Strategy- a plan of action or policy designed to achieve a Types of Instructional Materials

major or overall aim."time to develop a coherent economic

strategy" - Written Materials
Instructional Strategy- the overall plan for a learning - Demonstration Materials
experience. - Audiovisual Materials
Learning Domain Strategies Teaching Strategies and Methodologies for Teaching
1. Verbal information is material, such as names of
objects, that students simply have to memorize and
and Learning
recall.
2. Intellectual skills are those that require learners to think A. Traditional Teaching Strategies
(rather than simply memorizing and recalling
- Lecturing
information).
- Discussion
3. Psychomotor skills are those that require learners to
- Questioning
carry out muscular actions.
- Using audiovisuals
4. Attitudes involve how a student feels about the - Interactive lecture
instruction, whether they will value or care about the Traditional Meaning
material presented to them. Teaching Strategies
Lecturing is teacher controlled and
Strategies to Sequence Learning Outcomes information centered
approach in which teacher
 easy to hard works as a role resource in
 simple to complex classroom instruction. In this
 specific to general method, the only teacher does
 concrete to abstract the talking and the student is
 the known to the unknown
passive listens. It is one of the
oldest and most used methods
Strategies to Motivate Students - The ARCS Model Discussion are a variety of forums for
1. Attention
open-ended, collaborative
2. Relevance
exchange of ideas among a
3. Confidence
4. Satisfaction
teacher and students or
Method- a particular form of procedure for accomplishing or among students for the
approaching something, especially a systematic or established purpose of furthering students
one."a method for software maintenance" thinking, learning, problem
Methods - a way, an approach, or a process to communicate solving, understanding, or
information. literary appreciation.
Questioning is a flexible tool and one that
Method is a process, a procedure, or a way something is done or opens opportunities for
implemented. On the other hand
students to discuss and
Strategy is a goal, a set of actions, or plans to achieve one aim debate. It encourages them to
express their opinions and
Instructional Method-The techniques or approaches the teacher
uses to bring the learner into contact with the content to be learned. share alternative points of
view. It’s a valuable teaching
strategy for all educators
Using audiovisuals refers to both sound and
pictures which is typically in
the form of slides or video
and recorded speech or
music; all is visual
Instructional Materials presentations that are shown
by the teacher to the students.
- the actual vehicles by which information is shared with the Interactive lecture  at least one opportunity for
learner students to interact actively
and directly with the material
- they are content or information conveyed within a course through a specific learning
task.
- the term instructional materials, also referred to as tools and aids,
includes both print and nonprint media that are intended to
supplement, rather than replace, actual teaching

Materials- the matter from which a thing is or can be made."goats can eat
more or less any plant material"

