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Representation of curves - Hermite cubic spline
curve, Bezier curve, B-spline curves, Surface
Modeling – Surface Entities, Representation of
Surface, Bezier Surface, B-Spline Surface and
Coons Surface. Solid Modeling - Solid Entities,
Solid Representation, Boundary Representation
(B-Rep), Sweeps Representation, Constructive
Solid Geometry (CSG).
Representation of Curves
Generally shape representation have two uses
Analytic use.
Synthetic use.
Control Points:
Locate points through which the curve must pass the
points that control the curve shape.
Axis independence:
The shape of an object must not change when the control
points are measured in a different coordinate system.
Versatility:
A curve representation that allows a limited variety of
shapes may frustrate (disturb) a designer.
The control of a curve representation, often by adding
or removing control points.
Order of continuity:
A complex shape is usually not modeled by a single
curve, but by several curves pieced together end to end.
When creating joints, the designer often wants to control
the order of continuity at the joint.
SYNTHETIC CURVES
The type of input data and its influence on the control of the
resulting synthetic curve determine the use and effectiveness of the
curve in design.
Most commonly used Synthetic Curves
2
Representation of curves - Hermite cubic spline
curve, Bezier curve, B-spline curves, Surface
Modeling – Surface Entities, Representation of
Surface, Bezier Surface, B-Spline Surface and
Coons Surface. Solid Modeling - Solid Entities,
Solid Representation, Boundary Representation
(B-Rep), Sweeps Representation, Constructive
Solid Geometry (CSG).
Cubic Spline
Parametric spline curves are defined as
piecewise polynomial curves with a
certain order of continuity.
The parametric cubic spline connects two data points and utilizes a
cubic function.
Therefore four conditions (positions of the two end points and two
tangent vectors at the points) are required to determine the
coefficients of the equation.
Parametric equation of cubic spline is given by
Inorder to find the coefficients Ci, consider the cubic spline curve with
two endpoints P0 and P1.
Applying the boundary conditions
Solving these four equations simultaneously for the coefficients gives
If the two end points are fixed in space, the designer can control the
shape of the spline by changing either the magnitudes or the direction
of the tangent vectors.
The use of the cubic splines in design applications is not popular
compared to Bezier or B-spline curves.
The control of the curve is not very obvious from the input data due
to its global control characteristics.
2
Representation of curves - Hermite cubic spline
curve, Bezier curve, B-spline curves, Surface
Modeling – Surface Entities, Representation of
Surface, Bezier Surface, B-Spline Surface and
Coons Surface. Solid Modeling - Solid Entities,
Solid Representation, Boundary Representation
(B-Rep), Sweeps Representation, Constructive
Solid Geometry (CSG).
BEZIER CURVES
Some CAD systems offer both options and others offer the
interpolation version only.
In both cases, the data points are used to control the shape of the
resulting curves.
The figure shows the order of defining the control points changes
the polygon definition, which changes the resulting curve shape.
Mathematically for n+1 control points, the Bezier curve is defined by the
following polynomial of degree n:
2
Representation of curves - Hermite cubic spline
curve, Bezier curve, B-spline curves, Surface
Modeling – Surface Entities, Representation of
Surface, Bezier Surface, B-Spline Surface and
Coons Surface. Solid Modeling - Solid Entities,
Solid Representation, Boundary Representation
(B-Rep), Sweeps Representation, Constructive
Solid Geometry (CSG).
B – Spline Curve
B-splines are a powerful tool for generating curves with many
control points and provide many advantages over Bezier curves.
B-spline curve passes through the first and last control points P0
and Pn+1 and is tangent to the first and last segments of the
control polygon.
The Effect of Degree of B- Spline Curve on its shape
Increasing the degree of the curve tightens it. In general, the less
the degree, the closer the curve gets to the control points.
When k=1, a zero degree curve results. The curve then becomes the
control points themselves.
2
Representation of curves - Hermite cubic spline
curve, Bezier curve, B-spline curves, Surface
Modeling – Surface Entities, Representation of
Surface, Bezier Surface, B-Spline Surface and
Coons Surface. Solid Modeling - Solid Entities,
Solid Representation, Boundary Representation
(B-Rep), Sweeps Representation, Constructive
Solid Geometry (CSG).
INTRODUCTION TO SURFACE MODELING
2
Representation of curves - Hermite cubic spline
curve, Bezier curve, B-spline curves, Surface
Modeling – Surface Entities, Representation of
Surface, Bezier Surface, B-Spline Surface and
Coons Surface. Solid Modeling - Solid Entities,
Solid Representation, Boundary Representation
(B-Rep), Sweeps Representation, Constructive
Solid Geometry (CSG).
Surface Entities
Major surface entities provided by CAD/CAM systems.
1. Plane Surface
This is the simplest surface.
8. Fillet surface
2
Representation of curves - Hermite cubic spline
curve, Bezier curve, B-spline curves, Surface
Modeling – Surface Entities, Representation of
Surface, Bezier Surface, B-Spline Surface and
Coons Surface. Solid Modeling - Solid Entities,
Solid Representation, Boundary Representation
(B-Rep), Sweeps Representation, Constructive
Solid Geometry (CSG).
SURFACE REPRESENTATION
These fall into two categories. In the first, one equation is fitted
to pass through all the points while in the second the data points
are used to develop a series of surface patches that are
connected together with at least position and first derivative
continuity.
The parametric
representation of a
surface means a
continuous, vector
valued function P(u,v)
of two variables.
Some surfaces may consist of one patch only, while others may
be a few patches connected together.
