Electronic Devices

& Circuits
(EE-203)
Project
TOPIC: Construction And Simulation Of Bio Amplifier

FIRST REVIEW REPORT

SUBMITTED BY:
Sanyam Jain
2K19/EE/219
 Contents

1. Introduction

2. Theory

3. Components

4. Circuit Diagram

5. Simulation and results

6. Conclusion and future scope

7. References
Introduction
Electrical biosignals, or bioelectrical time signals, usually refers to the
change in electric current produced by the sum of an electrical
potential difference across a specialized tissue, organ or cell system like
the nervous system. Thus, among the best-known bioelectrical signals
are EEG,ECG,EMG which are measured with a differential
amplifier which registers the difference between two electrodes
attached to the skin .The Bio-Amplifier is used to measure and compare
the low amplitude electrical signals generated by muscles which are of
order 50μV to 5mV and their frequency ranges from 2Hz to 500Hz.The
Bio-Amplifier Used/Simulated here is a two stage amplifier. The first
stage is an instrumentation amplifier and the second stage is a standard
non-inverting OP-amp. Between the first and second stage is a high-
pass filter which removes any DC generated by the electrodes. For that
reason the gain of the instrumentation amplifier is kept low not to be
driven into saturation. The high-pass filter usually has a cutoff
frequency in the region of 1 - 0.1Hz depending on the signals measured.
Theory
A biosignal is any signal in living beings that can be
continually measured and monitored. The term biosignal is often used
to refer to bioelectrical signals, but it may refer to both electrical and
non-electrical signals. The usual understanding is to refer only to time-
varying signals. When we try to move any part of our body the brain
send an electrical signal through network of nerves to the muscle group
and then the muscles respond to that signal. In human body there are
some specific sites where the nerves carrying the electric signal is
placed close to the skin and the can be recorded but their magnitude is
too low therefore it needs to be amplified that is why we use bio
amplifiers .Some of the best-known bioelectrical signals are:

• Electroencephalogram (EEG)

• Electrocardiogram (ECG)

• Electromyogram (EMG)

EEG, ECG, EOG and EMG are measured with a differential

amplifier which registers the difference between two electrodes
attached to the skin. However, the galvanic skin response
measures electrical resistance and the MEG measures the magnetic
field induced by electrical currents (electroencephalogram) of the
brain.
Components Required

Qty Value Parts

4 1N4004 D1, D2, D3, D4

1 1K R2

1 1M R9

1 4.7uF C1

1 100K R1

2 100R R3, R4

5 100nF C2, C3, C4, C5, C6

1 INA126 IC4

1 TL071 IC1

1 Pad per hole PCB

Circuit Diagram
Simulation in Pspice
Output

Here the plot in Green is representing the amplified signal received as

an output from the Bio amplifier and plot in Red is representing the
unamplified (source) signal that is given as input to the circuit.

The received signal has a magnitude of 1.803V and the input signal has
magnitude of 17.85mV
Conclusion
Amplifier gain is simply the ratio of the output divided-by the input.
Gain has no units as its a ratio, but in Electronics it is commonly given
the symbol “A”, for Amplification. Then the gain of an amplifier is
simply calculated as the “output signal divided by the input signal”.

Output signal Magnitude=1.803V

Input signal Magnitude=17.85mV=0.01785V

The Amplification Received Here is=101.0084

Future Work
Physical construction and Data collection is to be done.

References
• Electronic devices and circuits by BALBIR KUMAR
• Microelectronic circuits by SEDRA AND SMITH
• The ART of Electronics by Paul and Will
• https://biosignals.berndporr.me.uk/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
• https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1315868