Module / Licence Category A, B1, B2 and B3 Maintenance Practices 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and StandardsModule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Intentionally Blank ) ) 52 Total Training Support Ltd tesue S—January 2016 guia 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards © Copyright 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Copyright Notice © Copyright. All worldwide rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any other means whatsoever: i.e. photocopy, electronic, mechanical recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of Total Training Support Ltd. Knowledge Levels — Category A, B1, B2, B3 and C Aircraft Maintenance Licence Basic knowledge for categories A, B1, B2 and B3 are indicated by the allocation of knowledge levels indicators (1, 2 or 3) against each applicable subject. Category C applicants must meet either the category B1 or the category B2 basic knowiedge lovets The knowledge level indicators are defined as follows: LEVEL 1 A familicrisation with the principal elements of the subject. Objectives: The applicant should be familiar with the basic elements of the subject. © The applicant should be able to give a simple description of the whole subject, using common words and examples. © The applicant should be able to use typical terms. LEVEL 2 + Ageneral knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject. + An ability to apply that knowledge. Objectives: The applicant should be able to understand the theoretical fundamentals of the subject. * The applicant should be able to give a general description of the subject using, as appropriate, typical examples. ‘© The applicant should be able to use mathematical formulae in conjunction with physical laws describing the subject «The applicant should be able to read and understand sketches, drawings and schematics desoribing the subject. ‘+The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using detailed procedures. LEVEL 3 © A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject. + Acapacity to combine and apply the separate elements of knowledge in a logical and comprehensive manner. Objectives: The applicant should know the theory of the subject and interrelationships with other subjects. + The applicant should be able to give a detailed description of the subject using theoretical fundamentals and specific examples. + The applicant should understand and be able to use mathematical formulae related to the subject. © The applicant should be able to read, understand and prepare sketches, simple drawings and schematics describing the subject. + The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using manufacturer's instructions. * The applicant should be able to interpret results from various sources and measurements and apply corrective action where appropriate. ‘oal Training Support Ltd 63 - © Copyright 2016 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards "88¥e $~ January 2016Niodule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Intentionally Blank 54 ‘ola Training Support Lid Issue $—January 2016 quo 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards © Copyright 2018Wiodule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Table of Contents Purpose and Authority 9 The Purpose of the Drawing 9 The Authority of the Drawing — 10 Drawing Standards “1 Major Aircraft Manufacturer's Standards 4 Projections, “1 General "4 First Angle Projection 12 Third Angle Projection Bet: Projection Symbols 13 Additional Views 14 Lines and Convei 17 General 17 Sectional View 18 Hatching, 20 Partial Views and Details 21 Interrupted Views. 22 Abbreviations and Symbols 23 General 23 Conventional Representations. 26 Symbols. 30 Process and Treatment Symbols 31 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD & T) 33 Drawing Identification 37 General 37 Title Block 38 Validation of Modification/Repair Drawings 40 Types of Drawing mM Detail Drawing (Sometimes Known as Single Part Drawing) At Collective Drawing a Assembly or Construction Drawing _ 43 Installation Drawing 44 Combined Drawing 45 General Arrangement Drawing 46 Exploded Views 47 Component Location Diagrams 48 Schematic Diagrams 49 Block Diagrams 50 Dimensioning 51 General _ z 51 Holes and Radi Hie? Angles and Chamfers 53 Tolerances 55 General 55 Total Training Suppor Ltd 55 fsaos -danuses ate © Copyright 2016 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and StandardsModule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards 57 57 59 Limits and Fits Systems Drawing Systems The Drawing Number. Sheet Numbers Drawing Changes (Issue Number) Part Referencing Scale 60 63 63 Drawing Queries Numbering Systems Drawing Formats and Size Formats. Size Standards and Specifications Introduction British Standards (BS) ) Airoraft General Standards (AGS) Aircraft Standard (AS) Sheets Directorate of Technical Development (DTD) American Standards and Specifications European National and International Standards Common Aeronautical and Other Standards (ISO / BS / MS / AN / NAS) Multiple Standards Approved Technical Publications (ATPs) General Air Transport Associal Maintenance Manuals Illustrated Parts Catal Component Maintenat tion of America; Specification 100 logue —_ nce Manual Structural Repair Manual Wiring Diagram Manual Revision and Amendments to Manuals Boeing On-Line Data Microfilm Microfiche ‘Computer CD-ROM Supplementary Information Issue 3 - January 2016 56 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘otal Training Suppor ‘© Copyright vt Ltd 2016‘ Moduie 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ow Module 7.5 Enabling Objectives and Certification Statement Certification Statement These Study Notes comply with the syllabus of EASA Regulation (EU) No. 1321/2014 Annex Ill (Part-66) Appendix |, and the associated Knowledge Levels as specified below: - "| Licence Categor Objective pond Module 7A. 7B A | Bi [ B2 | B3 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards 75 1 [2 2 [2 Drawing types and diagrams, their symbols, dimensions, tolerances and projections; | Identifying title block information; Microfilm, microfiche and computerised presentations; Specification 100 of the Air Transport Association (ATA) of America; Aeronautical and other applicable standards Total Taning Support Lit 57 - © Copyright 2016 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘Sue 3— January 2016oe Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards) Intentionally Blank 58 ‘Total Training Support Lid tesue 3 January 2016 sioduie 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ©copyignt 2016)o Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards oS Purpose and Authority The Purpose of the Drawing The purpose of an engineering drawing is to record and convey the designer's requirements. The drawing must therefore, include sufficient information to enable production planning, manufacture, assembly, testing and inspection of the particular component or assembly to be carried out. So that there can be no misinterpretation of drawings, it is essential that both the person preparing the drawing and the person using the drawing should have a knowledge of the terms, symbols, abbreviations, and methods of presentation. This chapter gives general guidance on the various aspects of engineering drawings and should be considered in conjunction with any special methods used by the design office responsible for a particular drawing. This chapter is not intended as a standard for drawing offices, but should be regarded as a general guide to drawing procedures and interpretation. Drawing practice in the United Kingdom generally conforms to British Standard BS 8888. The 73 year old BS 308 was the standard for engineering drawing, before it was replaced in 2000 with BS 8888 — Technical Product Documentation (TPD), the specification for defining, specifying and graphically representing products. There are other standards available, which supplement BS 8888, such as the Society of British ‘Aerospace Companies’ (SBAC) Technical Specification (TS) 88. Companies, that have design approval from the CAA or the EASA, can modify these standards to suit their own particular drawing requirements. They must, however, publish their preferred standards of drawing, to obtain the approval of their National Aviation Authority (NAA). Design organisations amend the drawing systems to suit their own particular requirements, and generally produce their own Drawing Office Standards. Before any important engineering part can be made, modified, repaired, or assembled, a drawing or drawings need to be generated. The purpose of the drawings is to show the engineer in a clear and unambiguous way, precisely what the designer of the equipment requires him to do. The drawings will indicate the materials to be used, every feature, dimension, type of finish, and any other special instructions that may be needed in order to complete the work. All this, information is presented in a standard easy-to-read style laid