The Three Major Components of Instructional Materials

B. Activity Based Strategies
Cooperative Learning
One teaching strategy that might assist students in learning
academic information and social skills is cooperative learning,
often designated as small-group learning.
There are 5 components of cooperative learning
1. Positive interdependence
2. Face to face interaction
3. Individual and Group accountability
4. Group behaviors
5. Group processing
Simulations
Simulation is a trial-and-error method of teaching whereby an
artificial experience is created that engages the learner in an activity
that reflects real-life conditions but without the risk-taking
consequences of an actual situation.
Types of Simulations (Beaubien et al., 2004)
1. Written simulations
2. Clinical simulations
3. Model simulation
Written simulations may use case studies about real or fictitious
situations, with the learner being asked to respond to these
scenarios.
Clinical simulations can cate complex care situations, such as a
mock cardiac arrest.
Model simulations are frequently used to teach a variety of
audiences.
Problem Based Learning -In problem-based learning, students are
encouraged to learn concepts and problem-solving techniques
rather than just memorizing information by using complicated, real-
world challenges as the subject matter in the classroom.
5 Benefits of Problem Based Learning
1. Promote Self Learning
2. Engage with Real-World Problems
3. Develop Transferable Skills
4. Improve Teamwork Abilities
5. Encourage Intrinsic Rewards
Self Learning Modules-Self-Instruction or Learning module is a
teaching method used by the educator to provide or design
instructional activities that guide the learner in independently
achieving the objectives of learning.
Computer teaching Strategies- From worksite training to higher
education, technology is making professional education more
accessible and more meaningful for nurses.
E-LEARNING- Although no consensus has been reached on a
precise definition of e-learning, there is some agreement that it
involves the use of technology-based tools and processes to provide
for customized learning anytime or anywhere.
E-LEARNING/ COMPUTER TEACHING STRATEGIES
Multiple approaches to e-learning in health care are possible.
Examples of some features of e-learning
products that have proved attractive to healthcare organizations are
as follows:
 E-learning training modules can be delivered via the
World Wide Web. Web-based products are attractive
because they are easily accessed in a variety of
environments and situations. A computer workstation can
easily fit into a clinical unit, and laptops can be carried
into the field.
 E-learning can be delivered in small modules that can be
completed in as little as 15 minutes.Many nurses are
unable to leave their work area for long periods of time.
However, most can find 15 to 30 minutes in any given day
to engage in continuing education, particularly if they do
not have to leave the unit. Time permitting, staff can
complete several modules in one sitting.
 E-learning programs can be customized at a variety of
levels: the organization, the staff position, and the
individual. Customization personalizes the program and
helps to make it relevant to the individual and to the
organization. For example, e-learning programs can
accommodate a learner’s need to move quickly or slowly
through a program and can be repeated as many times as
necessary.
 E-learning programs can track completion and create a
performance report for individual staff members.
 E-learning modules are interactive and reality based. For
example, a patient simulation that allows the participant to
manage the care of a virtual patient can be created.
What is the e-learning approach to work- force training in nursing?
First and foremost, it provideslearning opportunities at the point of
need. In healthcare professions such as nursing, this statement
means that training is avail- able 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Distance Learning
The term distance learning means different things to different
people. Online courses, correspondence courses, independent study,
and videoconferencing are just a few of the techniques that can be
used to deliver educational programs to students studying at a
distance
Seven Main Areas:
1. A high-quality curriculum and instruction
2. An online program consistent with the institution’s role
and mission
3. Faculty support
4. Resources for learning
5. Students and student services
6. Commitment to support faculty and students
7. Evaluation and assessment of students and the program as
a whole
Teaching Psychomotor Skills
 What is psychomotor skills? - these are the movements
that requires the both use of cognitive and motor processes
 Cognitive process – these are series of chemical and
electrical signals that occur in your brain that allows you
to comprehend and gain knowledge.
 Motor processes – these are the voluntary movements of
the body the body
To put it in perspective, these psychomotor skills are essential for
us humans to master our own body through balance and movement.
Reflex movements – These are the reactions that are not learned
such as an involuntary reactions. These are the movements that
inert in our body
Fundamental movements – these are the basic movements of the
body, without them we will not be able to function effectively. Ex:
walking, running and grasping
Perceptual abilities – these are the response to stimuli.
Physical abilities – stamina that must be developed for further
development such as strength and agility. These includes all
exercises that requires tremendous effort of the body.
Skilled movements – these are the advanced learned abilities, these
are the abilities that most of the people do not possess or their
ability is inferior or superior to one another.
Non-discursive communication – we use body language in our
daily lives as means to communicate.
Approaches to Teaching skills - there are a tons of way to teach
someone, but some of them might work to you and it won’t work to
another.
there are 5 major approaches these are: Assessment And Evaluation
