PROGRAMMING QUARTER II LESSON SUMMARY

Application Software
• “A type of computer program that performs a specific personal, educational and business
function.”
• Application Software: Functions
• Managing information
• Manipulating data
• Constructing visuals
• Coordinating resources
• Calculating figures
• Application Software: Examples
• Microsoft suite (Excel, Word, PowerPoint)
• Internet browsers (Firefox, Safari, Chrome)
• Mobile pieces of software such as Pandora, Skype, Slack)
• Business Application Software
• subset of the application software
• built to facilitate certain business functions
• achieve measurable objectives such as saving work time and enhancing productivity
• Business Application Software: Examples
• Enterprise Resource Planning
• Customer Relationship Management
• Database
• Project Management Software
• Business Process Management
• Productivity Software
• Resource Management Software
• Time Management Software
• Educational Software
• Business Application Software: Examples
• Enterprise Resource Planning
• solicit, review, store, manipulate, and analyze data derived from a
variety of business operations.
• Customer Relationship Management
• solicit, review, store, and analyze customer data.
• manage customer interaction and facilitate the sales process and
relevant partner relationships.
• Database
• electronic arsenal of data that a user builds to later access, review, and
update pieces of information.
• Project Management Software
• plan and execute projects
• manage the resources associated with those projects.
 • assists users with functions such as scheduling, assigning tasks,
managing budgets and costs, documenting progress, and reporting
results.
• Business Process Management
• facilitate rapid development and automation of strategic processes.
• Uses web-based modeling, rule creation, and a simple interface to
enable the user to perform business functions more quickly.
• optimized for mobile devices and offering total visibility into operations,
• helpful in managing and analyzing complex data, content, and processes
across the enterprise.
• Productivity Software
• Helps users do their jobs more efficiently and complete work-related
tasks in a timely manner.
• Categories include document creation, database management,
accounting and collaboration.
• Applications that an organization uses for overall productivity are
sometimes referred to together as a software or application stack.
• Resource Management Software
• facilitates the management of multiple projects and resources and
ensures that everything is allocated effectively in real time.
• Time Management Software
• tracks how an individual’s digital systems are used, including how long
the user spends working in certain applications.
• Educational Software
• facilitates the teaching and learning of new content, concepts, or
processes.
• Selecting the right application software
• Conduct a Needs Assessment
• Functionality Needed
• Implementation
• Support
• IT Infrastructure
• Global expertise
• Pricing & Return on Investment
• Phased Or All-At-Once Implementation
• Desktop icon
• Represents files, directories, applications, functions, and removable media.
• Desktop
• the working area of a computer screen regarded as a representation of a notional
desktop and containing icons representing items such as files and a wastebasket.
• Storage Device
• computer hardware used for saving, carrying, and pulling out data.
• Short term or long-term storage
• Aka: Storage medium or storage media
• Storage Device: types
• Primary Storage Device
• Main or internal memory of the computer
• Directly accessed by the CPU
• Main instructions for computer operations are stored.
• Hold data for a short period of time while the computer is running.
• Secondary Storage Device
• External, secondary, or auxiliary memory.
• Hold data for the long term.
• Data can only be removed by deleting.
• Storage Device: types
• Primary Memory
• 4 main types of primary memory
• Registers
• Cache Memory
• RAM
• ROM
• Primary Memory
• Registers
• Small high-speed primary memory inside the CPU
• accept, store and transfer data and instructions that are being
used immediately by the CPU (Central Processing Unit)
• Can be 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes.
• Types:
• Memory address register – used to store memory address
• Memory buffer register – store data coming from or going to the
memory
• Program counter register – store the address of the next
instruction
• Instruction register – fetched instruction is stored here
• General purpose register – used in logical and mathematical
operations
• Cache Memory
• works as a buffer between RAM and the CPU
• Aka STATIC RAM
• Used to reduce the average time to access data from the Main
memory
• Levels of cache:
• Level -1 cache memory: integrated inside the CPU.
Operated at the same speed as the CPU. Two types:
instruction cache and data cache
• Level – 2 cache memory: either inside the CPU or
outside the CPU
 • Level – 3 cache memory: enhances the performance of
L1 and L2 cache and is shared among all the ports
• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• Volatile memory
• Two main types;
• SRAM (Static Random Access Memory. Used to create
CPU cache memory. Rarely used due because it is
expensive
• DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory. Cheaper and
has high capacity than SRAM. Has types: SDRAM,
RDRAM, DDR SDRAM
• ROM (Read Only Memory)
• Integral part of main memory
• Writing to this memory is not possible
• Non-volatile / permanent memory
• Types:
• MROM – masked ROM and contains preprogrammed
set of data
• PROM – programmable ROM (can be modified once by
the user)
• EPROM - Erasable and Programmable (can be erased by
UV light)
• EEPROM – electrically erasable and Programmable ROM
• Magnetic Storage Device
• Floppy diskette
• Hard drive
• Magnetic strip
• Super disk
• Casette tape
• Zip diskitte
• Optical Storage Device
• Blu-ray disc
• CD-ROM disc
• CD-R and CD-RW disc
• DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, and DVD+RW disc
• Flash Memory Device
• Memory card
• Memory Stick
• SSD (Solid State Drive)
• USB flash drive, jump drive, or thumb drive
• Online and Cloud
• Cloud Storage
• Network Media
• Examples of Storage Device
 • Paper Storage
• OMR (Optical Mark Recognition)
• Punch card
• Archiving
• Long term storage of information