down by the British Standards Institution (BS!) in a range of publications based on BS 8888 2008 Technical Product Specification (TPS). In BS 888, the standard methods of drawing presentation, to be adopted by all British organisations are set out. Other BS publications describe product specific information including the units, symbols, and abbreviations recommended by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), and European (EN) standards and are numbered BS EN ISO 1101, BS EN ISO 1302, BS ISO 5459 to align with their international equivalents. Tot Tsing Suppor is 59 it © Copyitt 2016 Module 75 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards '88te S~ January 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Other countries have their own standards, some of which are listed below: + Amy and Navy Number (AN) + Military Standards (MS) + National Aerospace Standards (NAS) + Military Numbers (MIL) The Authority of the Drawing Civil aircraft manufactured in the United Kingdom are manufactured from parts and components which have been manufactured to approved drawings. Design drawings and associated documents are normally produced by an organisation which has been approved by EASA or the Civil Aviation Authority, in accordance with European Union Commission Regulation 1702/2003 or British Civil Airworthiness Requirements (BCAR), as appropriate. The requirements prescribe that all calculations on which the airworthiness of an aircraft depends, must be independently checked. Thus the design drawing itself is subject to a system of inspection, as are the parts produced to its requirements. Drawings are used by Purchasing Departments, Production Engineers, Planners, Inspectors, and personnel engaged on the manufacture and assembly of components. A drawing must therefore, contain all the necessary dimensions, limits of accuracy, classes of fit, material specifications and any other information likely to be required by any of the departments concerned, so that the user can carry out their respective responsibilities without reference back to the Design Department. Any deviation from the approved drawings or associated documents during manufacture, must be approved by EASA or the CAA, as appropriate. During overhaul, modification, maintenance and repair, the Approved Organisation, or the appropriately licensed engineer, must ensure that all replacement parts, or repairs carried out, are in accordance with the approved drawings and associated documents. 5-10 ‘Tota Training Support Lid tesue 3 —January 2016 ssoguto 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘© Copyright 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Drawing Standards The standard within British Airways Engineering for production of in-house drawings shall be in accordance with British Standards. Exceptions to this rule are when there are overriding reasons for adopting Original Equipment Manufacturer's (OEM) standards, e.g. for repair schemes and when preparing avionic designs. In these instances diagrams and schematics shall adopt symbols, wire and equipment numbers etc. as specified in the relevant manufacturer's Wiring Diagram Manuals (WDM) or Structural Repair Manual (SRM) Major Aircraft Manufacturer's Standards Many aircraft/components used within BA are designed and manufactured outside the UK. Whilst they may generally follow ISO draughting standards, there can be differences at national level such as AIA, ANSI, SAE etc. in the USA. Guidance is given in various manufacturer's manuals. Major airframe manufacturers have a design standards manual of some type or other. Projections General Since no single view of an engineering part will show the details of every important feature, a complete engineering drawing necessarily appears as two, three, or more, individual drawings, each one showing how the part looks when viewed from a different angle. This is made possible by using one of two methods of ‘orthographic’ projection known respectively as FIRST ANGLE and THIRD ANGLE projection. Both systems of projection are approved internationally and are regarded as being of equal status, first angle being preferred in Europe while third angle is favoured in North America; to avoid any possible confusion, a symbol is used on each drawing to indicate the particular system of projection used. In both systems of projection, the object can be considered to be suspended in a box from which one of the sides has been removed. It.can be seen in the diagram opposite that parallel lines projected on to the remaining faces of the box will produce five basic views; a flat presentation of the views is obtained by folding back the faces of the box. The prefix ‘ortho’ means straight, rectangular, upright, correct. An orthographic drawing is, therefore, one which is straight, rectangular and correct. Drawings of this type were made during the Renaissance in fourteenth and fifteenth century Italy. Only at the beginning of the eighteenth century were they formalised into the system shown in this handout. “otal Training Support Ltd Sat - © Copyright 2016 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards feaue 2 = vantiony 2016i * ae Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards) A French military engineer, Gaspard Mange, was responsible. His method of projecting } orthographic views was a military secret to start with. It soon became the common language of engineers throughout Europe. This system allowed complete machines to be designed and drawn accurately. Drawings would have been hopelessly confusing without the orthographic ) system. First Angle Projection In first angle projection, each view shows what would be seen by looking on the far side of an adjacent view. 7 542 Total Taving Support Ltd Issue 3 —January 2016 Jeduje 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘© Cooyiaht 2016)Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Third Angle Projection {n third angle projection, each of the views shown is adjacent to the face of the object it represents. oo S ce OQ Pete ASHE O q THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION Projection Symbols The system of projection used on a drawing should be indicated by the appropriate symbol shown here. ‘otal Training Support Ltd 5-13, = @ Copyright 2016 Module 75 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards "S8Ue 3 ~ January 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Additional Views ‘The number of views on any one engineering drawing are the minimum required to ensure that there will be no misunderstanding. Normally, the most informative orthographic views are all that are required to fully describe the size and shape of an object. Yet, it is not uncommon for these projections to need the support of further views to show the details of inclined surfaces, hidden features and the development of sheet metal parts whose actual shape may not appear in the basic plan, front and side views. Isometric View An isometric view (below) of a complex part or assembly is often of considerable value in the understanding of the drawing. Oblique View This view (above) is shown face on with the sides and plan projected at an angle of 45° - 60°. The length of the angled sides can be shortened for aesthetic reasons: 45° = +/ distance, 60° = Adistance 514 ‘Total Training Support Lid Issue 3—January 2016 sroguio 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘© Copyright 2016Wieduie 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Auxiliary View This is a view (right) used to show the true shape of an inclined surface. The view is constructed from lines projected from the inclined face as shown. An arrow is frequently included to indicate the precise direction in which the view is taken. AUXILIARY VIEW “ote Training Suppor Lid 5-15 = © Copyright 2016 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards fostie.o--anvary ave.