Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Projections
• Projections transform points in n-space to m-space, where m < n.
• In 3D, we map points from 3-space to the projection plane (PP) along
projectors emanating from the center of projection (COP).
• There are two basic types of projections:
• Perspective - distance from COP to PP finite
• Parallel - distance from COP to PP infinite
Parallel projection
Perspective projection
Perspective vs. parallel projections
Perspective projections pros and cons: Parallel projection pros and cons:
+Size varies inversely with -Less realistic looking
distance - looks realistic + Good for exact measurements
– Distance and angles are not (in + Parallel lines remain parallel
general) preserved
– Angles not (in general)
– Parallel lines do not (in general) preserved
remain parallel
Perspective projection
Perspective projection
• Projectors converge at a finite
center of projection.
• Parallel lines converge.
• We get non-uniform
foreshortening.
• Shape is not preserved.
• We see in perspective – so
perspective viewing seems
natural and helps in depth
perception.
Perspective projection
• Distance from COP to projection plane is finite.
• The projectors are not parallel & we specify a center of projection (COP).
• Center of Projection is also called the Perspective Reference Point COP=PRP
• Perspective foreshortening:
• The size of the perspective projection of the object varies inversely with the
distance of the object from the center of projection.
Perspective projection
C’ X
• Centre of projection (0,0,Zc) B’
C
• Point to be projected P(x,y,z) B
• Projection plane : plane on which point P is
projected which is perpendicular to z- A P’
principle axis. P
• Projected point P’ (x’,y’) , z=0
A B’
B
B’
A C’
C
Perspective projection
• First we apply a perspective transform to a point X that takes it to X’
• What we see from the above that we take a unit vector along X i.e.
[ 1 0 0 1] , perform transformation T , we get [Xx’ YX’ 0 1].
• Similarly, we take a unit vector along Y i.e. [ 0 1 0 1] , perform
transformation T , we get [Xy’ Yy’ 0 1].
• And we take a unit vector along Z i.e. [ 0 0 1 1] , perform
transformation T , we get [Xz’ Yz’ 0 1]
• The foreshortening ratios for each projected principal axes are then
given by:
• Where L is P’P’’
• φ is the angle between P’P’’ and x-axis on xy-plane.
• The angle which the projector is making with the projection is α.
• For a given α ,we can get many projectors.
• So we have to restrict the location of projector, which we can do this
using φ ,then PP’P” gives us a cone, which is a set of all projectors.
• Then, α is related to z and L which is given as
tan α = z/L
• Or L = z cot α
Oblique projections :Cavalier and cabinet
projection
• Depending on what α we choose we get a particular type of oblique
matrix for some value of φ.
• The oblique projection is called cavalier projection when α = 45°.
• Here the lines which are perpendicular to the projection plane are not foreshortened.
• The oblique projection is called cabinet when cot α = ½.
• then the lines perpendicular to the plane of projection is foreshortened by
half.
• The value of φ is either 30° or 45° .