1) constructivism – it refers to an epistemological position in What Is Assessment And Evaluation In Nursing Education?-
which is regarded as constructed Through assessment, nurse educators and other healthcare
2) collaborative – involves participants working together on professionals collect information for evaluating the quality of their
activities and task in a group small that’s small enough to teaching and programs as well as documenting outcomes for others
ensure that everyone is learning and participating to review.
3) integrative – an approach where the learner brings together Learning assessment of clients:
prior knowledge and experience to support new knowledge What Is Assessment Of Client's Learning Needs?
and experience -Your first step in the process of patient teaching is assessing the
4) reflective – an approach that encourages deep thinking by and patient's learning needs, learning style, and readiness to learn.
individual about their existing knowledge Assessment includes finding out what patients already know, what
5) inquiry based learning – a learning process that engages they want and need to learn, what they are capable of learning, and
participants by making high level inquiries what would be the best way to teach them.
Assessment of Psychomotor Skill Learning – it is an assessment in Methods of Evaluation:
which actions are used to effectively gather information about -During the evaluation phase, nurses use critical thinking to analyze
forms of behavior or skills. reassessment data and determine if a patient's expected outcomes
Clinical Teaching have been met, partially met, or not met by the time frames
Purpose of clinical lab established.
Clinical laboratories are healthcare facilities providing a wide range Qualities of Good Measurement:
of laboratory procedures which aid the physicians in carrying out According to the National League for Nursing (NLN),
the diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients effective nurse educators should have eight core competencies:
Models of Clinical Teaching 1. facilitation of learning,
1. Traditional method - Instructors accompany groups (8-12 2. enhancement of learner growth and socialization
learners) to a clinical agency and assign them to patients 3. using measurement and evaluation methods
2. Relies heavily on keeping nursing Students in a skills 4. taking part in curriculum design and program evaluation,
laboratory until they are proficient with skills 5. being a leader
3. More information about clinical practice Should be taught Interaction Process And Analysis Process Recording
in the classroom before Learners go to the clinical area
Preceptorship-Increase clinical Experience for students And expose What is process recording nursing education?
them more Of the realities of the Work world, which Should reduce Process recording is the tool used for interaction with the clients
reality Shock Allows students to learn From practitioners with with psychiatric illness. It helps the student nurse to develop
aHigh skill level while still Being guided by faculty communication and interviewing skill.
Preceptorship Models
- Traditional Preceptorship A student is taught and
Supervised by a practicing Nurse employed by the Health
care agency while An educator oversees the Process and
indirectly Supervises the student
- CTA Model - Clinical Teaching Associate and educator
Work hand in hand
Preparation for clinical instructions-To ensure a positive
learning experience for learners, Whether they are undergraduate
students, graduate Students, refresher course nurses, or ancillary
Nursing staff, EDUCATORS MUST DO A LOT OF PLANNING
BEFORE CLINICAL INSTRUCTION BEGINS.
1. Selection of clinical sites must be Done methodically.
2. You must consider the learning experiences That are
available there.
Conducting A Clinical Laboratory Session
1. PRECONFERENCE-During the preconference,
Planning of patient care Continues. Tentative nursing
diagnosis are discussed.
2. THE PRACTICE SESSION-Combinations of
strategies such as Demonstrative with explanation
Asking and answering questions and Coaching
techniques can be used. Questioning- can be used to
assist Learners in developing problems solving and
decision making skills.
3. SHIFT REPORT-Enabling the learners to listen to
or give a shift report In a hospital setting is a usual
teaching strategy.
4. TECHNOLOGY USE-Use of technology in clinical
laboratory setting In both a teaching strategy and a
learning Resource. Students must learn how to use
the Varied technological tools required for patient
Care.
5. LEARNING CONTRACT-are a useful way to
structure and guide Learning in the clinical setting.
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE RELATED TO
HEALTH EDUCATION
A. Evidence-based Practice (EBP)
Evidence based practice (EBP) or Evidence based is the
integration of best research evidence with clinical
expertise and patient values' which when applied by
practitioners will ultimately lead to improved patient
outcome.
The 5 Steps Of Evidence Based Practice
1. Formulate an answerable question
2. Find the best available evidence
3. Appraise the evidence
4. Implement the evidence
5. Evaluate the outcome
E. Quality improvement
An organized method for assessing the effectiveness of
systems and processes and identifying areas that require
improvement on both functional and operational level is
known as quality improvement
F. Evidence based practice
To highlight and advance clinical effectiveness and
evidence-based practice (EBP) agendas, the Institute of
Medicine set a goal that by 2020, 90% of clinical
decisions will be supported by accurate, timely and up-
to-date clinical information and will reflect the best
available evidence to achieve the best patient outcomes.
 To improve practice
 Seeks to positively impact practice
 Increase the effectiveness of treatment
G. Barriers to implementing EBP
The main barriers to EBP are organizational issues
regarding costs, changes in work, time limitations,
education is a big factor, work compliance, and lack of
motivation to use EBP.