& ww Wiodule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Issue 3 — January 2016 Intentionally Blank 5-16 ‘Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Total Training Support Lid © Copyright 2016 ) )Module 7.5 En: ering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Lines and Conventions General To show every feature of an engineering drawing distinctly and without ambiguity, a contrast is needed between the large number of lines used in its construction. For instance since the shape of the object is of major importance, the outline is always drawn in a thicker much bolder line than those used for pure construction, section hatching, and dimensioning. From the basic continuous thick and thin line, a variety of lines have been developed and accepted by British Standards for use in engineering drawings. These lines and their specific uses are shown below. CONTINUOUS (THICK) 07 | VISIBLE OUTLINES AND EDGES FICTITIOUS OUTLINES AND EDGES, DIMENSIONS AND LEADER LINES, ee 03° | MATCHING, OUTLINES OF ADJACENT PARTS AND REVOLVED SECTIONS PN | SOMTINUOUS IRREGULAR | 9, | LIIITS OF PARTIAL VIEWS OR SECTIONS ream WHEN THE LINES IS NOT ON AXIS ------ ‘SHORT DASHES (THAN) 03. | HIDDEN OUTUNES AND EDGES CENTRE LINES AND EXTREME SHEER EHEC terete 3° | POSITIONS OF MOVEABLE PARTS CHAIN (THICK AT ENDS AND], —-—-— | Ghancesoromection, | 9% | curmc panes THIN ELSEWHERE} INDICATES SURFACES WHICH HAVE eee Reunesiuaeat) 07 | TOMEET SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS “otal Training Support Lid S47 _ © Copyright 2016 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards 'S8¥e 3~ January 2016oe Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Sectional View This view is used to show the important features of an object which cannot normally be seen. The hidden parts are exposed on the drawing by assuming that the part of the object obscuring the feature has been either out or broken away. Just where the imaginary cut or break has been made is indicated by long chain lines, thickened at the ends and at any change in direction. The direction of the view is shown by arrows resting on the cutting line and designated by capital letters (below). Where the sectioning has taken place, the cut or broken surface is highlighted by thin parallel lines (hatching) which are normally drawn at an angle of 45° to the axis of the part. In all views that show the sectioning of the same part, the hatched lines will be the same, both in direction and spacing, To avoid confusion, where two or more adjacent parts are sectioned, the hatching will be drawn in different directions or to a different spacing. Common parts such as bolts, nuts, rivets, pins and similar items are not sectioned or hatched but shown in outline only. A variety of sectional views may be taken. Where sectioning of a symmetrical object is required it is common practice to draw a half section view taken in one plane along the centre line. This shows half the object in section and the other half in outside view. (below). HALF SECTION 518 Total Training Support Ltd fssue 3—January 2016 yodule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘© Conytight 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Other sections are also used to show details which would otherwise be hidden and so require additional drawings. These variants of the sectional view are shown here. MULTIPLE SECTIONS Total Training Support Ld 5-19 © Copyright 2016, Module 75 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards f#8U@ 3 ~ January 2046& -~ Moduie 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Hatching In general, sections and sectional views should be hatched. In British Standards hatching is drawn equally spaced at a well defined angle, preferably at 45°. The spacing between hatching lines should preferably be not less than 4mm, However when hatching very small areas this spacing should be reduced but never less than 1mm. Separated areas of a single component should be hatched in the same direction and with the same spacing. The hatching of large areas may be limited to that part of the area which touches adjacent hatched paris, or the outline of the large part. | HATCHING DIFFERENT AREAS (OF THE SAME OBJECT HATCHING ADJACENT PARTS. HATCHING MULTIPLE PARTS. 5-20 ‘otal Training Support Lid tssue 3—January 2016 oduto 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘© Copyright 20165 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards oe Partial Views and Details Itis not always necessary to draw a full view. Sometimes a partial view is adequate. The example here is shown projected from an inclined feature. —@® It may be helpful to draw an enlarged partial view if the general scale of a drawing is so small that a particular feature cannot be shown clearly or dimensioned adequately. The feature is framed and identified with a capital letter. The feature is then drawn again to a stated larger scale with its identification letter. VIEWA DETAILZ SCALE 5:1 Toll Tain Support is 521 z 2 Conyiht 018 Module 75 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘8846 3~ January 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Interrupted Views To save space, only those portions of a large or long object which are sufficient to define it need to be shown, drawn close to each other. The break line conventions are illustrated here. It should be noted that the break lines for large components and sheet material in continue for a short distance beyond the outline. The break lines used in may also be used on sectional views. BREAK LINE FOR ROUND BAR OR SHAFT BREAK LINE FOR TUBE ( } BREAK LINE FOR SQUARE ( OR RECTANGULAR BAR = op BREAK LINE FOR SOLID SHAFT ® ti @ 4 BREAK LINE FOR LARGE | COMPONENT OR SHEET eee MATERIAL ® Ss 5-22 Total Traiing Support Ltd lesue 3—January 2016 joao 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘© Copyight 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards aS Abbreviations and Symbols General Certain short cuts in engineering drawing are permitted to show clearly those parts and features that would otherwise prove to be a waste of time and space to draw in every detail. Such everyday items include screw threads, coil springs, bearings and gears. A comprehensive list of these ‘conventional representations’ as they are called, is to be found in British Standards and some examples of these are illustrated. BEVEL GEARS Total Training Suppot Lid 5.23 = © Copyright 2016, Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards 'SS¥é $~ January 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ae =e] INTERNAL THREAD aw) qa eeceteay . Panes CYLINDRICAL COMPRESSION SPRING Abbreviations too, play an important part in enabling the technical information, which is needed fo support an engineering drawing, to be presented clearly and without clutter. The full stop which normally follows an abbreviation is not used except when the abbreviation makes a word which may be confusing, for example, when 'No' is used as the abbreviation of ‘number’. The lists of approved abbreviations also appear in British Standards and some examples of them are included here. = 5.24 “Tota Teining Suppor Lis Issue 3—January 2016 duie 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards © Copyright 2016,Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Term Term Term Screw Threads: ‘British Association British Standard Fine NOTE: CAPITAL LETTERS ARE NORMALLY USED ON A DRAWING FOR CLARITY, ‘BUT LOWER CASE LETTERS MAY BE USED ELSEWHERE AS APPROPRIATE. “Total Training Support Lis 5-25 i © Copyright 2016, Module 75 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘@S4¢ $— January 2016Conventional Representations Common features, which may appear several times on a drawing, are seldom drawn in full, ) ‘since this would take up space and time unnecessarily. The Tables which follow show how some of these features are illustrated by conventional representations, which are listed in BS } 8888. a oe Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ) | | | TITLE SUBJECT CONVENTION ) oneal ee a | INTERNAL SCREW THREADS (DETAIL) OO SCREW THREADS (ASSEMBLY) a ; Lo Threads , 5:26 Total Training Support Lid Issue 3—January 2016 jade 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards © Copyright 2016NModule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards TITLE SUBJECT CONVENTION SERRATED SHAFTS Ty \ i SI” i STRAIGHT KNURL DIAMOND KNURL Shafts and Knurls TITLE | SUBJECT | CONVENTION os COMPRESSION SPRINGS, TENSION SPRINGS ay In mS ir SPLINED SHAFT iz 4 e Springs and Splined Shaft “Total Training Support Lic 6:27 a © Copyright 2076 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards '88U@ $~ January 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ) SUBJECT CONVENTION ‘SQUARE ON SHAFT HOLES ON CIRCULAR ae PITCH ue HOLES ON LINEAR * > ae a PITCH $ ° + + 5 + + % + ‘Square on shaft and Holes ) TITLE : CONVENTION ) SPUR GEAR (ASSEMBLY) BEVEL GEAR (ASSEMBLY) Gears co 5-28 “ola Training Support Lid tssue 3 January 2016 oauie 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards @Copyigni 2016)Wodule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards _ TITLE | SUBJECT CONVENTION Sy BEARING ‘SPUR GEAR (DETAIL) BEVEL GEAR (DETAIL) WORM & WORMWHEEL (ASSEMBLY) Gears “Total Training Support Lis 5-29 © Copyright 2016 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘®8¥@ $~ January 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Symbols ‘Symbols are also used whenever possible and a key to their identity usually appears somewhere on the drawing. One of the most common symbols used in engineering drawings is the machining symbol. This triangular symbol, one point of which touches the surface concerned, is used to indicate any surface which is to be finished by a machining process. SURFACE GENERAL NOTE: REQUIRES FINISH REQUIRED MACHINING ALL SURFACES s £ ¥, y ss oven| BASIC REMOVAL SYMBOL OF MATERIAL NOT PERMITTED Where it is required to show the quality of the surface texture, a number appears above the symbol; the number indicates the required accuracy of the surface in micrometers(I1m) (see figure below). If a particular finishing process