw;gLk;. eg: n`g;gupd;

,ypg;gpl;L / Lipid
 gpujhdkhf C,H,O Mfpa %yfq;fspdhy; khj;jpuk; Mf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. (rpytw;wpy; N,P
fhzg;glyhk;.
 ,tw;wpy; H : O tpfpjk; 2 : 1 my;y ,q;F O f;F rhu;ghf mjpf H fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt H
/ O > 2 ,Yk; mjpfk;. ,g;ngUkhdk; ,ypg;gpl;L tiff;Nfw;g NtWgLk;.
 %d;W nfhOg;gkpy %yf;$Wfs; fpsprNuhy; %yf;$W xd;Wld; vRj;ju; gpizg;Gfshy;
( Ester Bond ) ,iztjdhy; cUthFk; xU %fpspriul;L / Triglyceride %yf;$whFk;.
 nghJr;#j;jpuk;

~ 12 ~
 R $l;lk; NtWgl;l gy;ypdr; Nru;itfspd; Xu; njhFg;ghFk;.
 ePupy; fiuahj Nru;itfs;. ( ePu; ntWg;Gs;s Nru;itfs; )
 rhu;mlu;j;jp kpff;FiwthdJ. vdNt ePupy; kpjf;Fk;;.
 epwk;> Rit> thrk; vJTkw;w Nru;itfs;.
 miw ntg;gepiyapy; jpz;k tbtk; nfhOg;G ( fat ) vdTk; jput tbtk; vz;nza; ( oil )
vdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.
 fl;likg;G NtWgl;L gy;NtW ngWjpfis cUthf;Fk;.
 ,ypg;NgR nehjpaj;jpdhy; ePu;g;gFg;gile;J mjd; $Wfshd fpsprNuhy; %yf;$W
xd;iwAk; nfhOg;gkpy %yf;$Wfs; 3 IAk; jUk;

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Glycerol

 Phospholipid %yf;$wpy; C,H,O vd;gtw;wpw;F Nkyjpfkhf P,N vd;gd cz;L

,q;F xU nfhOg;gkpyj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf mNrjd nghRNghupf;fkpyk; ( H3PO4 ) Nru;e;jpUf;Fk;
vdNt xU thy; ,of;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; jiy ePu;ehl;lKs;sjhf khwpapUf;Fk;

~ 13 ~
 nfhOg;gkpyq;fs;
 C10 – C20 ,ilg;gl;l vz;zpf;if cila Nrjd mkpyq;fs; ( R-COOH )
 gpujhdkhf ,Utifg;gLk;

1. epuk;gpait

2. epuk;ghjit

epuk;gpait epuk;ghjit

 vy;yh C mZf;fSk; H ,dhy; epuk;gpa rpy C mZf;fs; H ,dhy; epuk;ghj

epiyapy; cs;sit
 vdNt ,tw;wpd; thypy; ( R )
,ul;ilg; gpizg;Gfs; fhzg;glhJ
 nfhOg;gpy; ,it mjpfkhf cs;sNghJ
jho; mlu;j;jp ,ypg;Ngh Gujj;jiij
( LDL) cw;gj;jp nra;tjd; %yk;
epiyapy; cs;sit
R $l;lj;jpy; ,ul;ilg; gpizg;Gfis
nfhz;bUf;Fk;
cau; mlu;j;jp ,ypg;Ngh Gujj;jij ( HDL)
cw;gj;jp nra;tjd; %yk;
Cholesterol I cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy;iy.

Cholesterol I cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;.

 ,it mjpfkhf cs;sNghJ Lipid f;fs; ,it mjpfkhf cs;sNghJ miuntg;g
miuntg;gepiyapy; jpz;k tbtkhff;;. epiyapy; jput tbtkhff;
fhzg;gLk;. fhzg;gLk;
 kdpj clypy; nfhOg;gpioaq;fspy; ,it tpiutpy; xl;rpNaw;wg;gl;L ePf;fg;gLk;.
Nrkpf;fg;gLk;. fhzg;gLk;.
 clYf;Fj; jPq;fhdJ. clYf;F NerkhdJ.
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 mNdf tpyq;nfz;nza;fspYk; mNdf jhtu vz;nza;fspYk; rpy
rpy jhtu vz;nza;fspYk; cz;L tpyq;nfz;nza;fpypYk; cz;L

eg: 1. Njq;fha; vz;nza; ( palm oil ) eg: 1. ey;nyz;iz

2. tpyq;Ff; nfhOg;G ( animal fat ) 2. xypt; vz;nza;
3. kPd; vz;nza;

eg: 1. jpaupf;fkpyk; ( stearic acid ) eg: 1. xnyapf;fkpyk; (oleic acid )

2. ghkpw;wpf;;fkpyk; ( palmitic acid ) 2. ypndhnyapf;fkpyk; (lenoleic acid )

~ 14 ~
 Lipid ,d; ngWjpfs;

 Phospholipid -- fynkd;rt;tpd; Kf;fpa $W

 Cutin -- jhtu Nkw;Nwhypd; Gwj;NjhYf;Fupa Kf;fpaf; $W
 Suberin -- jhtu fyr;Rtupd; xU $whf

eg:- 1. jf;if fyq;fs;

2. Ntupd; mfj;Njhy; fyq;fspy; (f];ghupf;fPyk;
tbtpy;)
 Myalin (Glycolipid xd;whFk; ) -- euk;Gf;fyq;fspy; kaypd; ftrj;ij cUthf;fp
fhtypahf
nraw;gl;L fzj;jhf;fj;jpd; Ntfj;ij mjpfupf;f
cjTk;.
 Steroids / njnuhapl;L -- rpy XNkhd;fspdJ fl;likg;ig Mf;Fk;.
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2boteg:- rpy ,ypq;f XNkhd;fs; - Testosteron, Oestrogen ,
Progesteron
 Cholesterol -- fynkd;rt;tpd; xU Kf;fpa $W
 Lecithin -- fynkd;rt;tpd; xU $W
 Terpenes / Nju;gpd; -- thridg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;
 Wax / nkYF -- Njd;nkOF / Njd;$L kw;Wk; kuq;fspy; mUk;Gfisg; ghJfhf;Fk;.

~ 15 ~
Lipids GupAk; njhopy;fs;

 fl;likg;ig Mf;Fk; eg:- Phospholipid , Cutin

 rf;jpf;fsQ;rpak; / Nrkpg;GzT eg:- nfhOg;G
 Rthrf; fPo;g;gilahf nraw;gl;L ATP ntg;gj;ij gpwg;gpf;Fk;
 XNkhd;fshfr; nraw;gLk; eg:- Steroids / Oestrogen
 ghJfhg;ig GupAk; eg:- Suberin ,Cutin
 thridg; nghUl;fshf kfue;jNru;f;if , gok; guk;gy; vd;gtw;wpy; cjTk;
eg:- Terpenes

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~ 16 ~