• Desktop
• the working area of a computer screen regarded as a representation of a notional
desktop and containing icons representing items such as files and a wastebasket.
• main screen area that you see after you turn on your computer and log on to MS
Windows
• The desktop is a basic element of a personal computer that represents different types of
objects.
• primary user interface of a computer that might be found on top of a physical desk.
• The desktop display is that the default display and displayed once the startup process is
complete at the time of booting the system.
• The icons of files and folders that you store to the desktop are displayed on the desktop,
as well as the desktop wallpaper. 
• users can drag items from and to the desktop
• How to quickly get to the Windows desktop
• Desktop shortcut keys
• To get back to the Windows desktop, you can use a shortcut Windows key and D
together (windows + D).
• if you want to restore the hidden windows, press the same key again.
• use Windows key + M; it will minimize all open files, and the desktop will be displayed
• restoring all minimized windows, you can use shortcut keys: Windows key + Shift + M.
• Taskbar
• horizontal strip that runs along the bottom of the screen. It has three sections:
• The Start button - is the ‘ignition switch’ that gives you access to almost all of MS
Windows. This is used to open programs and files to work on and contains basic
operations such as shut down.
• The middle section - shows you which programs and files you have open and
allows you to quickly switch between them.
• The Notification Area - displays little pictures that tell you what is happening
with your computer. This area will also display the clock.
• Desktop icon
• Represents files, directories, applications, functions, and removable media
• most common desktop icons
• Internet browser,
• Recycle Bin,
• My Documents, and
• My Computer.
• Start menu button on the taskbar
• Windows Notification Area
 • Start button contains many installed applications and other functions
• Date and time are included on the taskbar or in the notification area.
• allows you to change the date and time
• DESKTOP PUBLISHING
• the use of a digital desktop for printing out and constructing documents
• A computer can be considered desktop publishing when you use it to create a printable
document. 
• programs like Adobe InDesign and QuarkXpress are used by desktop publishers.