is to be used, such as grinding, lapping, or honing, the name of the process also appears beside the symbol. as 5-30 “ote! Training Support Ltd tesue January 2016 oduje 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards © Copyright 2016NModule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Process and Treatment Symbols Drawings will often call for identification markings on parts and will indicate both the position of the markings and the method of application, e.g. rubber stamp. In addition, it is sometimes necessary to mark the component to show that a particular process has been carried out and this will also be specified on the drawing. Symbols are normally used for this purpose and some of the more common ones are shown in the Table below. Some Design Organisations may use different symbols or code letters, which should be obtained from the Drawing Office Handbook, or similar publication, produced by the organisation concerned. PROCESS OR TREATMENT SYMBOL PROCESS OR TREATMENT SYMBOL Cleaned (pipes) © ‘Solution treated and not requiring precipitation @) Repured andreconationed — () Solution trated and requiring precipitation (W) ‘Normalised steel parts @ Precipitation treatment ® Proof loaded @& Solution treated and precipitated (3) Stress relleved &) a @ @ Pressure test ® Hardened and tempered (#) Xray flaw detected Mechanical test () _ © Dye penetrant check 8 Electro magnetictiaw detection (ee) unra-soniec test © sera ® ‘Anodic flaw detected & Etch inspection of steel © “otal Tring Suppor id 531 ieoatianan ae © Copyright 2016 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and StandardsIssue 3 — January 2016 Intentionally Blank 5:32 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Total Training Support Lid {© Copyright 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD & T) GD &T uses symbols to express dimensioning and tolerancing information found on the drawing sheet. These standardised symbols simplify the amount of text information required for dimensioning and tolerancing. It is sometimes necessary to place tolerances on both geometric features and dimensions, in order to adequately control the shape of a part. On older drawings this was done by annotating the feature to be toleranced, e.g. POSN TOL, and by adding notes to the drawing, in order to specify the tolerance and the method of checking. On newer drawings, the international system recommended in BS 8888 is used, and this method is outlined in the following paragraphs. Information relating to a particular geometric tolerance is enclosed within a rectangular frame on the drawing, an arrow from the frame indicating the location of the feature to which the tolerance applies. If the tolerance is related to a particular datum, a leader line is drawn from the frame to the datum position, or the datum is referenced separately, and identified by a letter in the frame. Unless the datum is a dimension, it is defined by a solid equilateral triangle. I 3) as | (a) PARALLELISM. {b} PERPENDICULARITY (c) POSITION o B25-0,2 aanennee! eT] (HSBaTaS) A (d) CONCENTRICITY (8) SYMMETRY (ft) COMPLETELY DIMENSIONED PART As a guide to the interpretation of a geometric tolerance, reference may be made to detail (e) above. This indicates that a symmetry tolerance of 0-3 mm is required, with respect to datum features A and B. This tolerance indicates that the axis of the hole must be between two parallel planes, 0-3 mm apart, which are symmetrically disposed about the common median plane of the slots in the end of the part. The hole could also, if necessary, be marked to indicate a symmetry tolerance at 90° to the plane specified, and the tolerance for this could be different, The symbol (M) in detail (), indicates that the tolerance applies only to the maximum material condition of the dimension or datum feature and may be greater at the actual finished size. “otal Training Support Lia 5:33 a © Copyright 2016 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards _‘SS¥°$~ January 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘Symbol for Used where tolerance chorachenstic applies to the maxdmum be tolerated ‘material condition Used where tolerance is, sircular or cylindricat TOLERANCE FRAME 5.34 ‘Tota Training Support Lid tssue 3—January 2016 oduie 7 5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘© Conyight 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards pa a CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL STRAIGHTNESS. = FOR FLATNESS ao INDIVIDUAL | FORM CIRCULARTTY FEATURES {ROUNDNESS) Oo cCYLINDRICHY AY _ a PROFILE OF A LINE mn OR RELA SE FEATURES PROFILE OF A SURFACE a ARIGULARITY a ORIENTATION PERPENDICULARITY aL PARALLELISM a FOR RELATED PosiTion oe | FEATURES | LOCATION CONCENTRICITY © CIRCULAR RUNOUT f TOTAL RUNOUT a SYMETRY (OBSOLETE) DATUM FEATURE DATUM TARGET Total Training Support Ltd © Copyright 2016 5:35 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Issue 3 ~ January 2016Moduie 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Intentionally Blank 5-36 ‘Total Training Support Lic fescue 3—January 2016 aa 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards © Copyright 2096Niodule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Drawing Identification General An aircraft engineering drawing, must certain data, which is used to prove its validity (and legality). All alterations to drawings must be made in accordance with a drawing amendment system, which will ensure amendment to design records. If an alteration is made, a new issue number and date must be allocated to the drawing, To comply with legislation, procedures must be introduced to progressively amend the total definition of the product in terms of its associated list of drawings at specific issues. Each particular variant of a product and its state of modification must be identifiable in relation to the appropriate list of drawings. From avcomnes Smits) meine Erin Rehregomes Bronce Gre jueegumyaoe cama eo . 5-46 “otal Training Support Lid tesue3—January 2016 syoguie 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards © Copyritt 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Exploded Views Illustrated Parts Catalogues often make use of exploded views, to show every part of an assembly. In this type of drawing, all parts are, typically, in their relative positions and expanded outward. Each part is identified, both by its physical appearance and by its reference number, which is used on the Parts List. An exploded view drawing can be of great assistance, when dismantling and re-assembling a complex component. No. 1 Passenger Door Handle Right Hand Mechanism Installation Figure 5 (Sheet 3: “otal Training Support Ltd B47 . ©Copyright 2016 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards 'S®ue 3 ~ January 2016Niodule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Component Location Diagrams In a Component Location Diagram, components, within a specific system, are shown as they actually appear, and not as symbols or as “cut-aways". This simplifies understanding of the overall system operation. sEusATee CONTROL WAITS 2, SPUD a ee “DRERKER 2 =n ae? = =o ae Sats pene oe ; ‘apu €et) (ETE GENERATOR 548 ‘Tota Training Support Lis ese 3—January 2016 sgocute 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards © Copytight 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Schematic Diagrams ‘Schematic diagrams can be found in maintenance manuals to represent and give information on aircraft systems such as electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, lubrication, air-conditioning, and pressurisation, and also to provide details for engine and (where applicable) propeller operation. Coloured diagrams are not used in maintenance manuals, but a system of hatching and shading is normally used to indicate how the system functions. Atypical schematic diagram, is used to give an overview of the complete aircraft system so that maintenance and diagnosis can be initiated. SEINE 27-200/A00/500 Ee Be Songun, Par eoge Sse a Sm evr toe tr seats Ham Total Training Support Lic 5-49 lssue 3 - January 2046 ® Copyright 2016 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and StandardsBlock Diagrams oe Module 7.5 Engineering Dra gs, Diagrams and Standards Due to the complexity of electrical and electronic diagrams, a Block Diagram may be used to assist in certain tasks, such as trouble shooting, because the purpose of trouble shooting is merely to locate the faulty module, rather than to check it out internally. ‘The ‘blocks’ can represent components, circuit boards, or replaceable modules. deus WaRIRBLE SPEED SIRET POWER sorts ROR THE EPRASE, C-WIRE, ACCESSORY ‘5 VOLT, 400 Hz, ‘SEARED ow 60 eva ELECTRICAL “THE ENGINE: POE SPHASE sume PURSE 95v AC e7O¥ Dt -PMSE SNORE 1370 TO ‘Be LT Pan v9 ae 255 Me WouTageD SavEFOR 400 a TWWERTER ae FILTER cera ee Be FILTER imi | ‘RECTIFIERS | Fire [Foc oa ‘SUPPLY Ror me Issue 3 - January 2016 cournets,, mOMTTERS, aD AS GT 5-50 ‘Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards “lal Teining Support Lid 8 Copyright 2016 )Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards oe Dimensioning General Each dimension required for the complete manufacture of an engineering part is given on the detail drawing, and to avoid confusion, appears once only. Each is a direct measurement and not one that has to be worked out by the addition or subtraction of others. Wherever possible the dimension lines are placed outside the actual outline of the object. To do this, thin lines are projected from the particular points and surfaces, and the dimension line drawn between them. Small arrowheads at the ends of each dimension line touch each of the projected lines to show precisely where the dimension applies. Where space for normal dimensioning is limited, thin leading lines, which end in an arrowhead or a dot, are used to indicate where dimensions or special instructions are to apply. The figures used to denote each dimension will normally appear in inches or millimetres beside the appropriate dimension or leader line. All figures are positioned so that they can be read from the bottom or right-hand side of the drawing. B0.750 je 0.375 41.250 On drawings where imperial units are used for measurement, dimensions are expressed in inches, or feet and inches and appear as: 5%", 5.75", 5 FT 9 IN or 5'9". Aeronautical drawings are usually dimensioned in inches and decimals only. Where a dimension is less than one inch, a zero ‘0' may or may not precede the decimal point depending on the origin of the drawing, American draftsmen tend to omit it In metric engineering drawings, dimensions will usually be indicated in millimetres (mm). Occasionally, where large lengths are concerned, the metre (m) unit may be considered more appropriate, whilst at the other end of the scale where extremely small measurements are required the micrometer (Om) may be used. A metric dimension of sixty one and half millimetres would be shown on the drawings as 61.50mm or 61,50mm, the comma being the style of decimal marker frequently used in many European countries. In dimensions less than unity the decimal point is preceded by the zero cipher, for example, 0.5mm. ‘Total Training Support Lid 551 a © Copyright 2016 Module 75 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Sue 3~ January 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards If inches or millimetres are the only unit of measurement used on the drawing, the abbreviation ‘in’ or ‘mm will normally be omitted and a statement that all dimensions are in the same unit will appear on the drawing. In sizable items, where large numbers are likely to occur, some indication is needed to clearly show where the thousands of units are involved. Where a whole number of more than four figures is involved a space is allowed between each group of three digits from the decimal point. For example, a large dimension of twelve thousand, five hundred units would appear as 12 500. Holes and Radii Complete circles are always dimensioned by their diameters. Consequently, a dimension indicating the diameter of a hole or a cylinder bore, is either preceded by the diameter symbol *g'or followed by ‘DIA’. The precise position of a hole is located by two centre lines and a dimension indicating the distance between holes is always measured from the hole centres. ‘Small arcs, such as those formed by rounded edges and fillet radii, are dimensioned by leader lines, the actual size of the radius being preceded by the letter ‘R’ as shown below. 2HOLES O7 DRILL THROUGH 20 DIA 5-62 ‘otal Training Support Ltd Issue 3—January 2016 sjoguje 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards © Gonyrght 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Angles and Chamfers Although the radian is the preferred SI unit, angular dimensions on engineering drawings are shown as degrees, minutes and seconds or degrees and decimals (preferred). They appear, for ‘example, as: 22°, 22°30", 57°15'30", 17.5° and 49.75". Where an angle is less than one degree it is normally preceded by 0°, for example, 0°25" or 0.417°. The illustrations below shows how these angular dimensions and the usual 45° chamfers are indicated. L ai me THOLES 6 ANGULAR, DIMENSIONS ota Training Suppor Ltd 5.53 ie © Copyniht 2016 Module 75 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards '®84@ 3 ~ January 2016oe Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Issue 3 - January 2016 Intentionally Blank 554 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards “otal Training Support Lid © Copyright 2018Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Tolerances General It is the aim of modern engineering production methods to make parts swiftly and to an acceptable degree of accuracy. No production component can be made, or needs to be made, exactly to size. By using high quality machine tools and a certain flexibility in design dimensions, parts can be made cheaply, rapidly and at the same time be guaranteed to be fully interchangeable. This is done by adopting a system of limits which, in practice, defines how much bigger or smaller than the nominal size an item can be and yet still be considered acceptable. In practice, therefore, on an engineering drawing a nominal linear dimension of 1.25 inches is likely to appear as: 4.255 4.285 This indicates that although ideally the required size of the item is 1.25in, in practice, provided that its size falls between the extremes shown, the item is acceptable. The upper dimension is the maximum permitted size or the High Limit and the lower dimension is the minimum or the Low Limit. The difference between the high and low limits of size is called the Tolerance, in this case, the limits of size are 1.255 and 1.245in, and the tolerance is 0.010in. HIGH = LOW tm UMA TOLERANCE NOBHHAL SIE A tolerance may be unilateral or bilateral. The examples used in the previous paragraph are bilateral tolerances where the dimensional variation is disposed both above and below the nominal size. A unilateral tolerance is one which permits a variation in one direction only, either above or below the nominal On engineering drawings where each dimension is individually toleranced, the limiting dimensions (below right) or a single dimension with plus/minus allowable deviations (below left) maybe shown. When an overall tolerance is applied to the drawing, a general note to this effect is used. Tota Training Support Lis 5-55 - © Copyright 2016 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards fete 3 5 bantany 2016,zs ) @ Moduie 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards) 4.25 + 0.008 — } +0.0025 32.48 4.790 -p.0000 00 ) LINEAR DIMENSION TOLERANCED LINEAR DIMENSION TOLERANCED =) BY SPECIFYING UPPER AND LOWER ‘BY SPECIFYING LIMITS OF SIZE ALLOWABLE DEVIATION ) ) 36 30 +o ea ) 30° 0" 305" o.4° ) ANGULAR TOLERANCES ) ) ) J ) ) ) ) 5.56 Total Tsing Suppor Ltd 'ssue 3— January 2016 joao 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘© Copyright 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Limits and Fits General With the application of the system of Limits and Fits, interchangeability of components can be maintained even when parts are made by different workers in different factories. For general use the following terms are used: Dimension Nominal Size Actual Size Limits of Size Tolerance Unilateral Bilateral Deviation Allowance ‘oat Training Suppon Lid ©Copyright 2016 is a feature of any component such as length or diameter of which the size is stated. is the size referred to as a matter of convenience. is the measured size. are the two extreme permissible sizes of a dimension or part. is the difference between the high and the low limits of size of a dimension The tolerance provides for the error in machining and yet permits sufficient accuracy to be obtained without any finishing operations. is where the maximum and minimum Tolerance dimensions are together above or below a nominal size as shown in these two examples: vane 39%. “9 is where the maximum and minimum Tolerance dimensions are respectively one above and one below a nominal size as: 1.000°* 9 ARTF or 1.000" 20.0015" is the algebraic difference between a size and the corresponding nominal size. is a prescribed difference between the high limit for a shaft and the low limit for a hole to provide a certain type of fit. An allowance may be either positive or negative according to the type of fit. A positive allowance results ina clearance fit, and a negative allowance in an interference fit. Tolerance and allowance are two separate and distinct terms and should not be confused. 