LEARNING

LEARNING
STRATEGIES
STRATEGIES
A learning strategy is an individual’s way of organizing and using a
A learningsetstrategy
particular of skillsisinanorder
individual’s way ofororganizing
to learn content accomplishand using
other tasksa
particular
more set of skills
effectively in order to inlearn
and efficiently content
school or accomplish
as well as in non-other tasks
academic
more effectively and efficiently in school as well as in non- academic
settings.
settings.
-Schumaker & Deshler 1992
-Schumaker & Deshler 1992
The strategies have been defined as the conscious thoughts
The
and strategies
behaviorshaveused
been by
defined as the conscious
students thoughts
to facilitate the
and behaviors used
accomplishment by students
of language learningto tasks
facilitate
and the
to
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personalize theof language
language learning tasks process.
learning and to
personalize the language learning process.
- (O’Malley & Chamot, 1990)
- (O’Malley & Chamot, 1990)
COGNITIVE STRATEGY

- develops the thinking skills that will make students strategic and flexible learners
COGNITIVE STRATEGY
- involves mental manipulation or transformation of materials or tasks, intended to enhance comprehension, acquisition, or retention.

- involve
developsmore direct manipulation
the thinking skills that will make students strategic and flexible learners
of the learning material.
- involves mental manipulation or transformation of materials or tasks, intended to enhance comprehension, acquisition, or retention.

- involve more direct manipulation

of the learning material.
COGNITIVE STRATEGIES

 Translation
 Grouping
 Note taking
 Deduction
 Recombination
 Imagery
 Keyword
 Contextualization
 AFFECTIVE STRATEGY

 Identifying one’s mood and anxiety level and talking about

feelings and managing emotions

EXAMPLE:
The teacher can play an active role in developing and
exploiting affective strategies by building a
generally positive atmosphere in the class.
 AFFECTIVE STRATEGIES

Lowering your anxiety, taking emotional temperature,

encouraging oneself

 Making positive response

 Listen to your body using checklist
 Writing a language learning diary
 Discussing your feelings to someone you trust
 Ask for clarification or verification
 Cooperate with others
 COMPENSATORY STRATEGY

- often known as communication strategy, it pertains to the

employment of verbal and nonverbal mechanism for the productive
communication of the information.

-As language problem-solving techniques consist of various mental or

physical activities carried out by students to resolve any language
learning problems they encounter, and are divided into guessing
intelligently and overcoming limitations in speaking and writing
(Oxford, 1990)
COMPENSATORY STRATEGY

Avoidance strategy

1. Message abandonment

2. Topic avoidance
COMPENSATORY STRATEGY
 Circumlocution
 Approximation
 All- purpose words
 Word coinage
 Nonlinguistic signals
 Literal translation
 Code-switching
 Appeal for help
SOCIOCULTURAL- INTERACTIVE STRATEGIES

-Facilitate learning with others and help learners understand the

culture of the language they are learning.

- When they learn via interaction with others and understand the
target culture, e.g. asking questions, asking for clarification, asking
for conversation help, talking with a native-speaking partner, and
exploring cultural and social norms.
SOCIOCULTURAL- INTERACTIVE STRATEGIES

1. Cooperation

2. Question for clarification