• Keyboard Placement - Height

• Adjust the chair height and work surface height to maintain a neutral body posture.
Elbows should be about the same height as the keyboard and hang comfortably to the
side of the body. Shoulders should be relaxed, and wrists should not bend up or down or
to either side during keyboard use.
• Remove central pencil drawers from traditional desks if you can't raise your chair high
enough because of contact between the drawer and the top of the thighs. The work
surface should generally be no more than 2 inches thick.
• A keyboard tray may be needed if the work surface or chair cannot be properly adjusted.
The keyboard tray should:
• Be adjustable in height and tilt.
• Provide adequate leg and foot clearance.
• Have adequate space for multiple input devices
• The keyboard's vertical position should be maintained within the recommended
range. The tilt of the keyboard may need to be raised or lowered using the
keyboard feet to maintain straight, neutral wrist postures while accommodating
changes in arm angles.
• Keyboard Placement - Distance
• Place the keyboard directly in front of you at a distance that allows your elbows to stay
close to your body with your forearms approximately parallel with the floor.
• A keyboard tray may be useful if you have limited desk space or if your chair has
armrests that interfere with adequate positioning.
• Keyboard Placement – Design and Use
• Reduce awkward wrist angles by lowering or raising the keyboard or chair to achieve a
neutral wrist posture.
• Elevate the back or front of keyboards to achieve a neutral wrist posture. For example, if
the operator sits lower in relation to the keyboard, slightly elevating the back of the
keyboard may help maintain a neutral wrist. Similarly, raising the front of the keyboard
may help maintain neutral wrist postures for users who type with the keyboard in a
lower position. Do not use keyboard feet if they increase bending of the wrist.
• Keyboards should be of appropriate size and key-spacing to accommodate most users.
Generally, the horizontal spacing between the centers of two keys should be 0.71-0.75
inches (18-19 mm) and the vertical spacing should be between 0.71-0.82 inches (18-21
mm)
• Keyboard Tips
 • Use a light touch when typing (don't bang on the keyboard!).
• Keep your wrists in a neutral (straight) position—not bent up or down.
• Keep sure your elbows at a slightly open angle-90˚ or greater.
• Keep your shoulders relaxed, and your elbows at your side.
• Don't use wrist rests or armrests while typing-only while resting.
• Stay centered on the lettered part of the keyboard.
• Consider using a voice recognition software program.
• Consider using keyboard shortcuts or macros to repeat common tasks.

• Command Line
• text-based interface within the operating system,
• forwards commands from the user to the operating system.
• Windows CMD: how to open
•  CMD.EXE program
• To reach the program more quickly, you can use the search bar or the run menu.
•  type “cmd” into the search field and press the OK button.
• Under Windows 7 and Windows 10, the program is found in the “System Tools”
folder.
• Windows CMD: the commands

• The Internet
• a global network of billions of computers and other electronic devices.
• global network of physical cables (copper telephone wires, TV cables, and fiber optic
cables)
• The Web
• World Wide Web
• a collection of different websites you can access through the Internet
• Website
• made up of related text, images, and other resources.
• resemble other forms of media
• Web Browser
• an application that accesses and view websites
• Server
• where websites are stored
• How the Internet Works
• according to (kindtyme.com, 2021), there are 6 simplified terms to remember:
• Finding the URL
• Uniform Resource Locator
• The website address that is typed into a browser.
• Example:
https://www.google.com
• Registering the URL
• Domain Name Register is a company that allows you to look up URLs and buy
the best available fit.
 • Examples:
Godaddy
Google domains
• Domain Name Systems (DNS)
• Your new URL is now in the Domain Name System (DNS)
• The internet phonebook
• Links the URL of your web host’s IP address.
• IP Address
• Like a mailing address
• Used to identify the location of your web host
• Comes in two formats: IPv4 and IPv6
• Website Hosting
• Web host has servers to store your website files and database.
• The DNS records must point to the host server for people to see your website
• Examples
Stablehost
Immotion
• Propagation
• Propagation time is roughly 24-48 hours before the whole internet knows where
your domain name points to.

• How to connect to the internet

• Purchase home internet access
• Types of Internet Service
• Dial-up
• The slowest type of Internet Connection
• Uses your phone line
• DSL
• Digital Subscriber Lines
• Uses broadband connection
• Faster than dial-up
• Connects via phone line
• Cable
• Connects via cable TV
• Uses broadband connection
• Faster than both dial-up and DSL service
• Available where cable TV is available
• Satellite
• Uses broadband but does not require cable or phone lines
• Connects through satellites orbiting the Earth
• Connection may be affected by weather patterns
• Usually slower than DSL or cable
• 3G and 4G
• Most used with mobile phones
 • Connects wirelessly through your ISPs network
• Not always fast as DSL or cable
• Limited amount of data
• Hardware Needed
• Modem (modulator demodulator)
• Dial up: telephone modem
• DSL: DSL modem
• Cable: cable modem
• Satellite: satellite adapter
• Router
• Allows you to connect to several computers and other devices to a single
internet connection
• The Cloud
• The things you can access remotely over the internet
• Reasons to use the cloud
• File Storage: store all types of information and access them remotely with an internet
connection.
• Dropbox
• Google Drive
• File Sharing: easy to share files with several people at the same time
• Flickr
• iCloud Photos
• Backing up data: protect and back up your data online.
• Activity 2
• Using a web browser
• Allows you to find and view websites on the Internet
• Examples:
Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari, Microsoft Edge, and Mozilla Firefox
• URLs and the address bar
• Links or hyperlink
• Usually colored word or phrase or underlined
• Used to navigate the Web
• Navigation Buttons
• The Back and Forward buttons allow you to move through websites you’ve recently
viewed.
• Refresh will reload current page.
• Tabbed Browsing
• Bookmarks and history
• Bookmarks or favorites saves and organizes specific websites so you can revisit them
again
• Simply locate and select the Star icon to bookmark the current website.
• Finding Information Online
• Use Search Engines
• Example:
 google
yahoo
bing