5.67 Module 75 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards '88¥@ 3 ~ January 2016Niodule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards TOLERANCE BILATERAL UNILATERAL 40.010" 0.375" aeras *29982" 0.000" 8.750" + 0.005" HigH tit ALLOWANCE — arn 0.002 f 2-750 9.000" ry Posmrve 0.750 poe (CLEARANCE) NEGATIVE (WTEREERENCEY 5.58 “Tota Teng Suppor id 'seue 3 ~ January 2016 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards © Copyright 2016 )Wioduie 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Fits Up to this point dimensions and tolerances have been considered as they apply to any single individual engineering part. When it becomes necessary to fit two such parts together, then before any particular kind of fit can be achieved, the tolerances to be applied to each part must be carefully worked out. To do this, it is convenient to consider all fits as being associated with circular holes and shaffs although, in practice, the principle of tolerance limits and the resulting fits applies equally well to other mating parts. A fitis defined as being the difference, before assembly, between the sizes of the two parts which are to be assembled. By using various methods of assembly (some gentle, some extremely forceful) it is possible in engineering to obtain a fit whether or not the shaft is smaller than the hole. When the shaft is smaller, a clearance exists between the parts and assembly is, relatively easy. When the reverse is true an interference is said to occur and force of some kind is needed to complete the assembly. From these two basic situations, three main classes of fit emerge, namely, clearance, transition and interference. By definition these are: Clearance Fit (A) A fit which always provides a positive clearance, or in technical terms, where the tolerance zone of the hole is entirely above that of the shaft. Transition Fit (B) A fit which may provide either a clearance or an interference, or where the tolerance zones of the hole and the shaft overlap. Interference Fit (C) A fit which always provides an interference, that is, where the tolerance zone of the hole is entirely below that of the shaft. CLEARANCE, (Ao+ INTERFERENCE Tota Teahing Suppo Lid 5-59 - © Copyright 2016 Modile 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘S8ue 3~ January 2016LA HOLE TOLERANCES, eee SHAFT TOLERANCES| Limits and Fits Systems Shaft Basis - A limit system is on a shaft basis when the shaft is the constant member and the different fits are obtained by varying the size of the hole. Hole Basis - A limit system is on a hole basis when the hole is the constant member and different fits are obtained by varying the sizes of the shaft. Most of the existing systems of Limits and Fits are on a hole basis. The reason for this is that holes are generally produced to size by tools of fixed dimensions, such as reamers, and are not 80 readily varied to size; whereas shafts can be easily varied in size during manufacture. A system using the fixed hole and variable shaft is the British Standard BS 4500 system (partially superseded by BS EN 20286). The British Standard system also complies with the International Standards Organisation (ISO) requirements to produce International Tolerance grade bands or IT numbers. Each IT number or band has the same relative level of accuracy but the values vary depending upon the nominal size, Although there are 18 defined tolerance grade bands for each size group, only IT6 to IT11 are used for preferred fits (smaller grade numbers indicate a smaller tolerance zones). Tolerance position letters are used, capitals for hole (internal) dimensions and lower case for shaft (external) dimensions and these indicate the fundamental deviation which locates the tolerance zone relative to the nominal size. In a Shaft basis system of fits, relating to a nominal shaft, the fundamental deviation is 'h’. In a Hole basis system of fits, relating to a nominal hole size the fundamental deviation is Exampl running A 20 mm nominal diameter journal/shaft is to have a clearance, but close, accurate . An H8/f7 fit is suitable. From the BS chart, for a 20 mm diameter nominal size (18-30 mm) the H8 limits are +0.033 and -0.000mm and the {7 limits are -0.020 and - 0.041mm. Hence the hole diameter should be between 20.000 and 20.033 mm and the shaft diameter should be between 19.959 and 19.980 mm size. 60 Total Training Support Lid fesue 3— January 2016 edule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards © Copyright 2016Wioduie 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ——— He TOLERANCE POSITION eZ 7 LETTERS TOLERANCE GRADE BANDS Tees He [ 97. ser] oon] i sul 5 | a8 a] 40 0 ao ale a8 eaalaan 3a) 20 | ai | F | aaa] ai} 0 | 20] "0 | 0 a eae aT NT Tota Training Suppor Lid 561 as a © Copytight 2016 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘SS® 3— January 2016Niodule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ) Intentionally Blank fs 5-62 ota! Training Support Lid tssue $—January 2016 jou 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards © Copyright 2016 )Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards - Drawing Systems The regulations (EASA, CAA and FAA) prescribe that each drawing must bear a descriptive title, drawing number, issue number, and the date of issue, it also stipulates that all alterations to drawings shall be made in accordance with a drawing amendment system which will ensure amendment to design records. if an alteration is made, a new issue number and date must be allocated to the drawing. To comply with the requirements, procedures must be introduced to progressively amend the total definition of the product in terms of its associated list of drawings at specific issues. Each particular variant of a product, and its state of modification, must be identifiable in relation to the appropriate list of drawings. The following paragraphs amplify these procedures and explain the purposes of various parts of a drawing, together with the systems used and the methods of presentation. The Drawing Number No two drawings should bear identical numbers and a design office should maintain a register of all drawings issued. The drawing number shown below is a typical example which has four features: ‘DRAWING NO. GOR 11 29 <———— (22) the project identity inthis case the aircraft ype, (R) indicating a repair drawing, (21) the group breakdoven ie. the front fuselage, (25) an individual register number in this group of drawings. Except for repair drawings, the drawing number is also generally the basic part number of an item, a dash (-) number being used to identify the individual parts where more than one is, described. Handed Parts - parts that are opposite i.e. mirror images. Drawings of handed parts usually have the left hand (port), upper, inner, or forward item drawn, this item taking the odd dash number and the opposite hand the consecutive number. Parts which are not handed may have an odd or even dash number. The drawing sheet bears the legend ‘ASDN’ - as drawn, and ‘OPPHD' - opposite hand in the item quantity column. Where necessary the handed condition is indicated by a local scrap view or annotation. “otal Training Support Lid 5-63 . © Copyright 2016 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards: pea eee ateWodule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Sheet Numbers Where a complete drawing cannot be contained on a single sheet, successive sheets are used. The first sheet is identified as ‘SHEET 1 of X SHEETS’ as applicable and subsequent sheets by the appropriate sheet number. Where a schedule of parts applicable to all sheets, is required, it appears on Sheet 1. SHEET 7 OF 7 SHEETS | Drawing Changes (Issue Number) ‘Any change to a design drawing, other than the correction of minor clerical errors, must be accompanied by a new issue number and date. New parts added to the drawing, or ‘drawn on’ parts affected by the change, take the new issue number, and parts which are not affected retain the original issue number. In all cases where interchangeability is affected, a new drawing number and part number are allocated. Details of the drawing changes are recorded in the appropriate column on the drawing, or recorded separately on an ‘Alteration Sheet’, which is referenced on the drawing. Changes are related to the change number quoted in the change of issue columns on the drawing and the marginal grid reference is given to identify the altered features. The issue ‘number’ may sometimes be represented by a letter. Some organisations use alphabetical issues for prototype aircraft drawings, and numerical issues for production aircraft drawings; thus all drawings of a prototype aircraft become ‘Issue 1’ when production commences ‘An alteration to a single part drawing may also result in changes to associated drawings; in addition, it may be necessary to halt manufacture or assembly of the product. The drawing office system usually makes provision for the proper recording of drawing changes, by publishing concurrently with the reissued drawing, an instruction detailing the effects these will have on other drawings, on work in progress and on existing stock As a further safeguard, some organisations publish Drawing Master Reference Lists, which give details of the current issues of all drawings which are associated with a particular component or assembly. 