B. Benefits of EBP to Nurses and Patient

The inclusion of EBP in nursing provides nurses with
the scientific research to make well-founded decisions. 
1. Stays up to date with medical protocol
2. Improves the decision-making process
3. Increases patient recovery 
4. Understands risk of treatments
5. Gives patients a role in planning their care
C. Advantage of EBP for Healthcare Organizations-
With the application of EBP comes better patient
outcomes, which can decrease the demand for
healthcare resources. Thus, healthcare organizations
can reduce expenses.
D. What can a quality improvement learn from
evidence-based practice- The integration of quality
improvement (QI), evidence-based practice (EBP), into
the healthcare setting can improve patient outcomes,
increase quality, and reduce the cost of care.

The comparison of quality improvement with evidence

based medicine may provide insights to inform the
future progress of the quality improvement movement.

•EBP seeks and applies the best clinical

evidence, often from research, toward making
patient-care decisions.
•QI uses systematic processes to improve patient
outcomes.
 ETHICO-MORAL, LEGAL FOUNDATION OF HEALTH
EDUCATION
ETHICS
- "Ethos" Moral Duty
- moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conduct of
an activity.
MORALS
•"Moralis" - Social Consensus
•a lesson, especially one concerning what is right or prudent. that
can be derived from a story, a piece of information, or an
experience.
LAW
•imposed by the State. concerned with the legality of an action.
A nurse assumes:
1.RESPONSIBLE (ETHICS)
2.ACCOUNTABLE (MORALS)
3.LIABLE (LAW)
CODE OF ETHICS
A. systematic guide for developing ethical behavior.
articulation of nine provisions for professional values and
moral obligations with respect to nurse patients and co-
workers relationships.
B. As early as 1950's the American association was able to
develop and adopt an ethical code of professional practice
titled code of ethics for professional practice of nurses and
interpretative statements since it has been revised and
updated several times.
1.Honor human dignity of all patients and co-workers.
2.Privacy and Confidentiality
3.Established Nurse-patient boundaries and focus on
interdisciplinary collaboration.
4.Accountable for actions and behaviors
5.Maintain competence, safety, integrity, and personal growth.
6.Deliver a high quality of care.
7.Contributes to the advancement of his profession.
8.Participates in global efforts for health promotion and disease
prevention.
9.Involve in professional nursing organization
CODES OF ETHICS
A. SELECTED ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE
A.. Natural law-Ethical principles that
pertain to human rights.
NATURAL LAW IN HEALTH CARE RIGHTS
A. consent-giving permission for something to happen.
B. capacity-ability to make decisions about your own health.
C. confidentiality-to keep something private
B. CHARITABLE IMMUNITY
A. is a legal doctrine stating that if an organization is deemed
to be a charity it might not be held liable for an injury
caused by the negligence of an organization's employee.
2. EVOLUTION OF ETHICAL & LEGAL PRINCIPLES IN HEALTH CARE
Informed consent- Has become the primary standard of protecting
patient’s right and assist in guiding ethical healthcare practice.
Consent must be done before operation. Patient rights to know what
should and should not be done to his or her body.
Purpose of informed consent
1. Legal – consent protect patient right to autonomy and self
determination against assault or battery from unwanted medication.
2. Ethical – consent protect patient right to autonomy and support
goal in care. Nursing management should coincide what the patient
or legal guardian wants.
3. Administrative – compliance involves physical process of
completing informed consent the process should involve the
physician proving the patient with information on the diagnosis,
procedure, treatment options and risk and benefits of procedure.
Factors that affect obtaining informed consent
• Patient comprehension
• Patient uses of disclosed information
• Patient autonomy
• Demands on providers
• Physician meeting minimum standards
Right to self determination
Patient self-determination is based on the principle of respect for
autonomy. Autonomy in health care refers to the patient’s right to
“accept, refuse, or terminate treatment without deceit, undue
influence, duress, coercion, or prejudice”
3. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS AND PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of
Biomedical and Behavioral Research -directed to conduct a "special
study" of the ethical, social and legal implications for public policy
of advances in biomedical and behavioral research and technology.
"Patient's Bill of Rights"
1. Right to Appropriate Medical Care and Humane Treatment.
2. Right to Informed Consent.
3. Right to Privacy and Confidentiality.
4. Right to Information.
5. The Right to Choose Health Care Provider and Facility.
6. Right to Self-Determination.
7. Right to Religious Belief.
8. Right to Medical Records.
9. Right to Leave.
10. Right to Refuse Participation In Medical Research.
11. Right to Correspondence and to Receive Visitors.
12. Right to Express Grievances.
13. Right to be Informed of His Rights and Obligations as a Patient.
C. CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSES
WITH INTERPRETIVE STATEMENTS
What are 16.
SECTION 7 Ethical Principles: SECTIONI:4.
ARTICLE 12.AEthical
PPLICATION Principles
OF ETHICAL PRINCIPLES3. GOVERNMENT
CODES OF
cont. Preamble
1. The Registered
cont. Nurse is in solidarity with other members of the
ETHICS?
1. Maintenance of loyalty to the nursing profession and healthcare
A. Autonomy team in working - the right forofthe patient's best interest.
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These
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BON are andaccredited
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Nursing in SECTION B. 13. Guidelines
Veracity - is thetoprinciple
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values should be normally
Specialty
the development
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the profession are commendable ARTICLE