• Security Measures
• Establish Strong Passwords
• Use combination of capital and lower-case letters, numbers and symbols and
make it 8-12 characters long
• Avoid using personal data (birthdate), common words spelled backwards,
sequence of characters or numbers, or characters that are close together on
keyboard.
• Change password every 90 days
• Never write down your password.
• Security Measures
• Put up a Strong Firewall
• Firewall protects network by controlling internet traffic coming in and out of
your system.
• Security Measures
• Install Antivirus Protection
• Antivirus and anti-malware software are the last line of defense against
unwanted attacks
• Security Measures
• Update Programs Regularly
• Frequently updating programs keeps it up to date on any recent issues or holes
that programmers have fixed.
• Secure Laptops
• Encrypt your laptops
• Encryption software changes the way information looks on the harddrive.
• Secure Mobile Phones
• Have Encryption Software
• Password Protection
• Enable Remote Wiping
• Back Up Regularly
• Schedule regular backups to an external hard drive, or in the cloud to ensure
that all data is stored safely.
• Be Careful with e-mail, IM and Surfing the Web
• Never click on a link that you were not expecting.
• Be smart when surfing the Web.

• APPS to USE
• SMARTPHONE:
• SPCK Editor
• LAPTOP/ PC:
 • Notepad++
• Browser
• Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Internet Explorer, Safari
• What is HTML
• Standard markup language for creating Web pages.
• stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
• describes the structure of a Web page
• consists of a series of elements, which tell the browser how to display the content
• elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading", "this is a paragraph", "this is
a link"
• defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag:
<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>
• is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
• HTML Page Structure
• HTML Basic Examples
• HTML Documents
• Must start with document type declaration: <!DOCTYPE html>
• Represents the document type
• Not case sensitive
• HTML Headings
• Headings are defined with <h1> to <h6> tags
• <h1> defines the most important
• <h6> defines the least important
• HTML Paragraph
• HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:
• HTML Links
• HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:
• The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.
• Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.
• HTML Images
• HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
• The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width, and height are provided as attributes:

• HTML Attributes
• provide additional information about an element or a tag, while also modifying them.
• Most attributes have a value; the value modifies the attribute.
• Attributes are always specified in the start tag, and they appear in name="value" pairs.
• HTML Attributes
• The Align Attribute
• used to specify how the text is aligned.
• The href Attribute
• The <a> tag defines a hyperlink.
 • The href attribute specifies the URL of the page the link goes to:
• Example
• <a href="https://www.w3schools.com">Visit W3Schools</a>
• HTML Attributes
• The src Attribute
• The <img> tag is used to embed an image in an HTML page. The src attribute specifies
the path to the image to be displayed:
• Example
• <img src="img_girl.jpg">
• HTML Attributes
• The width and height Attributes
• The <img> tag should also contain the width and height attributes, which specifies the
width and height of the image (in pixels):
• Example
• <img src="img_girl.jpg" width="500" height="600">
• HTML Attributes
• The alt Attribute
• alt attribute for the <img> tag specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image for
some reason cannot be displayed.
• Example
• <img src="img_girl.jpg" alt="Girl with a jacket">
• HTML Attributes
• The style Attribute
• used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more.
• Example
<p style="color:red;">This is a red paragraph.</p>
• HTML Attributes
• The  lang Attribute
• declare the language of the Web page. This is meant to assist search engines and
browsers.
• Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<body>
...
</body>
</html>
• HTML Attributes
• The  title  Attribute
• defines some extra information about an element.
• The value of the title attribute will be displayed as a tooltip when you mouse over the
element:
• Example
<p title="I'm a tooltip">This is a paragraph.</p>
• HTML Attributes
• For more reference on attributes please visit:
https://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_attributes.asp
• The <img> Tag
• The <img> tag is used to insert an image
• The image's URL (address) can be defined using the src attribute.