Surface Composed of rectangular and triangular patches
2
Representation of curves - Hermite cubic spline
curve, Bezier curve, B-spline curves, Surface
Modeling – Surface Entities, Representation of
Surface, Bezier Surface, B-Spline Surface and
Coons Surface. Solid Modeling - Solid Entities,
Solid Representation, Boundary Representation
(B-Rep), Sweeps Representation, Constructive
Solid Geometry (CSG).
BEZIER SURFACE
2
Representation of curves - Hermite cubic spline
curve, Bezier curve, B-spline curves, Surface
Modeling – Surface Entities, Representation of
Surface, Bezier Surface, B-Spline Surface and
Coons Surface. Solid Modeling - Solid Entities,
Solid Representation, Boundary Representation
(B-Rep), Sweeps Representation, Constructive
Solid Geometry (CSG).
B- Spline Surface
A rectangular set of data points creates the surface.
2
Representation of curves - Hermite cubic spline
curve, Bezier curve, B-spline curves, Surface
Modeling – Surface Entities, Representation of
Surface, Bezier Surface, B-Spline Surface and
Coons Surface. Solid Modeling - Solid Entities,
Solid Representation, Boundary Representation
(B-Rep), Sweeps Representation, Constructive
Solid Geometry (CSG).
Solid Modeling-Introduction
Solid Modeling (Volumetric modeling) techniques begun to develop in the late
1960s and early 1970s.
The model can also serve as a means of geometric input for finite element
analysis or even manufacturing tasks as the generation of instructions for
numerically controlled machining.
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Use of Solid Modeling in design and manufacturing increasing due
to
Software improvements
80
UNIT
2
Representation of curves - Hermite cubic spline
curve, Bezier curve, B-spline curves, Surface
Modeling – Surface Entities, Representation of
Surface, Bezier Surface, B-Spline Surface and
Coons Surface. Solid Modeling - Solid Entities,
Solid Representation, Boundary Representation
(B-Rep), Sweeps Representation, Constructive
Solid Geometry (CSG).
Solid Entities
Primitives (building blocks) are simple basic shapes and are
considered the solid modeling entities which can be combined by a
mathematical set of Boolean operations to create the solid.
The most common primitives are:-
Block
Cylinder
Cone
Sphere
Wedge
Torus
83
Most Common Primitives
84
Solid Models-Primitives Approach
• Using primitive approach, one can construct the solid model of the object by
dividing it into blocks and cylinders.
85
Solid Models-Features Approach
• In feature approach the designer can create different cross sections and
extrude them.
86
UNIT
2
Representation of curves - Hermite cubic spline
curve, Bezier curve, B-spline curves, Surface
Modeling – Surface Entities, Representation of
Surface, Bezier Surface, B-Spline Surface and
Coons Surface. Solid Modeling - Solid Entities,
Solid Representation, Boundary Representation
(B-Rep), Sweeps Representation, Constructive
Solid Geometry (CSG).
Primitives
Union
Intersection
Difference
88
Boolean Operations of a Block A and Cylinder B
89
90
Solid Modeling using 3D Primitives
91
Various representation schemes
The nine solid representation schemes are
Half-spaces
Boundary Representation (B-rep)
Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
Sweeping
Analytical Solid Modeling (ASM)
Cell decomposition
Spatial enumeration
Octree encoding and
Primitive instancing
Algorithms
2
Representation of curves - Hermite cubic spline
curve, Bezier curve, B-spline curves, Surface
Modeling – Surface Entities, Representation of
Surface, Bezier Surface, B-Spline Surface and
Coons Surface. Solid Modeling - Solid Entities,
Solid Representation, Boundary Representation
(B-Rep), Sweeps Representation, Constructive
Solid Geometry (CSG).
Boundary Representation (B-rep)
2 5 8 5 0 1 0
3 10 24 16 0 1 0
4 16 36 24 2 1 0
5 11 24 16 1 1 0
6 12 24 16 0 2 0
5 7 10 24 16 2 1 1
8 20 48 32 4 1 1
9 14 36 24 2 1 1
8 9
1 7
2 3
Euler’s Law
F E V L B G
Faceted cylinder is
generated by rotating a
line incrementally about
the axis.
General data structure for B-rep
Disadvantage
2
Representation of curves - Hermite cubic spline
curve, Bezier curve, B-spline curves, Surface
Modeling – Surface Entities, Representation of
Surface, Bezier Surface, B-Spline Surface and
Coons Surface. Solid Modeling - Solid Entities,
Solid Representation, Boundary Representation
(B-Rep), Sweeps Representation, Constructive
Solid Geometry (CSG).
Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
CSG and B-rep schemes are very popular schemes and best
understood representations so far.
Half-spaces
It is a basic representation scheme for bounded solids. By
combining half-spaces (using set operations) in a building
block fashion, various solids can be constructed.
If the start and end nodes of a path are the same, the path is a cycle.
• This implies that any node in the tree except the root has
predecessor or ancestors.
A block and a cylinder primitive are enough to create CSG model of the solid.
• A user can construct the CSG model using the following steps:
B1= block positioned properly
B2= block positioned properly
B3= block
B4= B3 moved properly in X direction
C1= cylinder positioned properly
C2= C1 moved properly in X direction
C3= cylinder positioned properly
C4= C3 moved properly in X direction
S1 B1 U *B3
S 2 S1 U *C1
S3 S 2 U *C3
S 4 B2 U *B4
S5 C2 U *S 4
S6 C4 U *S5
S S3 U *S6
CSG graph
S1 B1 U *B3
S 2 S1 U *C1
S3 S 2 U *C3
S 4 B2 U *B4
S5 C2 U *S 4
S6 C4 U *S5
S S3 U *S6
Data structure of a Primitive solid
• Create the CSG model of solid S as shown in the figure
Constructive Solid Geometry