5-64 ‘Total Training Support Lid Issue 3—January 2016 siodule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘© Copyright 2016lNodule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards SoS Terai CHAS rage & Pre aa sae 209) Mt te Part Referencing Every item called up on a drawing is given an item number, which is shown in a ‘balloon’ on the face of the drawing, as illustrated. No other information is given in or adjacent to the balloon, with the exception of information necessary for manufacture or assembly, such as ‘equally spaced’, ‘snap head inside’, or the symbol ‘ND’ which indicates that no separate drawing exists for the part. As an alternative to the system described above, grid references may be given in the list of parts; in such instances the actual part numbers appear in the balloons. Where a part occurs a number of times on a drawing, e.g. as may be the case with rivets, bolts, etc., it may be impractical to list all grid references, in which case this column is left blank. In instances where ND parts are shown as items on a drawing, the part number of such items may be that drawing number, followed by the drawing item number (dash number) Alternatively, the part may be given its own part number but will be identified as an ND part, e.g ‘A131 101 ND’. The information required for the manufacture of an ND part is contained in the description and material columns of the drawing but reference may also be made to other drawings, where necessary. Materials such as locking wire and shimming, which are avaitable in rolls and sheets will be detailed by specification number in the ‘Part No.‘ column, and the quantity will be entered as ‘As Required’, or ‘A/R’. Standard parts to BS and SBAC Specifications will be detailed by the appropriate part numbers, but will not be drawn separately. “Total Training Support Lid 5-65 - © Copyright 2046 Module 7 5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards '8®u@ 3~ January 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Intentionally Blank Issue 3 - January 2016 5-66 Teka Teena Spat is ina Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards, ‘Copyright 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards > Scale Drawings are normally drawn to a uniform scale, and this is usually shown in the ‘ORIGINAL SCALE" box on the drawing, in the form of a ratio, e.g. 1:2 (ie. half size). Where details or views are drawn to a different scale, this should be clearly stated on the drawing. Aircraft drawings are often full size, i.e. 1:1, but no drawing should be measured to obtain a particular dimension which is not shown as the copy supplied to the shop floor may be an enlargement or reduction of the original; the omission should be referred to the Design Office. On earlier drawings the scale may be represented by a fraction e.g. 1/4, which is 1:4. Drawing Queries Drawing queries may arise through mistakes in draftsmanship, through ambiguity or through inability to purchase, manufacture, or assemble the items as drawn. Design Office procedures must be introduced which cater both for raising queries, and for providing satisfactory answers to those queries. Drawing queries are usually raised on a Drawing Query Form, which is passed to the Design Office for action. The answer to the query may be an immediate provisional one, detailed on the query form; a temporary, fully approved answer, issued by means of a Drawing Office Instruction, and having the same authority as the drawing to which it refers; or a permanent answer provided by means of a new or re-issued drawing. Drawing Query Forms and Drawing Office instructions should be suitably identified, and should be referenced on the amended drawing. The effects on other drawings, on existing stock, and on work in progress, should be included in the answer to the query. The number of Drawing Query Forms or Drawing Office Instructions permitted on a drawing, should be limited, and a new or re-issued drawing should be completed as soon as possible. “oto! Training Suppo Lid 5.67 : © Copyright 2016, Module 75 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards 'S8Ue 3 ~ January 2046See Shae BEES Be ) More) SLE mOLE tos ces WORE ol ) sto Bistro 00) Mina cme 09 eocme ) ) mins i y eka) sPecfaoe ) sPer/soe } fron 8 a ) Ga ware, eae 7 7 sec ; 5-68 otal Training Support Lid Issue 3—January 2016 ocuéo 75 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards OConrian 2016)Bae = Wiodule 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards “1 Numbering Systems Most large design and manufacturing organisations use a drawing system of their own which satisfies the legal requirements and facilitates the construction of their products. Boeing, for example, has a large, complex system which links many internal company standards. One of these standards is the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) document, used to derive drawing numbers as shown here. In this numbering system the part number of a component or assembly is derived from its drawing number. On most detail drawings multiple parts are detailed and each is identified by a dash (-) number. The sequentially assigned part of the drawing number is allocated as a group so that the relationships between parts, assemblies and installations can be established and it is possible to trace the ‘next higher assembly’ or subsidiary parts from the number. The Parts List is a separate, computer generated document, identified by the drawing number prefixed with ‘PL’. It ists all the parts on the drawing, manufacturing information, relationships, effectivities, revision status etc. oxaon nue wasor croup 143N3134 sequexmaLLy 4=STRUCTURES +—————! L_§- “assianep aesrereus TOMBER a pagpuLsION fone ‘LOCATION 1 =CROMU AREA sus-cnour 3Twmoon set TIRBS Sebel 2 STRUCTURE Siemon S1as 8 = HORIZONTAL STAB SECTION 41 = NOSEIFLT DECK 43 = FORWARD FUSELAGE ‘44 = 8D FUSELAGE 48 = REAR FUSELAGE = EMPENAGE WET? PROGRAM. “otal Trairing Support Lis 5-69 a © Copyiht 2016 Module 75 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards 'SS4@ $~ January 2046Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Intentionally Blank 5-70 Total Training Support Lid Issue 3—January 2016 sjouie 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards © Copyright 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards oe Drawing Formats and Size Formats Drawing sheets have two formats. * Portrait: intended to be viewed with the longest side of the sheet vertical. * Landscape: intended to be viewed with the longest side of the sheet horizontal. This is the most common format. Size Historically, all aircraft were draw full size to allow the draftsmen to work out the complex shapes of aircraft structures produced by the designers, and develop the skins and panels and parts before construction started. Because of the sizes involved, this process was often done on the floor of the loft above the drawing office and was known as 'lofting’ and aeroplane to produce ‘loft drawings" (terms shared with the boat building industry). Sections of these drawings were then copied by mechanical or photographic means and reproduced for use by the production workshops and hangars. They also formed the basis for all modification and repair drawings during the aircraft's life. With the advent of Computer Aided Design (CAD) in the 1960's, the requirement to produce full size loft drawings for commercial aircraft has diminished. Loft drawings can be produced to a high degree of accuracy on the computer screen and printed at any size required. In the most modem systems, the "drawing" can be produced in three dimensions allowing structure and system integration without the need to build costly full scale mock-ups. While loft drawing were never intended for use on the shop floor, large scale and full size drawings of components and assemblies are often required. Boeing produce drawings in standard sizes up to 36 x 138 inches (0.91 x 3.5 m) and specialised drawings to larger sizes when required. Where hand drawn picture sheets are still produced they are often made on heavy drafting film, a dimensionally stable plastic material which is much more durable than paper. They are used as Photo Contact Masters (PCM), copies being produced as contact prints on light sensitive paper. Total Trang Support id 571 i Conve 2010 Module 75 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards 'S84e 3— January 2016¥ - Nieduie 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Both hand drawn and computer generated images can be printed onto Mylar sheets for use as patterns in the manufacture of sheet metal components. These may be multiple use - the outline being traced onto the material, or disposable - the pattern being cut with the material. With increasing automation in the industry, Computer Aided Manufacture (CAM) techniques allow parts to be made by machine directly from the CAD drawing data. However, drawing picture sheets are still required for maintenance, repair and modification purposes. 