REGISTERED Il
A. Competence Nurses must
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g. see to it that quality nursing care and practice meet the
obligations. REGISTERED
B. Disclosure NURSESofAND PEOPLE
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optimum
4. Contribution
Code standard
of Good to of
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nursing practice. of the socioeconomic a. maintain theirprofessional
C. Comprehension role/identity while working with
h.
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ensure
Governance that
and modification
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of nurses shall
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the • SECTION
other D.members 4. Ethical
Voluntarism of the Principles
healthteam.
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a visionary mission. 1.Values,
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Professional respected.
be
C. based on acceptable,
Non-malfeasance ethico-legal
– states standards.
that a medical practitioner has a duty
normally
SECTION
Regulation 17.
and Guidelines
legally responsible
Commission, toJuly
be observed:
23,for 2003 devising
Registered
a system Nurses
of must 2.Individual
c.
to contribute
do no harm freedom
toortheprofessional
allow toharm
maketo rational
growth
be and
caused andto
unconstrained
development
a patient throughdecisions
of other
minimizing occurrences of ineffective and unlawful nursing shall be or
members
neglect respected.
of the health team.
malpractice.
practice.
a. be members
States that: of the Accredited Professional 3. Personal
d. actively participate
information inprofessional
acquired in the organizations.
process of giving nursing
j. ensure that(PNA)
Organization patients' records shall be available only if they care
e. notshall
Causesact of in
bemalpractice:
any
heldmanner
in strictprejudicial
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are hallmark
be issued of to
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ARTICLE
c. principles
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Ill: REGISTERED which
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NURSESgrowth ANDinand development of the conduct, and procedures;
D. Failure to document. or not do anything that will bring
the conduct of their of their daily lives. A. consider
discredit the individuality and totality of patients
of otherwhen they
PRACTICE
nursing protession.
cont. E. Failure to aces and to
to a colleague and any
monitor. member professions.
States that: administer
g. respect care.
the rights of their co-workers.
F. Failure to act as patient advocate
The
SECTION
d. acceptance
Strive to
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Ethicalof these
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Article IV: diet and treatment.
Registered Nurses, Society, and
• 4.
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of conduct higher than what is required C.
take appropriate steps to safeguard their
by law. D. uphold
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the implementation of labor and work standards. D. take into
- is one of the consideration
core duties of themedical
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It requires health
This code is adopted by the Professional
•Regulation
Section 9.Commission
Guidelines toand be the
observed: in providing
SECTION 14. nursing
Ethical care. However,
Principles in
care providers to keep a patient’s personal health information the event of conflicts, their
42
A.
ARTICLE
Professional Regulatory BoardsPENALITIES,
REGISTEREDVII: ADMINISTRATIVE
Nurses must respect
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REPEALING Bill of
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Registered Nurse. NURSES AND PRACTICE
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SECTION
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to their 2. Beneficence
E. The establishment of linkages with the public in promoting local,
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ARTICLE
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Done in the City of Manila, this 14th day of July, 2004. Act of 2002" and Board Res. No, 425, Series of 2003, the "Rules
individual
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moral conduct and proper decorum.
B.
responsibility to preservetohealth
Not allow themselves be used in advertsement that should
at all B. lead
d. be aware
their of their
lives duties and responsibilities
in conformity in the
with the principles of practice of
right conduct
demean
cost. the image of the profession (i.e. indecent theirproper
and prolession as detined in the
decorum.
exposure,
• The Filipino violation of dress
registered nursecode. seductive
believes in behavior, etc.). "Philippine Nursing Act of 2002" and the IRR.
C.
thedecline
worth any and gift, favor
dignity of or hospitality
each human which might be interpreted e. project an image that will uplift the nursing profession at all
as capitalizing
being, recognizes on patients.
the primary C. acquire and develop the necessary competence in knowledge,
times.
responsibility to preserve health at all cost skills, and attitudes to erectvely render
D. Not demand
ARTICLE I: and receive any commission, fee or emolument for appropriate
ARTICLE nursing services
VI: REGISTERED through
NURSES ANDvaried learning situations.
THE PROFESSION
recommending
Preamble cont. referring a patient to a physician, a co- nurse or
or
another
• Sec 2. To PRC-BN
assume health care
this responsibility,
worker, not to pay any commission,
registered nurses have to gain knowledge fee or other compensations to
the
and understanding of a man's cultural,patient to them for nursing
one referring or recommending a
Care
social, spiritual, psychological, and ecological
aspects of illness, utilizing the therapeutic
E. avoid any abuse of the privilege relationship which exists with
process.
patients
• Culturaland of the and
diversity privilege access
political andallowed
socio- to
their property, residence or workplace
economic status are inherent factors to effective nursing care