Content

▪ Motivation of Surface Model

▪ Definition of Surface Model
▪ Class of Representations
▪ Implicit, Explicit, Parametric Equations

▪ Free Form Surface Parametric Representation

▪ Bicubic Patch (Hermite Surface), Bezier & B-Spline Surface
▪ Boundary Interpolating Surface (Coons Patch)
▪ Modelling Surfaces Using Features like Extrusion Surface, Surface of Revolution, Lofted Surface

▪ Sample Code (shared )

▪ Practice Problems from Question Bank, Books (Topics from Mortension & Anupam Saxena)
Motivation of Bicubic Surface
 Definition of Surface Model
• Surface is a continuous set of points approximating a plane in the neighborhood of each of the points.

• Another way to think about it is locus of points moving with two degree of freedom. Alternately, it can
also viewed as locus of a moving line or curve.
 Choice of Representation

Explicit Representation Implicit Representation Parametric Representation

Understanding Parametric Surface using two
Parameters
Understanding Parametric Surface using two
Parameters
 Parametric Equation of a Surface

The same can also be represented by a vector

equation, in two parameters, of the form
 Parametric Patch of a Surface

• Four Boundary Curves :

p(0, w), p(1, w), p(u, 0) and p(u, 1).

• Four Corner points:

p(0,0), p(1,0), p(1,1), p(0,1)

• Tangents and Normal: Two tangent and one

normal
Parametric Patch of a Surface
 Bicubic Patch: Geometric Form

Big Idea: Surface can be thought of as a network of

curves. Alternately, a moving curve.
To know about a point on a surface, one has to know
position of the curve at any instant and position a point on
the curve
 Bicubic Patch: Geometric Form

• 4 corner points and 8 tangent points.

Bicubic Patch: Geometric Form
Bicubic Patch: Geometric Form

Tensor Product Form

 Bicubic Patch: Twist Vectors

• Interpretation of twist vectors

Bicubic Patch: Twist Vectors
Bicubic Patch: Algebraic Form
Bicubic Patch: Matrix Form
 Bicubic Patch: Derive algebraic coefficients

• Total 12 vectors of 16 vectors needed to specify 48

geometric coefficients. Four additional vectors could be
provided by twist vectors at the corners
Bicubic Patch: Derive algebraic coefficients
Bicubic Patch: In Parametric & Real Space
Bicubic Patch: Normal
Bicubic Patch: Cylindrical Surface
Bicubic Patch: 16 point form
Bicubic Patch: Composite Surface
Developable Surface
Solved Problem
 Bézier Surfaces: Construction

The following is the equation of a Bézier surface

defined by m+1 rows and n+1 columns of control
points:

where Bm,i(u) and Bn,j(v) are the i-th and j-th Bézier basis functions in the u- and v- directions, respectively.

Since Bm,i(u) and Bn,j(v) are degree m and degree n functions, we shall say this is a Bézier surface of degree
(m,n). The set of control points is usually referred to as the Bézier net or control net.
Bézier Surfaces: Construction

http://www.inf.ed.ac.u
k/teaching/courses/cg/
d3/bezierPatch.html
Bézier Surfaces: Properties
Can you find tangent
and twist vectors at the
corners?
 B-spline Surfaces:
Construction

Given the following information:

1. a set of m+1 rows and n+1 control points pi,j, where 0 <= i <= m and 0 <= j <= n;
2. a knot vector of h + 1 knots in the u-direction, U = { u0, u1, ...., uh };
3. a knot vector of k + 1 knots in the v-direction, V = { v0, v1, ...., vk };
4. the degree p in the u-direction; and
5. the degree q in the v-direction;

where Ni,p(u) and Nj,q(v) are B-spline basis functions of degree p and q, respectively.

h = m + p + 1 and k = n + q + 1
 B-spline Surfaces:
Construction

The following figure shows a B-spline surface defined by 6 rows and 6 columns
of control points.

• The knot vector and the degree in the u-direction are U = { 0, 0, 0, 0.25, 0.5,
0.75, 1, 1, 1 } and 2.

• The knot vector and the degree in the v-direction are V = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.33,
0.66, 1, 1, 1, 1 } and 3.
 B-spline Surfaces: Important
Properties
• Nonnegativity: Ni,p(u) Nj,q(v) is nonnegative for
all p, q, i, j and u and v in the range of 0 and 1.
This is obvious.

• Partition of Unity: The sum of all Ni,p(u) Nj,q(v) is 1 for all u and v in
the range of 0 and 1.
More precisely, this means for any pair of u and v in the range of 0 and 1,
the following holds: where the degrees in the u- and v-directions
are p and q, respectively, and there are m+1
rows and n+1 columns of control points.

• Strong Convex Hull Property: if (u,v) is in [ui,ui+1) x [vj,vj+1),

then p(u,v) lies in the convex hull defined by control points ph,k,
where i-p <= h <= i and j-q <= k <= j.
 B-spline Surfaces: Important
Properties
• From the local modification scheme property, we know that in the u-direction Ni,p(u) is non-zero on [ui,ui+p+1) and
zero elsewhere. The local modification scheme property of B-spline surfaces follows directly from the curve
case. If control point p3,2 is moved to a new location, the following figures show that only the neighboring area on
the surface of the moved control point changes shape and elsewhere is unchanged.
•p(u,v) is Cp-s (resp., Cq-t) continuous in the u (resp., v) direction if u (resp., v) is a knot of
multiplicity s (resp., t).

•Affine Invariance
This means that to apply an affine transformation to a B-spline surface one can apply the transformation to all
control points and the surface defined by the transformed control points is identical to the one obtained by
applying the same transformation to the surface's equation.

•Variation Diminishing Property:

No such thing exists for surfaces.

•If m = p, n = q, and U = { 0, 0, ..., 0, 1, 1, ...., 1 }, then a B-spline surface becomes a Bézier surface
 B-spline Surfaces: de Boor's Algorithm

• For a fixed i, the curve in the parenthesis is simply a B-spline curve defined by the control points on
row i. To simplify our discussion, let qi(v) be defined as follows:

https://pages.mtu.edu/~shene/COURSES/cs3621/NOTES/surface/bspline-de-boor.html
Problem
Problems
Modelling Surfaces Using Planar Features

Derive Equation
Modelling Surfaces Using Extrusion Features
Derive Equation
Modelling Surfaces Using Ruled Features

If two opposite
boundary curves
have different
degree or knot
vectors, define both
the curves with the
same degree using
degree elevation and
common knot vector
Resulting surface
from previous
example
Sample Ruled Surfaces

Derive their Equations

Modelling Surfaces Using Revolution Features