572 “otal Training Support Lid Issue 3—January 2016 sicduto 7.5 Enginooring Drawings, Diagrame and Standards ‘© Copyright 2016& Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards - Standards and Specifications Introduction In engineering, a specification is a detailed description of a material, item or process. The information may include drawings, dimensions, tolerances, chemical composition, markings, testing procedure and test figures. By publishing the information contained in these specifications the industry was able to eliminate the waste of time and materials involved in the production of an unnecessary variety of patterns, materials and sizes of articles for identical purposes. The specification number is often used as the basic part number for the items it describes. Some of the standards and specifications used by the aircraft industry are as follows: British Standards (BS) British Standards Institute (BS!) is the National Standards Body of the UK, responsible for facilitating, drafting, publishing and marketing British Standards and other guidelines. British Standards were originally known as British Standard Specifications (BSS) but as the range was extended many subjects which could not be categorised as ‘specifications’ were included. It was for this reason the word Specification was discarded from the title. The scope of standards work now includes: glossaries of terms, definitions, quantities, units and symbols, methods of test, specifications for quality, safely performance or dimensions, preferred sizes and types and codes of practice. The BSI does not initiate new standards, should the need for a new standard arise within the industry concerned or on demand from the users, the Institute calls a conference of representatives of all interests concerned. The draft of the new standard is drawn up and when finally approved is allotted a serial number and is published, There are currently over 21 000 British Standards. The basis on which a British Standard is prepared consists of several conditions, the most important of which are: that the item is of proved reliability. that the item shall be of appropriate standard of quality for the purpose of which it is intended. © that the item shall be in reasonable demand and is not likely to become obsolescent for a considerable time. © that the item is not a proprietary article. ‘Sometimes BS will be accompanied by the letters EN and/or SO. These mean that the standard was developed as a European (EN) or International (ISO) standard and then adopted by the UK as a British Standard or that a British Standard has been adopted as a European and/or International standard. BS provides standards for General Engineering products such as screw thread forms, raw materials for the various industries, definitions and symbols used in the various trades, machinery fittings and a very wide range of other items. It also provides standards for specific Aerospace Products such as steel double hexagon bolts - BS 4A 228:1997. Total Training Support Lts 5:73 a © Copyright 2016 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Sue 3~ January 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards BS EN 9100 Aerospace Series, Quality Management Systems adapts the requirements of BS EN ISO 9001 to the aerospace industry. ISO 9001 is the model for quality assurance in design, development, production, installation and servicing. BS EN 9100 adds the national and international regulatory authority requirements required in the aerospace industry. The standards are arranged in numerical order, the number being followed by the year of issue (e.g. BS EN 9100: 2003). When a standard in this series is revised and reissued, it retains its original number but the year of issue is altered. Aircraft General Standards (AGS) These are dimensional drawings that were prepared and issued by the Ministry of Supply and later by Research and Publication section of the Directorate of Technical Development (Air). They include a variety of small parts common to many types of aircraft, e.g. fasteners, locking devices and pipe couplings etc. These standards are now obsolescent and have been superseded by Aircraft Standards. Many parts covered by this standard are still in general use, should these require modification, the standard will normally be deleted and new AS drawn up. Aircraft Standard (AS) Sheets The preparation of Standards in the AS, AGS and ESC series is part of a continuous programme of standardization managed by the Technical Standards Group of the Society of British Aerospace Companies (SBAC). SBAC Standards are published as part of the series of SBAC Aerospace Industry Standards, and where appropriate additional manufacturing and inspection requirements are issued as Reference Sheets (RS) or Technical Specifications (TS). Directorate of Technical Development (DTD) These specifications along with DefStan (Defence Standards) and DERD (Directorate of Engine Research Development), are obsolescent Military and Government publications originally classed as ‘Restricted’. Work is currently underway to replace them with British Standard BS and European EN specifications 5:74 “Tolal Training Support Lid tesue 3~ January 2016 sroouio 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards ‘© Copyright 2016Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards American Standards and Specifications These have similar coverage and format to their British counterparts. Some of those on general usage in the aircraft industry are shown below, the prefix letters are in parenthesis: USA Standards (USAS) American Standards Association (ASA) ‘American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Federal Specification (various prefixes i.e. QQ for materials) Army/Navy Specifications (AN) Military Standards (Previously MS now Mil) Aeronautical Material Division of SAE (AMS) National Aerospace Standards (NAS) Boeing Airplane Company Specifications (BAC & BMS) Lockheed Specifications (LS) Substitution of standard or specified material will not be made unless authorisation is given in the aircraft manual or by the drawing office. European National and International Standards. ‘As with the UK and USA, in most European nations the governments, military and design and manufacture organisations have developed their own specification systems over the last century. While European and international consolidation has simplified the situation, collaborative projects like Airbus still involve a plethora different standards. “Total Training Support Ltd 5-75 es © Copyright 2016 Module 75 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards '®84e 3~ January 2046- These include: CODE CATEGORY 2 National Standard 23 National Standard 20 National Standard 3A National Standard A National Standard ABD Airbus Directive ABS Project Standard AGS Aerospace Industry Standard AMS Aerospace Material Specification AN Airforce Navy Standard AS ‘Aerospace Industry Standard AS ‘Aerospace Standard ASN Company Standard BB Military specification/Standard BA Company Standard BAS Company Standard BS National Standard BSSP National Standard CSP Company Standard DA ‘Company Standard DAN Company Standard DHS Company Standard DIN National Standard DTD —_ Aerospace Specification EN European Standard EN European Standard FON Company Standard HAN Company Standard IEC —_ International Standard 1SO _ International Standard J Company Standard 122 National Standard LN National Aviation Standard MBBN — Company Standard MIL Military specification’ Standard Ms Military specification/Standard NAS National Aerospace Standard NFE National Aviation Standard Issue 3 - January 2016 STANDARD OWNER Association Francoise de Normalisation Association Francoise de Normalisation British Standards Institution (BS!) British Standards Institution (BS!) British Standards Institution (BSI) Airbus S.A.S Airbus S.A.S Society of British Aerospace Companies (SBAC) Society of Automotive Engineers Inc. (SAE) National Standards Association Inc. SBAC Society of Automotive Engineers inc. (SAE) Airbus France S.AS. Government Printing Office Bestobell Engineering Ltd Airbus UK Ltd. British Standards Institution (BS!) British Standards Institution (BS!) Airbus UK Ltd. Airbus Deutschland GmbH Airbus Deutschland GmbH Airbus UK Ltd Deutsches Institut fuer Normung (DIN) Procurement Executive, Ministry of Defence CEN/CENELEC Member for EN ‘AECMA for prEN Fokker Aircraft Airbus Deutschland GmbH International Electrical Committee International Organization for Standardization Airbus UK Ltd. Association Francaise de Normalisation Deutsches Institut fuer Normung (DIN) Airbus Deutschland GmbH Government Printing Office National Standards Association Inc. Bureau de Normalisation de I ‘Aeronautique et de Espace (BNAE) 5-76 Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards Module 7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards COUNTRY FRANCE, FRANCE GB GB GB FRANCE, FRANCE, GB USA GERMANY GERMANY GB GERMANY GB (var.) (var.) NETHERLANDS GERMANY (var.) (var.) GB FRANCE GERMANY GERMANY USA USA USA FRANCE ‘Toal Training Support Lid ‘© Copyright 2016