The HTML image syntax looks like this:

• The <img> Tag: Image Location
• put in the image location for the src attribute that is between the quotation marks.

or example, if you have a photo named "tree.jpg" in the same folder as the HTML file, your code
should look like this:
• The <img> Tag: Image Border
• By default, an image has no borders. Use the border attribute within the image tag to create a
border around the image.

• HTML Styles
• Used to add styles to an element
• Syntax:
<tagname style=“property: value;”>
Example:
<body style="background-color:powderblue;">

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
• HTML Lists
• Allow web developers to group a set of related items in lists.
• Two types: ordered lists and unordered lists
• HTML Lists
• Unordered HTML list
• Starts with the <ul> tag
• Each list item starts with the <li> tag
• The list items will be marked with bullets
• Example:
<ul>
   <li>Coffee</li>
   <li>Tea</li>
   <li>Milk</li>
</ul>
• HTML Lists
• Unordered HTML list
• Choose List Item Marker
 • HTML Lists
• Ordered HTML list
• Starts with the <ol> tag
• Each list item starts with the <li> tag
• The list items will be marked with bullets
• Example:
<ol>
   <li>Coffee</li>
   <li>Tea</li>
   <li>Milk</li>
</ol>
• HTML Lists
• Ordered HTML list
• Type Attribute
• HTML Lists
• Control List Counting
• By default, OL will start counting from 1.
• Use start to make it count to a specific value
• Example:
<ol start="50">
  <li>Coffee</li>
  <li>Tea</li>
  <li>Milk</li>
</ol>
• HTML Lists
• NESTED List
<ul>
  <li>Coffee</li>
  <li>Tea
    <ul>
      <li>Black tea</li>
      <li>Green tea</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>Milk</li>
</ul>
• HTML Table
• defined using <table> tag
• Divided into table rows with <tr> tag
• Table rows are divided into table columns with <td> tag
• Table header is defined with <th> tag
<table>
<tr>
<td></td>
 <td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>
• HTML Table: border
• Border can be added using the border attribute:
• <table border=“2”>
• HTML Table: colspan
• A table cell can span two or more columns:
<table border=“2”>
<tr>
<td> Red </td>
<td> Blue </td>
<td> Green</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <br /></td>
<td colspan=“2”> <br/> </td>
</tr>
</table>
• HTML Table: rowspan
• Make a cell span more than one row
<table style="width:100%">
  <tr>
    <th>Name:</th>
    <td>Bill Gates</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th rowspan="2">Telephone:</th>
    <td>55577854</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>55577855</td>
  </tr>
</table>
• HTML Table: align and bgcolor
• Use align attribute to change your table’s position
<table align = “center”>
• Use bgcolor attribute to specify a background color for a table cell.
<table border=“2”>
<tr>
<td bgcolor=“blue”> Blue </td>
<td> Red </td>
</tr>
 </table>
• Types of Elements
• most elements are defined as block level or inline elements.
• Block level elements start from a new line.
For example: <h1>, <form>, <li>, <ol>, <ul>, <p>, <pre>, <table>, <div>,
• Inline elements are normally displayed without line breaks.
For example: <b>, <a>, <strong>, <img>, <input>, <em>, <span>,
• The <div> Element
• The <div> element is often used as a container for other HTML elements.
• The <div> element has no required attributes, but style, class and id are common.
• When used together with CSS, the <div> element can be used to style blocks of content:
<div style="background-color:black;color:white;padding:20px;">
  <h2>LOREM IPSUM</h2>
  <p>Lorem Ipsum Dolor. Lorem Ipsum Dolor. Lorem Ipsum Dolor. </p>
</div>
• The <span> Element
• The <span> element is an inline container used to mark up a part of a text, or a part of a
document.
• The <span> element has no required attributes, but style, class and id are common.
• When used together with CSS, the <span> element can be used to style parts of the text:
<p>My mother has <span style="color:blue;font-
weight:bold">blue</span> eyes and my father has <span style="color:darkolivegreen;font-
weight:bold">dark green</span> eyes.</p>
• The Other Elements
• APPLET - embedded Java applet
IFRAME - Inline frame
INS - inserted text
MAP - image map
OBJECT - embedded object
SCRIPT - script within an HTML document